THEO 11 - 3RD QUARTER THEO 11 - 3RD QUARTER

L1: EPIPHANY-2024 L2: INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTOLOGY

DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM) DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)

➔ CHRISTOLOGY
January focus value: Humility - Comes from Greek word “Christos” means “Messiah or the
Anointed one” and “logos” means study.
Ephesians 4:2 - Study of Jesus viewed as the Messiah, which focuses on his
Be completely humble and gentle; be patient, bearing with nature, teachings and actions of Christ who is considered as
one another in love. both fully human and divine.

➔ Humility is the proper understanding of ourselves in APPROACHES TO CHRISTOLOGY

relation to God and others. 1. Ontological Christology “onto” means “being”; Jesus is
➔ It is to find our rightful place in the divine plan and in our fully human and divine in
relation to others person.

2. Functional Christology study of work of Jesus

achieved in plan of salvation

3. Historical Christology investigates facts & evidence

of historical human Jesus. It
also includes the words
(teachings) and work
(miracles).

FEAST OF EPIPHANY 4. Dogmatic Christology according to teachings,

➔ "Epiphany" doctrines, dogma of Catholic
● comes from the Greek word Epiphania, Church.

● means "to show, make known, or reveal."

5. Christology from Below Starting from the point of
(Ascending Christology) human experience and
➔ "Theophany" or "Three Kings Day" -- recalls Christ associates with Church
revealing Himself as Divine in different ways: to the doctrine
Magi, at His Baptism, and with His miracle at the
wedding feast at Cana. 6. Christology from Above Starting with the study of
➔ The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: (Descending Christology) Jesus divinity and preached by
"Sacramentals derive from the baptismal priesthood: the Church.
every baptized person is called to be a "blessing," and
to bless.
Gospel - “godspell” which literally means good news. It is a
➔ Among the sacramental blessings (of persons, meals, religious message & source of faith
objects, and places) come first. Every blessing praises
God and prays for his gifts. ➔ 3 STAGES IN FORMATION OF THE GOSPELS
1. Jesus and his disciples
Foundational stage - gospels are deeply rooted to their
meaning and purpose
BLESSING OF CHALK 2. Disciples and early Christians
➔ "The chalk is taken home and is used to mark the year and Kerygma - proclamation of their faith to the risen Christ.
Stage of preaching and oral tradition
the initials of the three Magi over the door of the house”
3. Early Christians and its Evangelists
Evangelist - are the one who announces good news and also
e.g.: 20 *+ C + M + B + 24 are Gospel writers.

● to remind all who enter and leave through the main Reasons:
door that they also must be ready to leave all, if ● Catechism for the members of the Christian
necessary, and follow Christ. It might also be added Communities
that this is a beautiful act of faith. ● Preservation and Preparation for the future
● The ‘*’ symbolizes the star that led the wise men to generation
Jesus.
● The letters ‘C’, ‘M’, and ‘B’ signify the Wise Men, 4 GOSPELS (CANONICAL GOSPELS)
Caspar, Melchior, and Balthazar.
1. MARK (Lion) Talks about the identity of
● The three crosses signify the Holy Trinity made
Jesus as Messiah
known to us through the Incarnation.
● Encompassing them all is the year we have just
2. MATTHEW (Man/Angel) Interpretation of Law (Messiah
entered into: ‘2024'. in word and deed)

3. LUKE (Ox) Suffering servant Messiah

★ Meaning of gold, incense and myrrh as gifts of the Magi 4. JOHN (Eagle) Talks about the love of Gods for
- The first, referred to in the carol 'We Three Kings', us
interprets the gifts as symbolising three aspects of
Christ's future life: gold representing kingship,
Christmas - person-centered celebration; Birth of Jesus
frankincense (worship) and myrrh (death and
mourning) - embalming oil
Fulfillment of the Prophecy
1. Mary and Joseph are Jesus’ legitimate parents
2. Mary’s Virginity - divine maternity (holy spirit)
3. Yeshua - means “Yahweh helps and God saves”
 ➔ THE JEWISH PROVINCE THEO 11 - 3RD QUARTER
● Galilee - center of agriculture and trade
L3: JESUS AND THE KINGDOM
1. Tiberias Capital city of Galilee DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)

