UNIT 7: POLLUTION

A. LÝ THUYẾT:
I. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES - TYPE 1 (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1)
1. Khái niệm câu điều kiện loại I.
 Câu điều kiện loại I còn được gọi là câu điều kiện có thực ở hiện tại. Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại
hoặc tương lai.
2. Cấu trúc – Công thức của câu điều kiện
If clause Main clause

If + S + V s(es)... S + will / can/ may + V1 (won't/can't + VI)

Hiểu cách khác trong câu điều kiện loại 1, mệnh đề IF dùng thì hiện tại đơn, mệnh đề chính dùng thì tương lai đơn.
IF + Chủ ngữ 1 + Động từ chia ở thì hiện tại đơn + Bổ ngữ, Chủ ngữ 2 + WILL + Động từ nguyên mẫu + Bổ ngữ
(nếu có).
 Chủ ngữ 1 và chủ ngữ 2 có thể trùng nhau. Bổ ngữ có thể không có, tùy ý nghĩa của câu. Mệnh đề IF và
mệnh đề chính có thể đứng trước hay sau đều được.
 Trong câu điều kiện loại I, động từ của mệnh đề điều kiện chia ở thì hiện tại đơn, còn động từ trong mệnh
đề chính chia ở thì tương lai đơn.
3. Cách dùng câu điều kiện loại 1:
Câu điều kiện loại 1 còn có thể được gọi là câu điều kiện hiện tại có thể có thật. Ta sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 1 để
đặt ra một điều kiện có thể thực hiện được trong hiện tại và nêu kết quả có thể xảy ra.
Ví dụ:
 If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation. ( Nếu tôi tìm được địa chỉ của cô ấy, tôi sẽ gửi lời mời tới
cô ấy) => Đổi vị trí 2 mệnh đề quan hệ: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.)
 If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari. (Nếu John có nhiều tiền, anh ấy sẽ mua chiếc Ferrari)
Các ví dụ khác cho câu điều kiện loại 1:
1. If Caroline and Sue prepare the salad, Phil will decorate the house.
2. If Sue cuts the onions for the salad, Caroline will peel the mushrooms.
3. Jane will hoover the sitting room if Aaron and Tim move the furniture.
4. If Bob tidies up the kitchen, Anita will clean the toilet.
5. Elaine will buy the drinks if somebody helps her carry the bottles.

II. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES - TYPE 2 (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2)

Câu điều kiện loại II là câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại.
1. Cấu trúc:
If + S + V (QKĐ), S + would/ could (not) + V.
2. Cách dùng:
 Câu điều kiện loại 2 Chỉ sự việc không thể hoặc khó có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
Ví dụ:
If I were you, I would go abroad.
(Nếu tôi là bạn, tôi sẽ đi nước ngoài)
 Diễn tả hành động “không có thật” ở “hiện tại” hoặc “tương lai”
Ví dụ:
It isn't cold now so I switch on the fans
 => If it were cold now, we wouldn't switch on the fans.
(Nếu trời lạnh, chúng tôi sẽ không bật quạt)
=> Hiện tại trời không lạnh nên chúng tôi bật quạt hoặc nếu tương lai xảy ra thì cũng vậy.
* Note: Chúng ta dùng “were” cho tất cả các ngôi, không dùng “was”
If I were a bird, I would fly
(Nếu tôi là 1 con chim, tôi sẽ bay được)
 “Sự tiếc nuối” ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
Ví dụ:
If he helped me, I could do something
(Nếu anh ấy giúp tôi, tôi đã có thể làm điều gì đó)
=> Hiện tai thì tôi đang tiếc nuối vì anh ấy không giúp tôi
 Câu điều kiện loại 2 chỉ khả năng
Ví dụ:
- If he tried, he might succeed
(Nếu anh ấy cố gắng, anh ấy sẽ thành công)
- If I lived in France, I could speak French well
(Nếu tôi sống ở Pháp, tôi sẽ nói tiếng Pháp giỏi)

B. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG:

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. If we (recycle) ________________ more, we (help) ________________ the Earth.
2. Factories (not dump) ________________waste into rivers if the government (fine) ________________them heavily.
3. If people (travel) ________________to work by bus, there (be) ________________fewer car fumes.
4. We (save) ________________thousands of trees if we (not waste) ________________paper.
5. If we (use) ________________water carefully, more people (have) ________________fresh water.

