PHILO 11 - 3RD QUARTER ➔ REAL DEFINITION: Philosophy is the science of all things or

beings in their ultimate causes or principles, acquired by the

L1: INTRODUCTION TO THE natural light of reason alone.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN

PERSON ELEMENTS OF THE DEFINITION
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)
A. SCIENCE
B. ALL THING/BEINGS
C. IN THEIR ULTIMATE CAUSE
DEFINITION (1) D. BY THE NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON
➔ “There are as many definitions to philosophy as there are
philosophers.” A. SCIENCE
➔ Philosophy was first used by Pythagoras, a Greek ● Latin “scire” - “to know”
philosopher and mathematician. (He discovered the ● Not just knowledge of facts but the reasons behind the
pythagorean theorem) facts or the knowledge of its causes.
● It aims for certitude; it serves to know the whys of things.
ETYMOLOGICAL DEFINITION ● It involves critical thinking that includes questioning,
● Philosophy from the greek words: analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and judging.
○ Philia = love B. ALL THINGS/BEINGS
○ Sophia = wisdom ● There are 2 types of beings (according to St. Thomas
● Philosophy means love of wisdom Aquinas):
● By LOVE it seeks unity with the object, it desires to possess its 1. NECESSARY
object. - Non-existence is an impossibility.
● WISDOM means the good exercise or application of - Exists eternally; there is no beginning or end
knowledge. - EX: God
● TRUTH is the ultimate object of knowledge. Hence, the truth 2. CONTINGENT
is being shown and practiced by a man of wisdom. - Existence is caused
● To philosophize, therefore, is to be in a quest or to have the - May or may not exist
desire towards living the truth. - EX: human beings, material and spiritual
worlds
C. IN THEIR ULTIMATE CAUSES
DIFFERENT FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE ➢ It looks into the reason, the ultimate why’s and the
wheretofore’s of all things, examining in detail all
(based on degree & content)
realities.
DOXA/OPI - refers to a common understanding or ➢ Aristotle’s four causes:
NION common sense.
- lowest kind because it lacks any proper THE MATERIAL CAUSE - the material out of which the thing
justification or is attained without any valid exists
explanation. - EX: a table’s material cause is wood.
- EX: rumors and gossips
THE FORMAL CAUSE - The form in which the thing is
EPISTEME/ - is a kind of knowing that has grounded or arranged.
SCIENTIFIC justified assertions. - EX: A table’s formal cause is the idea of
KNOWLED - they are factual statements that are an elevated flat surface.
GE proven by the scientific method.
- knowledge of principles that govern THE EFFICIENT CAUSE - The ‘mover that causes the thing to be
things. or happen.
- includes different scientific domains - EX: A table’s efficient cause is the
ranging from physics to geology, carpenter that made it.
psychology to economics, etc.
- EX: (a) water boils at 100 degree
THE FINAL CAUSE - The purpose for which the thing exists
Celsius
- EX: A table’s final cause is to be used to
(b) Dogs are animals.
place food or other things on it

TECHNE/T - knowledge of the means-end of objects,

ECHNICAL that is, “how things are made and done.” D. BY THE NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON
KNOWLED - knowledge inherent in skills to produce ➢ It means the “human reason”
GE something, the means to manipulate
certain things in order to achieve the
desired ends.
- EX: carpenter’s, cook’s, barber’s or
cobbler’s knowledge

SOPHIA/W - highest of all knowledge because it is the

ISDOM “most finished of the forms of knowledge”
and it is knowledge of first principles.

DEFINITION (2)
➔ Philosophy is not merely academic, speculative, and abstract,
but also practical and concrete. ★ When philosophy ends, theology begins.
➔ Philosophy for Socrates, Plato, and the rest of the ancient
Greek philosophers was not just about finding the truth
(though it did involve that) — need for truth was in order to
live better.
➔ PIERRE HADOT (French philosopher and philologist) -
“Philosophy is a way of life.”
➔ PHILOSOPHY IS A WAY OF LIFE:
- “The goal of [philosophy] is to transform the whole
of the individual’s life.”
➔ “Real wisdom does not merely cause us to know: it makes us
‘be’ in a different way.”
➔ Philosophy is an act of doing.