2. Caesarea Northernmost town in Palestine

Philippi
STORY: “The Soldier’s Spider”
3. Nazareth Simple guard post of the Romans ➔ Robert the Bruce, a young soldier, found himself in a
terrible battle during the Scottish Reformation
4. Capernaum Village of Nahum around 1300. The enemy was soundly defeating this
young man's army. He and his comrades found
5. Bethsaida House of fishing
themselves hastily retreating from the battlefield in
6. Cana Wedding feast
defeat, running away in fear of their very lives.
➔ The enemy gave chase. This young man ran hard and
7. Sepphoris Capital province of Galilee fast, full of fear and desperation, and soon found
himself cut off from his comrades in arms.
➔ He eventually came upon a rocky ledge containing a
cave. Knowing the enemy was close behind, and that
Samaria
he was exhausted from the chase, he chose to hide
- Highly discriminated groups in Palestine (unclean)
there. After he crawled in, he fell to his face in the
- Mt. Gerizim - sacred place
darkness, desperately crying to God to save him and
protect him from his enemies.
Judea
- Return of the Exiles from Babylon
➔ When he looked up from his despairing plea for help,
1. Jerusalem (economic strength)
he saw a spider beginning to weave its web at the
- Most important city in Palestine
entrance to the cave.
2. Emmaus
➔ As he watched the delicate threads being slowly
- Apparition of the risen Christ
drawn across the mouth of the cave, the young
3. Arimathea
soldier pondered its irony. He thought, "I asked God
4. Bethany
for protection and deliverance, and he sent me a
5. Jericho
spider instead. How can a spider save me?
6. Qumran
➔ His heart was hardened, knowing the enemy would
7. Bethlehem
soon discover his hiding place and kill him. And soon
he did hear the sound of his enemies, who were now
THE CONTEMPORARIES OF JESUS: GROUPS AND FACTIONS
scouring the area looking for those in hiding.
➔ One soldier with a gun slowly walked up to the cave's
INTERNAL TO JUDAISM
entrance. As the young man crouched in the
1. Sanhedrin it is the highest Jewish council; religious in darkness, hoping to surprise the enemy in a
nature not political last-minute desperate attempt to save his own life, he
felt his heart pounding wildly out of control.
2. Highest priest it is the head of the powerful Sanhedrin ➔ As the enemy cautiously moved forward to enter the
cave, he came upon the spider's web, which by now
3. Sadducees comes from “Zadok, Solomon’s priest
was completely strung across the opening. He
backed away and called out to a comrade, "There
4. Pharisees the laymen
can't be anyone in here.
5. Scribes they are persons who acquire professional
ability I reading and writing ➔ They would have had to break this spider's web to
enter the cave. Let's move on." Years later, a young
man wrote about that ordeal: "Where God is, a
ETERNAL TO JUDAISM spider's web is as a stone wall. Where God is not, a
1. Essenes Group who looked at the corrupt stone wall is as a spider's web."
priests
REFLECTION:
➔ Like in the story, the kingdom of God is a saving
2. Baptists Are those who baptized people reality. God made man in the person of Jesus has
come for one unique purpose- to establish the
kingdom of God. It is the central moral message of all
his teachings in the Gospel. However, to accept the
message of the kingdom of God, it demands from the
POLITICAL FACTIONS
individual a change of ways and faith- to believe in
a. Roman Empire
the Good New
b. Zealots
c. Herodian

The leasts, outcasts and sick

The poor, Women, Public sinners

TEMPLE
- Is central to the conduct Jewish faith because it is a place
of prayer, worship and offering.