Exercise 2. Combine each pair of sentences to make a conditional sentence type 1.

1. Students are more aware of protecting the environment. Teachers teach environmental issues at school.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Light pollution happens. Animals change their behaviour patterns.
________________________________________________________________________
3. The levels of radioactive pollution decrease. We switch from nuclear power to renewable energy sources.
________________________________________________________________________
4. The water temperature increases. Some aquatic creatures are unable to reproduce.
________________________________________________________________________
5. People get more diseases. The water is contaminated.
________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Match an if-clause (1-5) with a suitable main clause (a-e).

Column A Matching Column B
1. If I were you, 1- a. what would happen?
2. If Lan wasn’t ill, 2- b. I'd look for a new place to live.
3. If there were fewer cars on the road, 3- c. she would join our tree planting activity.
4. If people really cared about the environment, 4- d. there would be less pollution.
5. If there was no fresh water in the world, 5- e. they wouldn’t dump waste into the lake.
Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. If you (be) ___were_____________the president, what __would___ you (do) __do_______to help the
environment?
2. They get sick so often. If they (exercise) __exercise___more, they (be) __will be______________ healthier.
3. If I (have) _had_______________one million US dollars, I (build) _would build______more parks in our city.
4. Ngoc’s mother is unhappy. If Ngoc (tidy) ___tidied_____________her room every day, her mother (not
be) wouldn’t be______so upset.
5. There isn’t a garden at our house. If there (be) __was/were_______, we (grow) _would grow____ vegetables.

Exercise 5. Write a conditional sentence type 2 for each situation, as in the example.
Example: People throw rubbish in the street. The street doesn’t look attractive.
→ If people didn’t throw rubbish in the street, it would look attractive.

1. There are so many billboards in our city. People cannot enjoy the view.
-> If there weren’t so many billboards our city, people would enjoy the view.
2. There is so much light in the city at night. We cannot see the stars clearly.
-> If there weren’t so much….., we could/would see stars….
3. We turn on the heater all the time. We have to pay three million dong for electricity a month.
-> If we didn’t turn on….., we wouldn’t have to pay……
4. The karaoke bar makes so much noise almost every night. The residents complain to its owner.
-> If the karaoke bar didn’t make ………, the residents wouldn’t complain….
5. She has a headache after work every day. She works in a noisy office.
-> If she didn’t work …., she wouldn’t have ……

Exercise 6. Complete the text. Use the correct second conditional form of the verbs in brackets.
Many scientists are worried about global warming. The consequences could be serious. If all the ice in the
Arctic and Antarctic regions ___melted_____________ (melt), sea levels _would rise_______________ (rise) and
cause terrible floods. If sea levels ___rose_____ (rise), people living in coastal areas _would lose_____ (lose) their
homes. The melting ice would also affect the temperature of the sea. If the sea ___got______ (get) colder, the
northern half of the world ____would freeze____________ (freeze). There would be terrible snow storms and
millions of people ___would die_____________ (die).

