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64. Vid. 7.
65. Vid. 16.
66. Vid. 9.
67. Vid. 8, p. 19.
68. Methods of Analysis of Soils, Fertilizers, etc., adopted by the Swedish
Agricultural Chemists, translated for the author by F. W. Woll.
69. L’Analyse du Sol, p. 14.
PART THIRD.
Pounds.
Sand 110
Sand and clay 96
Common arable soil 80 to 90
Heavy clay 75
Vegetable mold 78
Peat 30 to 50
Grams.
Weight of pyknometer 13.4789
„„ pyknometer full of distilled water at 20° 62.8934
„„ water in pyknometer 49.4145
„„ dry soil taken 10.0000
„„ pyknometer + dry soil + filled with water at 20° 67.9834
„„ soil and water 54.5045
„„ water 44.5045
„„ water displaced by ten grams soil 4.9100
Real specific
gravity 2.5445, 2.6315, 2.6508, 2.6400, 2.7325, 2.6603
Apparent specific
gravity of air-
dried soil 1.0940, 1.1710, 1.3570, 1.2810, 1.4060, 1.2730
Apparent specific
gravity of soil
dried at 125° 1.0990, 1.1770, 1.3750, 1.2910, 1.4640, 1.2850
The envelopes holding the soil were made of brass with zinc ends,
the specific heat of which is 0.0939 and the water value of the whole
of the envelopes was 1.0004 grams. Since, however, the ends were
soldered on with zinc the true water value was somewhat smaller
being equal to 0.8692 gram. The data of the observations were as
follows:
{11 185°.0
{12 200°.0
{13 206°.1
{14 209°.5
{15 210°.7
Second {16 211°.3
Period {17 211°.5 Differences.
{18 211°.5 0
{19 211°.5 0
{20 211°.5 0
{21 211°.5 0
{22 211°.4 –0°.1
= θₙ
–0°.1
–0°.1
{23 211°.3
{24 211°.2 –0°.1
{25 211°.1 –0°.1
Third {26 211°.0 –0°.1
Period {27 210°.9 –0°.1
{28 210°.8 –0°.1
{29 210°.6 –0°.2
{30 210°.5 –0°.1
θ₀ + θₙ 187.15
2
=
The sum = 2467.25
nt = 1953.00
Difference 514.25
This difference multiplied by v − v′ = 0.14
gives a product equal to 71.995
This product divided by t′ − t = 48.20
gives a quotient equal to 1.49
nv = –0.36
The sum = 1.13 =C
From this formula the following rule for calculating specific heat is
deduced:
Multiply the water value of the calorimetric system by the true rise
in temperature in degrees Celsius and divide the product by the
difference between the temperature of boiling water under the
conditions of the experiment and the true end temperature. From the
quotient subtract the water value of the envelopes holding the soil
sample. Divide the remainder by the weight of soil taken.
111. Variations in Specific Heat.—Different soils deport
themselves very differently in respect of specific heat. In a large
number of soils examined by Pfaundler, the specific heats were found
to vary from 0.19 to 0.51. The highest specific heat was observed in
the case of a peaty soil. Next to peaty soils came those soils which
were highest in humus, and in general it was found that the specific
heat varied directly with the humus content.
SOIL THERMOMETRY.