SYNAGOGUE
- Place of meeting; it is intended for education and
instruction
LESSON
➔ The kingdom of God is a saving reality. God made man, in
the person of Jesus, has come for one unique purpose: to
establish the kingdom of God.
➔ It is the central moral message of all his teachings in the
Gospel. However, to accept the message of the kingdom of
God, it demands from the individual a change of ways and
faith — to believe in the good news.
POPULAR IDEAS CONCERNING THE KINGDOM
● There are several dominant ideas in the popular
understanding of the kingdom. A good number of people
consider the kingdom of God to be a place where people
go after death.
● The kingdom of God becomes equivalent to heaven,
understood as somewhere above the clouds where God
dwells and where we will enjoy total happiness after suffering
on earth.
● It is a place of joy we long for after our sojourn in this
valley of tears. Perhaps some of us have already heard this in
our childhood catechism.
⛪
THE KINGDOM OF GOD: THE CHURCH
➢ Sometimes we equate the kingdom of God with the church.
We maintain an out-of-context interpretation of the claim
that “outside the church, there is no salvation.”
➢ We cannot enter the kingdom without becoming a member
of the church. And we may argue that we can become
full-fledged members of the church only by receiving the
sacraments, especially baptism.
➢ We are familiar with grandparents who insist on having their
grandchildren baptized as soon as the umbilical cord is cut.
This is necessary to make the baby a member of the church
and God’s child from the moment of birth. In this way, entry
of the child into the kingdom (salvation) is assured in case the
child dies soon after.
➢ The church, being God’s kingdom, is expected to be holy
because it is a sacred reality. The church is a heavenly
institution coming directly from God.
➢ The ministers of the church are looked up to with reverence
because they are seen as mediators between God and
people, between the sacred and the profane.
THE KINGDOM OF GOD: THE END OF THE WORLD
➢ Some people also think that the coming of the kingdom of
God is a time of great calamity never before experienced by
human beings.
➢ In other words, it is the end of our present world. The earth
will be destroyed. During that time, God will pronounce
judgment over people. The righteous will join God in the
heavenly place, and the bad will be thrown into the eternal
fires of hell.
★ This is a favorite line of the present day, “prophets
of doom.”
➢ The day after the 1990 earthquake that heavily damaged key
cities in Luzon and killed hundreds of people, one of these
prophets of doom went around different cities proclaiming:
“Magbago kayo! Magugunaw na ang mundo!” (Repent! The
world is going to end!)
THE KINGDOM OF GOD: THE HEBREW BIBLE 📖 interpretation of the law and religion.
➢ The idea of the kingdom of God developed from the
experiences the Israelite people had of Yahweh, their god.
Through history, they experienced Yahweh as giving them
salvation.
➢ They understood the salvation of Yahweh as taking on many
forms: deliverance from slavery, possession of land, victory
over enemies, fertility of the land, prosperity of the family, the
gift of wisdom, the expectation of a messiah, and life beyond
death.
➢ In order to verbalize and communicate these experiences of
salvation, they made use of a political expression: kingship.
➢ God made Israelites understand that their primary task of
their kind was to lead them and to make them into a nation
in which justice and equality would reign. But their kings
failed in their duty.
➢ They grabbed for themselves the riches of the land given to
all. The prophets castigated the kings because of their greed
and announced that after a period of trial and suffering, God
Himself would come to rule over Israel. He would truly be the
King of Israel, who would lead the nation to justice, equality,
abundance, and well-being. Several centuries before Jesus,
the prophet Isaiah was proclaiming this vision of salvation.
Salvation for him is the coming of God’s reign of justice
and liberation.
THE KINGDOM OF GOD FOR JESUS ✝
➢ During Jesus’ time, the pronouncements of Isaiah were read,
studied, and meditated on in synagogues and schools, if we
read the gospels, it is apparent that Jesus was familiar with
many of the passages from Isaiah we noted earlier.
➢ Isaiah’s proclamations originally spoke of the good news of
God’s kingly power freeing the oppressed Jews from
Babylonian exile. In the gospels, Jesus addresses this good
news of God’s kingdom to the people of his time.
THE KINGDOM These messages contain good news of peace
AS GOOD NEWS and bad news of destruction or punishment.
The undue emphasis strikes fear in the hearts
of people. Unfortunately, this can lead to the
belief that Christianity is a religion of gloom,
suffering, punishment, and burdensome
requirements. So different from many of us,
Jesus announced good news. He proclaimed a
God who cares for the very concrete needs
of his people. This is the basis of his
understanding of the kingdom.
THE GOOD NEWS - Our society is performance oriented. We
OF THE always demand something from others.
KINGDOM DOES - We accept people depending on their
NOT ASK FOR capacity to pass our requirements: intellectual
PERFORMANCE capacity, good looks, moral uprightness,
relevant experience, and other qualifications. In
the religious sphere, we think and behave
similarly.
THE KINGDOM In a society where so much power is
AS AN END TO concentrated in the hands of a few, the
POWER tendency for massive oppression is greater.
RELATIONSHIPS
This seems to be the case in the Philippines.
The few powerful people are lording it over the
masses. Many common people are trying to
grab a share of this power in order to improve
their economic, political, and social standing
by showing their “loyalty” to the power-holders.
These people are usually branded as sipsip
(people who make a show of their loyalty to
somebody in order to gain something). They
enjoy the advantages of being close to
power-holders but are criticized by many for
their blind loyalty. This “loyalty” is that kind that
makes a person subservient to the will and
whims of the powerful.
THE KINGDOM IS - They are those who have so much concern
OFFERED TO ALL with rank or status, those who want to use
their status to gain or maintain an
advantage over others. (the advantage may
be economic, political, social, cultural, or even
religious.)
- We are already familiar with the oppressive
distinctions within Jewish society during the
time of Jesus. The rich, the righteous, the
educated, and the law abiding were on one
side of the fence. The poor, the sinners, the
ignorant, and the lawbreakers were on the
other side. These distinctions were even
justified and maintained by a one-sided
THE KINGDOM - The kingdom, as understood by Jesus, has
AS FUTURE AND future and present aspects. In talking about
PRESENT these aspects of the kingdom, some
theologians use the seemingly contradictory
statement “already but not yet.” The kingdom