PHILO 11 - 3RD QUARTER
L2: AESTHETIC OF EXISTENCE &
ACT OF PHILOSOPHIZING
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)
I. AESTHETIC OF EXISTENCE
➔ Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the
nature and appreciation of beauty, art, and taste. It explores
questions related to the nature of aesthetic experiences, the
criteria for defining something as beautiful, and the role of art
and beauty in human life.
➔ Aesthetics encompasses a wide range of topics, including the
philosophy of art, the philosophy of beauty, and the philosophy
of taste
BEAUTY For millennia, philosophers have argued
about what constitutes beauty. There are
questions over whether beauty is subjective
or objective, if there are universal beauty
standards, and how views of beauty are
influenced by individual, cultural, and
historical variables.
ART The nature and definition of art are
frequently discussed in aesthetics.
Philosophers investigate the nature of art,
its intent, and the interaction between the
creator, the piece, and the viewer. Diverse
viewpoints are offered by several theories,
such as the expressive theory (art as
personal expression) and the mimetic
theory (art as
imitation).
AESTHETIC Philosophers investigate the nature of
EXPERIENCE aesthetic experiences, taking into account
the mental, emotional, and sensory
components of valuing art and beauty. This
investigation explores how perception,
imagination, and intuition function in
creative interactions.
TASTE Talks on taste are covered in aesthetics,
both in terms of personal preferences and
in relation to the philosophy of taste. There
are questions regarding the process of
making taste judgments, the existence of
objective standards for taste, and the ways
in which society and cultural contexts
impact aesthetic evaluations.
AESTHETIC Philosophers investigate the nature of
JUDGMENT aesthetic judgment, reflecting on how
people judge and characterize an object's
aesthetic features, whether they are natural
elements or works of art.
➔ In choosing one's career path, it is the person himself who
decides the type of roadmap he is bound to follow. No other
person knows himself better than himself. Self-determination
or the process of subjectivization (Michael Foucault) is a
deliberate act of freeing ourselves from ourselves for it is
when one strips oneself from the chain of self-alienation that
one achieves anything at all.
➔ Some people, for instance, could hardly succeed in life
because of tying to their old habits like vices or negative traits
like laziness or low self-esteem. Unless we overcome these
roadblocks, we cannot prosper in life.
➔ To enable a person to embark on his project of affirming and
creating himself, he has to overcome himself (Friedrich
Nietzsche) against forces that may impede his growth and
development. All kinds of enslavement are a person's targets
in the life of constant self-overcoming.
➔ Nietzsche taught that unless we know the why of life, we
cannot know the how of living. It is imperative for any success
in life, therefore, to have a clear vision of what you wish to
become the once popular song of Diana Ross. Maybe a good
question to ponder on, "Do you know where you are going
to?"
➔ If life were a sculpture, a person has to remove or carve out