Exercise 7. Complete the second conditional sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs below.
be build catch help marry not sit not work understand

1. If we all recycled our rubbish, it ________________the environment.

2. He would be fitter and healthier if he ________________in front of the TV all day.
3. We would use less energy if we ________________smaller houses.
4. If we learned about other cultures, we ________________people from other countries better.
5. If I ________________the early train, I would be in London by lunchtime.
6. Lots of people ________________in danger if there was a tornado.
7. If we ________________so much and relaxed more, we would be a lot happier!
8. She ________________ him if she really loved him.
Exercise 8. Complete the text. Use the correct second conditional form of the verbs in brackets.
Cumbre Vieja, on the island of La Palma, is a super-volcano. Some scientists are worried that one day it
could erupt. If a large earthquake ________________ (1.happen) on La Palma, it ________________ (2.start) a
huge volcanic eruption. If the super-volcano ________________ (3.erupt), the explosion ________________
(4.cause) an enormous landslide. If a large part of the volcano ________________ (5.fall) into the sea, there would
be a tsunami. The wave ________________ (6.destroy) cities near the coast and kill many people if
it ________________ (7.strike) without warning.

Exercise 9. Complete the second conditional sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs below.
be buy communicate help not drive not work take visit
1. We ________________ better with people around the world if we spoke several languages.
2. If we ________________ everywhere, we wouldn’t pollute the air so much.
3. Kate would be more relaxed if she ________________ at the weekends.
4. Lots of people ________________ scared if scientists predicted a volcanic eruption.
5. If I went to New York, I ________________ the Statue of Liberty.
6. We would use less energy in our homes if we ________________ fewer machines.
7. I get the train at 9.30 a.m. If I ________________ the eight o’clock train, I wouldn’t get a seat.
8. If we gave more money to charity, it ________________ people in poor countries.

C. BÀI TẬP NÂNG CAO:

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into correct form to make a conditional sentence - type 1 or 2.
1. If they offered me the job, I think I ________________it. (take)
2. A lot of people would be out of work if the car factory ________________ (close down)
3. If I sold my car I ________________much money for it. (not/ get)
4. What would happen if somebody ________________that red button? (press)
5. I'd be absolutely astonished if they ________________ (do)
6. Liz gave me this ring. She ________________ (be) very upset if I lost it.
7. Dave and Kate are expecting us. They would be very disappointed if we ________________ (not/ come)
8. Would Steve mind if I ________________his bike without asking him? (borrow)
9. What would you do if somebody ________________ (in here) with a gun. (walk)
10. I'm sure Sue ________________ if you explained the situation to her. (understand)

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into correct form to make a conditional sentence-type 1 or 2.
1. If Billy (live) ________________in Mexico, he (speak) ________________Spanish.
2. If I (find) ________________her address, I (send) ________________her an invitation to the seminar.
3. If the sun (shine) ________________, we(walk) ________________into town.
4. Tony (not give) ________________it to Frank, if he (know) her number.
5. If I (come) ________________home earlier, I (prepare) ________________dinner.
6. If they (go) ________________to the disco, they (listen) ________________to loud music.
7. If Tim and Tom (be) ________________older, they (play) ________________in our hockey team.
8. If you (wait) ________________a minute, I (ask) ________________parents.
9. If Michael (get) ________________more pocket money, he (ask) ________________Doris out for dinner.
10. You (not lose) ________________weight, if you (eat) ________________too much junk food.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences and questions. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. Look out! The baby is going ________________ (drop) your e-book reader in the water!
2. Promise me you ________________ (not spend) all your money on an expensive tablet PC!
3. If you ________________ (heat) water to 100°C, it boils.
4. If I don’t see the film, I ________________ (be) disappointed. I'm really looking forward to it.
5. If the man was innocent, the police ________________ (release) him.
6. I wish I ________________ (know) the answer to the question, but I don’t.
7. When we arrived at the cinema, the film ________________ (already/ start) and we missed the beginning.
8. If I ________________ (speak) German every day, I would become fluent very quickly.
9. Lily ________________ (fail) her exams if she doesn’t start studying.
10. That was lucky! All the children ________________ (go) home when the school caught fire.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I wish I ________________ (not have) a maths test next Monday.
2. If you ________________ (cool) water to 0°C, it freezes.
3. You ________________ (remember) her birthday if you write it in your diary.
4. The train ________________ (already/ leave) when they got to the station, so they caught a bus instead.
5. If your brother reads horror stories at bedtime, he ________________ (be) scared.
6. I promise I ________________ (not forget) to record your favourite programme tonight.
7. Look! Adam is walking towards Emma. He is going ________________ (ask) her to dance with him.
8. Jake and Sian ________________ (go) to the cinema when I met them. They said the film was wonderful.
9. If you ________________ (practise) the piano every day, your piano teacher would be happy.
10. If the woman was a criminal, the police ________________ (arrest) her.
 ANSWER KEY
B. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG:
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. recycle - will help
2. won’t dump – fines
3. travel - will be
4. will save - don’t waste
5. use - will have