is at the same time a present and future reality.
➔ There are texts in the gospels indicating that the kingdom of God
is something that takes place in the future: others will sit at tables
in the kingdom of God, people coming from east and west, from
north and south. (Luke 13:29) Jesus sees a vision of a future reality:
it is a sight of men and women, adults and children, of all races,
who will be streaming towards the feast of the kingdom from all
parts of the world.
➔ Truly, I say to you, I will not taste the fruit of the vine again until the
day I drink the new wine in the kingdom of God.” (Mk 14:25) At the
last supper, Jesus foresees that the next time he will share wine
with his disciples will be in the future Kingdom of God. Your
kingdom come! (Mt 6:10) The principal petition in the Lord’s Prayer
is for the kingdom to come. It is still in the future. Hence, for Jesus,
the kingdom is a new and future world full of life-blessings.
THE KINGDOM IS A MESSAGE ABOUT GOD’S GRACIOUSNESS 🤍 THEOLOGY QUARTER 3 ⋆｡° ✮
➢ Behind Jesus’ idea of the kingdom is an experience of God.
Earlier in the preceding learning packet, we described Jesus
as a spirit person, as somebody who has an intimate
encounter with the world of the sacred, with God. His
understanding of the kingdom flows right from this
encounter.
➢ This brings up the question of how Jesus experienced God,
the God of Israel. The prophets of Israel saw God as the one
who saves. God was known as “he who brought Israel out of
Egypt.” Their God was a God who acted on behalf of his
suffering people.
➢ It was this idea that Jesus lived by and preached. The
Kingdom of God is a message about God relating graciously
(nagmamagandang-loob) with his people. God is concerned
with people. He is on the side of human beings, especially the
powerless (the masa). This is why Jesus was so at ease with
calling God abba, itay, tatay. Many of the parables of Jesus
unabashedly point to this idea of God.
INFO TAKEN FROM SOPH
★ ASH WEDNESDAY
➔ Marks the start of the lenten period leading up to
Easter, when Christians believe Jesus was
resurrected.
➔ The ashes symbolize our mortality, “Remember you
are dust, and to dust you shall return.”
➔ The ashes are made from burned palm leaves used
during the previous year’s palm sunday services,
which commemorate Jesus’s arrival to Jerusalem a
week before he was crucified and resurrected.
★ COUNCIL OF NICEA
➔ To address arianism (declared christ is not truly
divine - bishop arius)
★ COUNCIL OF TRENT
➔ To lessen the corruption of the clergy
★ COUNCIL OF EPHESUS
➔ Announced that mary is the mother of god
“theotokos”
➔ Jesus is both GOD and MORTAL.
➔ This counters the nestorianism (against the
incarnation of christ)
★ COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON
➔ Declared jesus that had two nature in one person
or hypostasis.
★ HYPOSTATIC UNION
➔ The person of christ are two natures: divinity and
humanity, in complete unity without mixture or
separation.
❖ GNOSTICISM - heresy exaggerated the
importance of knowledge over faith.
❖ MONOPHYSITISM - a compound word
MONOS “one” and PHYSIS “nature”,
heretical view of the nature of christ.
❖ Jesus had only one nature and it was
either divine or human.
THE WAY OF THE DISCIPLES
SOPHIA PENADO 11SF (STEM)
WHO WERE THE DISCIPLES?
1. Peter (Simon) - he is bastos/suplado, a fisherman, and the brother
of Andrew
2. Andrew - fiery temperament
3. John (the youngest, wrote the book of revelation, and was the
beloved)
4. James the great (son of zebedee) - he preached to the Jews
5. Matthew (tax collector; his first name is levi)
6. Philip
7. Bartholomew (nathaniel)
8. Thomas, the doubter
9. James, the less
10. Jude thaddeus
11. Simon the zealot
12. Judas the Iscariot (the person who replaced him after he
betrayed Jesus was matthias)
➔ The twelve (12) disciples were ordinary men from different
walks of life. Some were fishermen, one was a tax collector, and
others were activists. One had a much different idea about the
Messiah. Despite their constant failings and struggles, God was
able to use these disciples, who remained faithful to Jesus, in a
mighty way.
➔ The apostles were chosen by Jesus to spread his message and
establish the early Christian church. They were witnesses to
Jesus’ teachings, miracles, and resurrection, and they were
responsible for passing on his teachings to others. The
apostles traveled extensively, preaching and teaching about
Jesus and his message.
JESUS CALLS US ALL TO DISCIPLESHIP
➢ The second Vatican Council teaches that the call to holiness is
universal, and all are called to be saints in whatever local
environment God has called them to. We are all called to be
disciples today.
➢ Jesus called his first disciples from the middle of their daily
lives to follow him. While they were initially enthusiastic, they
eventually discovered that the path they were called to follow
was not one of gaining earthly power and prestige.
➢ QUITE THE OPPOSITE: Jesus was calling them to follow the
path of being servants to others, culminating in the way of
the cross. (Matthew 20:27-28) for most of the disciples were
shocked that Jesus’ arrest, torture, and crucifixion were too
great to endure, and they abandoned him on the way to
Calvary.
➢ When we leave everything to follow Jesus, in reality, we love
nothing. Jesus gives us everything. He gives us what truly
matters in our lives—what our hearts truly desire and yearn
for. If we leave everything to receive all that we need from
Jesus, we will be filled and overflow to give ourselves to
others.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISCIPLES OF CHRIST
1. THE DISCIPLES ARE CALLED.
- LUKE 5:11 illustrates this perfectly. God always
makes the first move! Jesus approached the
fishermen and invited them.
2. THE DISCIPLES RESPOND CONSCIOUSLY TO THE CALL OF
JESUS.
- We are called; a disciple responds positively to the
call. If Peter had not abandoned his nets and
followed Jesus, he would not be a disciple. You
can’t go on if you don’t make a choice! Leave any
idolatry, to follow Jesus.
3. THE DISCIPLE LOVES
- This is the first sign of a disciple. The love of God
and the love of others. Jesus says that others will
 know that we are his disciples because of our love SOLOMON - wisdom
for our neighbor (Jn 13, 35). It is the main ★ most detailed gospel is John
commandment of God. ★ 40 days of lent, 3 temptations
★ Significance of fasting is sacrificing for self-discipline
4. DISCIPLES BEAR FRUIT ★ 40 days of lent, 3 temptations
- In fact, Jesus says that bearing fruit shows that you ★ Significance of fasting is sacrificing for self-discipline
are his disciple.
- FRUITS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT: POINTERS:
1. Love ● Epiphany-2024
2. Joy ● Introduction to Christology
3. Peace ● Approaches to Christology
4. Kindness ● Jewish Province
5. Generosity ● Contemporaries of Jesus: Groups and Factions
6. Self-control ● Contemporary Search for Salvation
7. Faithfulness ● Lenses for reconstructing the Jesus in the history
8. Gentleness ● Jesus and the Kingdom
9. Patience