parts not contributory to making the image of him a
beautiful piece of art. He needs to unlearn or detach himself
from things that may be detrimental to the meaningfulness
of his life. One good example of stuff that needs to be
unlearned especially among us Filipinos is our fatalistic
thinking. We seem to entrust our future to our fate instead of
hard work or firm determination to succeed.
II. THE ACT OF PHILOSOPHIZING
➔ The role of the human person as a subject in every human
experience is necessary because there can never be human
experience without the subject. A corollary to it, unless I can
relate myself to a certain experience, such experience will
never gain any relevance to me at all.Any object of human
experience is known, understood, appreciated, orvalued
provided that I am involved.
CRITICAL INQUIRY Philosophizing entails posing important
queries and analyzing notions, theories,
and beliefs closely. It looks for the
underlying presumptions and
consequences of different viewpoints.
PHILOSOPHIZING frequently necessitates in-depth,
introspective thought on one's own views
and the nature of the universe. It promotes
self-awareness and a readiness to critically
examine one's own presumptions.
RATIONAL ANALYSIS The act of philosophizing emphasizes
rational analysis and logical reasoning. It
involves constructing and evaluating
arguments, identifying fallacies, and
assessing the validity of different
philosophical positions.
SKEPTICISM AND Philosophizing can entail both a dedication
INQUIRY to ongoing inquiry and a healthy dose of
skepticism. It acknowledges that
knowledge is a continuous process and
that there may not always be a definite
answer to a philosophical subject.
OPEN-MINDEDNESS Philosophizing necessitates having an
open mind to many points of view and
being prepared to take into account
opposing arguments. It entails a
never-ending pursuit of truth and an
acceptance that knowledge may change
throughout time.
➔ The act of philosophizing begins with the self, with one's life.
Asking a question is asking something that affects life in one
way or another. The self as we all know though is not perfect.
Not all that exists is known to a person. When a person fails to
do something properly, he asks himself how and why he has
gone wrong. If he succeeds in a certain endeavor or activity,
just the same he seeks for its reason. Dealing with self is
dealing with his absolute subjectivity that is embedded in
different human experiences.
➔ The act of philosophizing, therefore, cannot be
compartmentalized from the very existence of a person.
Philosophy is "man's search for meaning” (Vitaliano R.
Gorospe, SJ) in life in and through the public presence of the
other. It is truly meaningful to know something if it is
understood or viewed from one's experience rather than look
at it divorced from one's person.
➔ What one knows is based on how one experiences a thing in
its origin. Such is the principle of phenomenology (Edmund
Husserl). There is nothing that substitutes the road to
experience in appreciating things. One cannot say something
about something without having experienced that
something. To experience something or someone is to have
an encounter with that something or someone in concrete
ways.

