COMPUTER SCIENCE

Tasks – Research on Emerging Technologies

Index: -
 Biometrics.
 Virtual Reality.
 Augmented Reality.
 3D Printing.
 3D Holograms.
 Artificial Intelligence.
Biometrics: -
Biometrics are body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics.
Biometric authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer science as a
form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify individuals in groups
that are under surveillance.
Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and
describe individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological
characteristics which are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are
not limited to fingerprint, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, palm print, hand
geometry, iris recognition, retina, odor/scent, voice, shape of ears and gait. Behavioral
characteristics are related to the pattern of behavior of a person, including but not
limited to mouse movement, typing rhythm, gait, signature, behavioral profiling,
and credentials. Some researchers have coined the term behaviometrics to describe the
latter class of biometrics.
More traditional means of access control include token-based identification systems,
such as a driver's license or passport, and knowledge-based identification systems,
such as a password or personal identification number. Since biometric identifiers are
unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and
knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises
privacy concerns about the ultimate use of this information.
Virtual Reality: -
Virtual reality (VR) is a simulated experience that employs pose tracking and 3D near-
eye displays to give the user an immersive feel of a virtual world. Applications of virtual
reality include entertainment (particularly video games), education (such as medical or
military training) and business (such as virtual meetings). Other distinct types of VR-
style technology include augmented reality and mixed reality, sometimes referred to
as extended reality or XR, although definitions are currently changing due to the
nascence of the industry.
Currently, standard virtual reality systems use either virtual reality headsets or multi-
projected environments to generate some realistic images, sounds and other sensations
that simulate a user's physical presence in a virtual environment. A person using virtual
reality equipment is able to look around the artificial world, move around in it, and
interact with virtual features or items. The effect is commonly created by VR headsets
consisting of a head-mounted display with a small screen in front of the eyes, but can
also be created through specially designed rooms with multiple large screens. Virtual
reality typically incorporates auditory and video feedback, but may also allow other
types of sensory and force feedback through hepatic technology.

Augmented Reality: -
Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience that combines the real world and
computer-generated content. The content can span multiple sensory modalities,
including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory.[1] AR can be defined as
a system that incorporates three basic features: a combination of real and virtual worlds,
real-time interaction, and accurate 3D registration of virtual and real objects.[2] The
overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural
environment), or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment).[3] This experience
is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as
an immersive aspect of the real environment.[3] In this way, augmented reality alters
one's ongoing perception of a real-world environment, whereas virtual reality completely
replaces the user's real-world environment with a simulated one.

3D Printing:-
3D printing processes are finally catching up to their full potential, and are currently
being used in manufacturing and medical industries, as well as by sociocultural sectors
which facilitate 3D printing for commercial purposes.[1] There has been a lot of hype in
the last decade when referring to the possibilities we can achieve by adopting 3D
printing as one of the main manufacturing technologies. Utilizing this technology would
replace traditional methods that can be costly and time consuming. There have been
case studies outlining how the customization abilities of 3D printing through modifiable
files have been beneficial for cost and time effectiveness in a healthcare applications.

3D Holograms: -
A hologram is a recording of an interference pattern which can reproduce a 3D light
field using diffraction. The reproduced light field can generate an image which still has
the depth, parallax, and other properties of the original scene.A hologram is a
photographic recording of a light field, rather than an image formed by a lens. The
holographic medium, for example the object produced by a holographic process (which
may be referred to as a hologram) is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse
ambient light. It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of variations in
the opacity, density, or surface profile of the photographic medium. When suitably lit,
the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original
light field, and the objects that were in it exhibit visual depth cues such
as parallax and perspective that change realistically with the different angles of viewing.
That is, the view of the image from different angles represents the subject viewed from
similar angles. In this sense, holograms do not have just the illusion of depth but are
truly three-dimensional images.
Artificial Intelligence: -
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring
information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by
humans or by other animals. Example tasks in which this is done include speech
recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other
mappings of inputs.[1]
AI applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google
Search), recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon,
and Netflix), understanding human speech (such as Siri and Alexa), self-driving
cars (e.g., Waymo), generative or creative tools (ChatGPT and AI art), automated
decision-making, and competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such
as chess and Go).[2]
As machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence"
are often removed from the definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the AI effect.[3] For
instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from things considered to
be AI, having become a routine technology.