Exercise 2. Combine each pair of sentences to make a conditional sentence type 1.

1. Students will be more aware of protecting the environment if teachers teach environmental issues at school.
2. When light pollution happens, animals will change their behaviour patterns.
3. The levels of radioactive pollution will decrease if we switch from nuclear power to renewable energy sources.
4. If the water temperature increases, some aquatic creatures will be unable to reproduce.
5. People will get more diseases if the water is contaminated.

Exercise 3. Match an if-clause (1-5) with a suitable main clause (a-e).

Column A Matching Column B
1. If I were you, 1-b a. what would happen?
2. If Lan wasn’t ill, 2-c b. I'd look for a new place to live.
3. If there were fewer cars on the road, 3-d c. she would join our tree planting activity.
4. If people really cared about the environment, 4-e d. there would be less pollution.
5. If there was no fresh water in the world, 5-a e. they wouldn’t dump waste into the lake.

Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. If you (be) were the president, what would you (do) do to help the environment?
2. They get sick so often. If they (exercise) exercised more, they (be) would be healthier.
3. If I (have) had one million US dollars, I (build) would build more parks in our city.
4. Ngoc’s mother is unhappy. If Ngoc (tidy) tidied her room every day, her mother (not be) wouldn't be so upset.
5. There isn’t a garden at our house. If there (be) was / were, we (grow) would grow vegetables.

Exercise 5. Write a conditional sentence type 2 for each situation, as in the example.
1. If there weren't so many billboards in our city, people could enjoy the view.
2. If there wasn't so much light in the city at night, we could see the stars clearly /
If there weren't so much light in the city at night, we could see the stars clearly.
3. If we didn't turn on the heater all the time, we wouldn't have to pay three million dong for electricity a month.
4. If the karaoke bar didn't make so much noise almost every night, the residents wouldn't complain to its owner.
5. She wouldn't have a headache after work every day if she didn't work in a noisy office.

Exercise 6. Complete the text. Use the correct second conditional form of the verbs in brackets.
Many scientists are worried about global warming. The consequences could be serious. If all the ice in the
Arctic and Antarctic regions melted (melt), sea levels would rise (rise) and cause terrible floods. If sea
levels rose (rise), people living in coastal areas would lose (lose) their homes. The melting ice would also affect
the temperature of the sea. If the sea got (get) colder, the northern half of the world would freeze (freeze). There
would be terrible snow storms and millions of people would die (die).

Exercise 7. Complete the second conditional sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs below.
1. would help
2. didn’t sit
3. built
4. would understand
5. caught
6. would be
7. didn’t work
8. would marry

Exercise 8. Complete the text. Use the correct second conditional form of the verbs in brackets.
1. happened
2. would start
3. erupted
4. would cause
5. fell
6. would destroy
7. struck

Exercise 9. Complete the second conditional sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs below.
1. would communicate
2. didn’t drive
3. didn’t work
4.would be
5. would visit
6. bought
7. took
8. would help

C. BÀI TẬP NÂNG CAO:

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into correct form to make a conditional sentence-type 1 or 2.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into correct form to make a conditional sentence-type 1 or 2.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences and questions. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. to drop
2. won't spend
3. heat
4. will be
5. would release
6. knew
7. had already started
8. spoke
9. will fail
10. had gone

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. didn’t have
2. cool
3. will remember
4. had already left
5. will be
6. won’t forget
7. to ask
8. had gone
9. practised
10. would arrest