PHILO 11 - 3RD QUARTER
L3: BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)
AXIOLOGY - Also referred to as the theory of value,
- Axiology explores the nature of value and its
metaphysical aspects. Value Theory is often
interchangeably used as Axiology and this
branch of Philosophy peruses upon the value
of goodness. To put it simply, Axiology looks
at the concept of value in terms of its
philosophical terms and argues questions
about nature and what actually is valued.
EXAMPLE:
METAPHYSICS - Metaphysics has been a primary area of
philosophical debate. It is mainly concerned
with explaining the nature of being and the
world.
- Traditionally, it has two different study areas,
including Cosmology and Ontology.
A. Cosmology - is focused on
understanding the origin, evolution,
and the eventual fate of the universe,
which include laws that keep it in
perfect order. On the other hand,
B. Ontology - investigates various types
of things that exist and their
relationship with each other.
- Much before the discovery of modern
science, all the science-related questions
were asked as a part of Metaphysics.
EXAMPLE:
EPISTEMOLOG - Going back into history, this term originated
Y from the Greek word episteme which literally
means knowledge, and the other half of the
word ‘logy' means ‘the study of’. Basically it is
about the study of knowledge. What can we
know?
- A fundamental question concerning
Epistemology is, what is knowledge? It also
asks questions like, can knowledge ever be
absolute? Is there a limit for humans to know
certain things? If we are living in a world of
simulation, how can we know it? These are
some of the essential questions
Epistemology seeks answers for.
EXAMPLE
ETHICS - Everyone in their day to day life tries to
conduct themselves according to some
established ethical norms. This philosophical
concept has different applications in a
person’s real life. For instance, there are
certain organizations that have ethical
committees which lay down rules of behavior
for its employees.
- Ethics is concerned with the definition of
right and wrong. It elucidates schools of
thought that instruct us how to act in a given
situation, which has always been a matter of
contention between philosophers. Every
philosopher has defined it according to their
own subjective understanding.
EXAMPLE
AESTHETICS - Every person defines beauty as per his
or her own perspectives. This
philosophical subject is wholly devoted
to defining the different aspects of
beauty, even its contours. How do we
find something beautiful? Is beauty
always subjective or can it be objective
too? Can everyone find a thing
beautiful?
- It also examines individual taste and
attempts to provide answers about
these things in a scientific manner.
Aesthetic Philosophy’s primary topic of
investigation is beauty and art. It is
often debated inside its classrooms. It
also talks about performing arts like
music.
EXAMPLE
POLITICAL Combining the two fields of Politics and
PHILOSOPHY Philosophy, Political Philosophy studies political
government, laws, liberty, justice, rights,
authority, political states and systems, ethics, and
more. It explores the concepts of why we need
governments, the role of played by governments,
what are its constituents, amongst others.
EXAMPLE
● Public Projects at the expense of local
businesses
● Fast construction of buildings at the
expense of build quality
● Family values vs Progressivism
PHILO 11 - 3RD QUARTER
L4: INTERSUBJECTIVITY (The
Fundamental Reality of the
Human Person)
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)
OBJECT VS SUBJECT
1. OBJECT
Refers to that which exists independently of an
observer. Objects are entities or things that have
attributes and properties. Objects can be physical
entities, such as a chair or a tree, or abstract entities,
like mathematical concepts or moral values. Objects
are often seen as the "what" in the question of
existence.
2. SUBJECT
Associated with the observer or the experiencer. The
subject is the conscious entity that perceives,
experiences, and interacts with objects. Subjects are
the "who" in the question of experience and
consciousness. In some philosophical contexts, the
subject is also referred to as the self or the individual
experiencing reality.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
● It is the condition of man, a subject, among other
men, who are also subjects.
● intersubjectivity is the way a person is influenced by
the culture, family, and friends that they are
surrounded by. The people an individual interacts
with can have a significant impact on the way they
interact with the worldaround them.
● Similarly, a person's culture can greatly influence their
actions. Culture is the beliefs, values, and behaviors of
a particular group of people.
●
● Refers to the shared awareness and understanding
among persons It is made possible by the awareness
of the self and the other
- The social refers to the life of a group bound together by
common experiences and reactions.
- The interhuman refers to the life between and among
persons; it refers to the interpersonal, that is, a life of
dialogue
DIALOGUE - It is a deep and genuine relationship
between persons
- It happens when two persons truly
acknowledge each other’s presence and
treat each other as equals.
Ich-Es (I-It) - It refers to the world of experience and
Relationshi sensation where there are objects. The
p beings do not actually meet. Instead,
the “I” confronts and qualifies an idea, or
conceptualization, of the being in its
presence and treats that being as an
object
- In an "I-It" relationship, one doesn't fully
engage with the unique qualities,
emotions, or intrinsic value of the other.
It's a more transactional or instrumental
approach, where the person or object is
seen as an "it" rather than a full-fledged
being.
- An individual treats other things,
people, etc., as objects to be used and
experienced. Essentially, this form of
objectivity realtes to the world in terms
of the self- how an object can serve the
individual’s interest.
- it is in fact a relationship with oneself; it
is not a dialogue, but a monologue
SCENARIO:
Ich-Du - It refers to the world of encounters and
(I-Thou) relationships where there are persons.
Relationshi - It is a concrete encounter without any
p qualification or objectification of one
another.
- It is a dialogue