5. THE DISCIPLES ARE OBEDIENT.

6. DISCIPLES LISTEN AND LEARN.

- In the Scriptures, we constantly find Jesus’ disciples
learning from him. They listen and then apply his
teachings to their lives (or at least try to). The life of
a Christian disciple is a life of listening and learning
throughout life, as we see from the early Church in
Acts of the Apostles. We listen to him in prayer; we
need to live in an intimate relationship with God.

7. THE DISCIPLES FOLLOW HIM.

- Our life of discipleship begins by following Jesus,
we must do what he did, love as he loved, and
choose what he chose. To be his imitators, as Saint
Paul asks us.

8. THE DISCIPLES HAVE THEIR EYES FIXED ON HEAVEN.

- Our current life is not our definitive home. We have
been created to live with God forever in eternal
happiness. This heavenly home is determined by
our decisions in this life. Heaven’s prize is a gift we
must keep our eyes on. No one comes to the father
except through me.

9. THE DISCIPLES CARRY THE CROSS EACH DAY. JESUS SAID

IT THIS WAY:
- “Whoever wants to follow me must deny himself
and take up his daily cross and follow me.” LK 9:23

10. DISCIPLES MAKE OTHER DISCIPLES.

- Lastly, we have to do what Jesus did, which means
“make disciples”. It was his last mandate and the
only one that we cannot avoid fulfilling personally.
Good news, a liberating experience cannot be
silenced; it needs to be transmitted and shared
with others.

“𝜗𝜚 ﹐, SIDE NOTES! ; ⟡” - BY SOPH

★ SABBATH DAY - this day is the lord’s day which is on sunday.
★ The holiness is for all people.
★ Jesus called his first disciples from the middle of their daily
lives to follow him.
★ The disciples’ pathway is being a servant to others.
★ The disciples have their eyes fixed on heaven. (heaven’s prize)
★ Jesus Christ chose his disciples, and they stayed faithful to
him even during their last breath during their execution.
★ SOL - first king
DAVID - won many battles