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The_design_of_a_compact_pulse_transformer
The_design_of_a_compact_pulse_transformer
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David Garcia-Sanoguera
Universitat Politècnica de València
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Abstract
To improve the pulse shape and to obtain I.LSorder pulse basically uses a chamber with a diameter of 20 cm, our
duration on a diode load in an inductive energy storage transformer diameter is chosen not to exceed 20 cm.
system, an oil-submerged compact pulse transformer with Under such limitations of the transformer, we need a high
diameter of 20 cm and length of 70 cm has been designed coupling coefficient, the capability of withstanding 500
and tested. From theoretical calculations, the parameters kV voltage for more than 100 ns in the secondary, and the
with primary inductance b=3.4 pH, secondary mechanical force produced by the 130 kA primary current
inductance L,=90 pH, and coupling coefficient K=0.772 for more than 10 ks.
are obtained. To prevent breakdown, a conic secondary Based on the above considerations, a transformer with the
design is adopted. Under the condition of 500 kV structure shown in Figure 1 has been designed.
operation voltage, the maximum electric field in the
transformer is 205 kV/cm (in oil). The axial voltage B. Calculation of the Inductance and Coupling
distribution on the secondary is linear. Experiments have Coeflicient
been done to test the insulation, the mechanical force and
the coupling coefficient. The test results are consistent
By use of the inductance calculation formulas from Ref.
with the design parameters.
[l] and Ref. [2], the results obtained on the basis of the
given geometrical parameters of the transformer are
I. THE DESIGN OF THE TRANSFORMER shown in Table I.
According to Ref.[3], for two parallel coils, the force per F=5.279.16Newton. (5)
unit length on coil 1 from coil 2 is
Two polyethylene tubes with a thickness 0.9 cm and 1.5
dF - (PO)412
--
cm are put outside the primary coil to provide the
(1) mechanical support, and the axial cross section of the two
dP 21t 1 tubes withstands most of the mechanical force.
Taking the force with 10 ps duration and the material
where, I,, 12 are the currents in coil 1 and coil 2, Young’s modulus of polyethylene tubes into account, we
respectively; I is the distance between coil 1 and coil 2; get the strain, 0.01245%. According to Ref. [4], the yield
and dp is the line element on the coil I. In our case, all the point of steel is approximately a strain, 0.1%. Usually,
turns on primary and secondary are approximately polyethylene is more flexible than metal. Therefore,
parallel. Then, the repulsive force on the primary is such a design is safe for mechanical force.
705
t=O. Ius and A=185.354cm2. then we get Et,=699 With an HP 4263B LCR meter at 100 kHz frequency,
kV/cm. From this point of view, the breakdown we measured the primary inductance, the secondary
electrical field is much bigger than the practical inductance and the coupling coefficient. The results are
electrical field in the transformer. Lp=3.46pH, Ls=86 pH, and K=0.755.
In many cases, the voltage distribution on the B. Measurement of the Voltage Distribution
transformer secondary is exponential. The equivalent on the Secondary
circuit for the secondary voltage distribution is shown
in Figure 2. In the figure, Lsi and C,i represent the With a Tektronix FG504 40 MHz Function Generator,
inductance and capacitance between two turns, and C,i we put a 100 kI-Iz sinusoidal signal on the secondary
is the capacitance between one turn of the secondary assembled together with the primary. Then, we used a
and the primary or ground; in our case, C,i-1.5 pF, Tektronix TD360 two-channel, digital, real-time
Csi-6.2 pF, L,i-1.8 pH. When the upper frequency oscilloscope to monitor the voltage difference from
from the fuse interruption is ~6.28.10~ radian/s, the each turn to one end, one by one. Since we cannot put
impedance from stray capacitance are much larger than the probe too far inside, we measured 10 turns on the
that from the inductance between turns. Consequently, high voltage end. In Figure 3, Series 2 reflects the
the voltage distribution on the secondary is only measurement; Series 1 results from the calculation
dependent on inductance between turns instead of stay based on a linear voltage distribution assumption. From
capacitance. In other words, the distribution is linear. this figure, we can see that the difference is so little that
we can take the practical voltage distribution on the
II. MEASUREMENT AND TEST secondary as being linear.
30
25
20
15
10
0
14 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 26 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
Figure 3. The Secondary Voltage Distribution, the Series 2 is from measurement, the Series 1, from the calculation
based on a linear voltage distribution assumption.
706
c. Test of the Transformer 100 ns and a mechanical force resulting from 110 kA
primary current and 20 kA secondarycurrent within lops.
After submerging the transformer in transformer oil, we
used a 17 pF capacitor with a charging voltage 20 kV to
test it. The oscilloscope trace of the transformer test is REFERENCE
shown in Fig.4, which is from the measurementusing the
Pearsoncurrent monitors (models 1423 and 4418). From [I] F.W., Grover, Inductance Calculation, Dover
this figure, we find that the primary current is 57.6 kA, Publications, Inc., N.Y., 1973,p. 105.
the secondary current is 8.2 kA. On the basis of the 121 F.W., Grover, Inductance Calculation, Dover
measurement, we get the coupling coefficient 0.722. Publications, Inc., N.Y., 1973, p.122.
Compared with that measured with HP 4263B LCR [3] R.M.,Whitmer, Electromagnetics, 2”d ed., N. J.:
meter, the coupling coefficient is a little bit small. The Prentice-hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1962, p. 144.
difference possibly results from the loop discharge [4]John Wiley, Applied Mechanics, Vol.2, p.15.
resistance relative to intense discharge current. Such a [5] R.J., Adler, Pulse Power Formulary, North Star
test shows that the transformer has as good a performance ResearchCorporation, 1991, p.2 1.
as expected.
707