- In an "I-Thou" relationship, there is a

genuine acknowledgment and
recognition of the other person's full
humanity. It involves a connection at a
MARTIN BUBER
deeper level, where both individuals are
● “The world is not comprehensible, but it is embraceable:
seen as unique and valuable in their
through the embracing of one of its beings.
own right, rather than as mere objects
or means to an end.
● “All real living is meeting”
○ This suggests that the essence of true or authentic life
SCENARIO:
lies in the experiences and connections we have with
others. The word "meeting" implies not just physical
encounters but also the meeting of minds, emotions, and
shared moments. In this context, the richness of life is
found in relationships, shared experiences, and the
interactions we have with the people and the world
around us.
● “All actual life is encounter”
○ this emphasizes that the very substance of life is
comprised of encounters. Life is not just a series of
isolated events; it's a continuous stream of interactions
with other living beings, circumstances, and the
environment. Each encounter shapes our understanding,
influences our perspectives, and contributes to the
ongoing narrative of our lives.

SOCIAL VS INTERHUMAN
 ➔ Dr. Manuel Dy Jr. — “The experience of love begins from
the experience of loneliness.”

LONELINESS
➔ One of the most basic experiences of the human being
because of self-awareness

SEEMING - It is a way of approaching the other governed by

the image one desires to impress on the other.

- It involves deliberately playing up or hiding

aspects of yourself to appear more desirable or
impressive.
- Martin Buber — “To yield to seeming is man’s
essential cowardice, to resist it is his essential
courage.”

BEING - It proceeds not from an image, but

- from what one really is.
- It is an acceptance of the other in the way that it
is also an acceptance of the self as it is
- In intersubjectivity,

- "being" is not understood in isolation but in

relation to others. It emphasizes that our
existence and understanding of self are deeply
intertwined with our interactions and
relationships with other people. Our sense of
"being" is co-constructed through shared
experiences, dialogues, and mutual
understanding.
- George Orwell — “HAPPINESS CAN EXIST ONLY
IN ACCEPTANCE”

SPEECHIFYI - It refers to one’s talking past another

NG - It is hearing without listening to what one says
★ Sometimes, you need to lose everyone to find yourself again.
PERSONAL - It is the process of fully opening oneself to the
★ Hindi yung mahalaga ka lang dahil kailangan ka
MAKING other
PRESENT - Individuals bring their unique perspectives, ★ Hindi yung mahalaga ka lang dahil kailangan ka. Kailangan
values, and emotions to the process of assigning ka dahil mahalaga ka.
meaning to various aspects of their lives. ○ "You are not important just because you are
needed. You are needed because you are
important."

IMPOSITION - It constitutes holding one’s own opinion, values,

attitudes and oneself without regard for those of
another.
- It is telling the other how he or she should act,
behave and respond to things

UNFOLDING - It constitutes finding in the other the disposition

toward what one recognizes as true, good and
beautiful.

- It involves seeing the other as a unique singular

individual capable of freely actualizing
himself/herself
- Martin Buber — “Love is responsibility of an
I for a Thou: in this consists what cannot consist
in feeling - the quality of all lovers.”

➔ Real love is not just a feeling but a profound responsibility

and commitment to the other person's welfare. It's about the
"I" taking on the responsibility for the "Thou" in a relationship,
transcending fleeting emotions and forming a deeper, more
meaningful connection.

The Art of Loving (Fromm, 1956)

- We give more importance to being loved than to loving
- People think that to love is easy and what is difficult is to find
the right person to love or be loved by.
- We confuse the initial falling-in-love with the permanent
state of being-in-love
PHILO 11 - 3RD QUARTER
L5: MAN IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS
NATURE
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)

HUMAN NATURE
- Distinguishing characteristics – including ways of
thinking, feeling and acting – which humans tend to
have naturally.

PERSPECTIVES OF THE NATURE OF MAN

BIOLOGICAL ● Considers man as a part of the

natural world and a product of
evolution.

● Can be traced back to Charles

Darwin, Father of Evolution.
● Modern humans are considered to
be themost successfully adapted
species on the planet and closely
related to the apes.

DISTINCT PHYSICAL FEATURES

1. Bipedalism
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON? 2. Highly developed hands
Definition: Philosophy of the Human Person is a special 3. Smaller jaws and teeth
branch of philosophy that deals with the theoretical and 4. Larger and more developed
brains
reflective study of the human being, aimed at the acquisition
of knowledge regarding the meaning and value of human Share primal instincts as with other
existence. animals such as survival and
reproduction.
WHAT IS MAN? WHAT QUALIFIES MAN AS MAN? WHO IS
MAN?
TRAITS AND CAPABILITIES
➔ “The what-who-man-question has been the 1. Planning and intentional
commonest yet the hardest question that man himself actions
has ever invented… However, nobody is as yet satisfied 2. Innovation and creativity
with what had been said about man.” 3. Communication (language
➔ “Indeed man is a mystery to himself.” and writing)
4. Technology
5. Symbolic interaction such as
HUMAN religion and art.
- refers to anything exclusively pertinent to the species
that is man. PSYCHOLOGICA ● Puts emphasis on human behavior
L and thought processes in analyzing
NATURE human nature.
Definition:
- derived from the Latin word “natura” which came ● Man as a being having mental
faculties that enables him to
from “nasci” meaning “to be born” or “to originate”.
possess awareness, a sense of self
- The ultimate principle of operation of a given reality and the capacity to perceive and
(fact, entity, being). experience.
Review: ● Proponents of this view include
- Set of all things which are innate to a being. Sigmund Freud, Father of
- Essential properties or causes of individual things Psychoanalysis
● MAN’S MENTAL FACULTIES AND
CAPABILITIES: PSYCHE,
➔ “A thing acts according to its nature.”
RATIONALITY, INTELLIGENCE,
➔ Any thing or any being intrinsically acts and its action INTROSPECTION
is always determined by its very nature or kind of
thing that it is. a. Psyche
- Refers to the human mind
➔ MAN IS A RATIONAL BEING, therefore, he should which is divided into 2 - the
only think, feel and act based on his nature conscious mind and the
unconscious mind
➔ Outside the domain of his nature, man can be readily
charged of being inhuman. Division of Psyche:
a. Conscious – part of the mind
that governs awareness.
b. Unconscious – consists of
latent and repressed
emotions, thoughts and
desires.
 b. Rationality
- the ability to understand
experiences in order to solve
problems or do tasks, and
engage in decision making
and judgment.
c. Intelligence
- the ability to perceive
information, store knowledge,
and apply it in various
situations.
d. Introspection
- the ability to examine one’s
own conscious thoughts,
feelings, and mental state, and
the capacity for self-reflection.
- Manifests the purposive drive of
every man to live in a kind of life
according to his own discretion.
SUMMARY OF THE THREE-FOLD LEVEL OF HUMAN NATURE
1. There is but ONE human nature.
2. There is no Filipino, American, German, etc. human
nature, particularly in the somatic and behavioral
level.
3. There is a Filipino or American human nature
distinctively in the attitudinal level.
4. Human nature changes only in terms of accidental
constituents, i.e., the growth of the body, etc.

ECONOMIC ● Called man homo economicus or

the “economic man” and focuses on
his ability to engage in productive
activities in an effort to meet his
wants and needs.

● Taught by Karl Marx, Father of

Communism
● Economic forces are considered a
great influence on the actions of
man

THEOLOGICAL ● Considers man as a special creation

of God having been made into His
image and likeness and given an
immortal soul.

● Taught by medieval philosophers,

St. Augustine and St. Thomas
Aquinas.
● Man’s existence was brought about
by the purposive creative act of God,
and his ultimate destiny is part of
the Divine Plan.

★ Culture is considered man’s most significant

achievement which sets them apart from other
species.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN NATURE

1. UNIVERSAL/ONE
- Absolutely present to all human beings.
2. STATIC
- It remains as it is in every man from birth to
death.
- Constant, unchangeable, immutable

3-FOLD LEVEL OF HUMAN NATURE

SOMATIC - Refers to the body, substance,

constitution or stuff of man, and
accidentally, to bodily structure, color,
etc. which are conditioned byculture
and environment.

BEHAVIORAL - Refers to the mode of acting of every

man.
- Man has a universal way of acting or
conducting himself properly.
- Three component parts:
a. Cognitive – mental dimension
of man
b. Affective – emotional
dimension or feeling part
c. Psychomotor – pertains to
action

ATTITUDINAL - Refers to the mental reaction of

every man to a given stimulus or
the position of every individual
concerning his opinion, feeling or
mood.