STAT & PROB 11 - 3RD QUARTER

EXAMPLE 1:
L1: MEAN, MEDIAN, & MODE For example if a data set showed:
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM) 67, 27, 46, 21, 46, 29, 67, 28, 65, 67, 10

The mode would be 67 because it is shown 3 times

➔ MEAN
- The mean is another word for average. To find the EXAMPLE 2:
mean, add all the numbers together and divide by 2, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8
how many numbers there are. The mode is 2

EXAMPLE 1:
For example if a data set showed:
12, 16, 4, 6, 22, 12
The mean would be 12 because:
12 + 16 + 4 + 6 + 22 + 12 = 72
72 / 6 = 12
EXAMPLE 2:
2 + 2 + 5 + 6 + 7 +8 = 30
30 / 6 = 5
Therefore, the mean is 5
EXAMPLE 3:
The Mode = The most occurring number
E.g Find the Mode of the list:
2 4 6 8 12 12 15 4 2 6 8 7 7 9 12
Mode = 12
E.g Find the Mode of the list:
2 8 6 4 10 12 2 4 8 8 4
Mode = 4 and 8
EXAMPLE 4:
10, 20, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 20, 20, 30 15
Mode = 20

EXAMPLE 3: EXAMPLE 5:
Find the mean of the following set of numbers 5, 8, 13, 15, 17
4, 10, 12, 8, 6 No mode

Solution: 3, 5, 7, 13, 3, 7, 9, 3
To find the mean divide the sum of the numbers by the Mode = 3
number of numbers.
Sum of numbers s = 4 + 10 + 12 + 8 + 6
Number of numbers 5
= 40
5 ➔ RANGE
= 8 - The difference between he largest and smallest value

EXAMPLE 4:
= 15 + 13 + 18 + 16 + 14 + 17 + 12 EXAMPLE 1:
7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
= 105 5-1=4
7
= 15 The Range is 4

EXAMPLE 2:
Find the highest and lowest values
Subtract the lowest value from the highest
➔ MEDIAN 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 7, 8
- The Median is the middle number in a set of data. to 8-2=6
find the median, arrange all of the numbers in the
The Range is 6
data set from smallest to largest. Then, find the
middle number. This is the median.
- If there’s an even amount of numbers, add the 2
middle numbers and divide it by 2

EXAMPLE 1:
For example if a data set showed:
68, 79, 10, 15, 72, 55, 42
If the numbers are ordered smallest to largest:
10, 15, 42, 55, 68, 72, 79

The median would be 55

EXAMPLE 2:
Data set (in ascending order)
4, 5, 8, 12 15, 17, 18

The median of the data set is 12

➔ MODE
- The Mode is the number that shows up most often in
a data set. You can have more than one mode for a
set of data . This is called bi modal.
STAT & PROB 11 - 3RD QUARTER NND 1
L2: EXPLORING RANDOM NDN 1
VARIABLES DNN 1
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)
NDD 2

➔ STATISTICS
- is a branch of applied mathematics which deals with
the collection, organization, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of data. Statistics develop and
apply appropriate methods in collecting and
analyzing data.
a. Descriptive Statistics
- deals with the collection and presentation of data and
collection of summarizing values to describe its group
characteristics. The most common summarizing
values are the measures of central tendency and
variation.
- refers to a set of methods used to summarize and
describe the main features of a dataset, such as its
central tendency, variability, and distribution.
- brief information coefficients that summarize a given
data set, which can be either a representation of the
entire population or a sample of a population.
- examples are the mean, median, mode, the
proportion of males and females within a sample or
the percentages of different age groups within a
population.
b. Inferential Statistics
- deals with predictions and inferences based on the
analysis and interpretation of the results of the
information gathered by the statistician. Some of the
common statistical tools of inferential statistics are
the t – test, z – test, analysis of variance, chi –
square and Pearson r.
- allow you to test a hypothesis or assess whether your
data is generalizable to the broader population.
describe the many ways in which statistics derived
from observations on samples from study
populations can be used to deduce whether or not
those populations are truly different.
- example: clinical trials use inferential statistics to
determine whether a new drug is effective in treating
a particular medical condition.
➔ VARIABLES
It is a numerical characteristic or attribute associated with
the population being studied.
Random Variables
- A random variable is a function that associates a real
number to each element in the sample space. It is a
variable whose values are determined by chance.
- a variable whose value is unknown or a function that
assigns values to each of an experiment’s outcome.
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3
➔ 2 TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES:
A random variable is a discrete random variable if its set of
possible outcomes is countable. Mostly, discrete random
variables represent count data, such as the number of
defective chairs produced in a factory.
(Take note: amount of items)
Examples:
- the no. of students in a class
- the no. of workers in a company
- the no. of parts damaged during transportation
- the no. languages an individual speaks
- the no. of home runs in a baseball game
- the no. of test questions you answered correctly
- the no. of children
- the no. of attacks of asthma per week
- the results of rolling a die
- the no. of patients in a hospital
- the population of a country
- the no. of books you check out from the library
A random variable is a continuous random variable if it is
taken on values on a continuous scale. Often, continuous
variables represent measured data such as heights, weights,
and temperatures. It is one which takes an infinite number of
possible values.
(Take note: amount of time, length or money)
Examples:
- age, eye color, height, weight
- no. of siblings
- gender or no. of pets
- temperature and length
- blood pressure
- volts of electricity
- water temperature
- wind speed
- baseball batting averages
- IQ scores
- the length of time a long distance telephone call lasts
- the amount of money a person carries
- SAT scores
- the length of time a computer chip lasts
- the amount of time it takes to sell shoes

- Example:
Let D represent the defective cell phone and N
represent the non-defective cell phone. If we let X be
the random variable representing the number of
defective cell phones, can you show the values of the
random variable X? Complete the table below to
show the values of the random variable.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X

(number of defective cell phone)

NNN 0
STAT & PROB 11 - 3RD QUARTER ➔ PROPERTIES OF A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

L3: CONSTRUCTING AND

PROPERTIES OF PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)

➔ CONSTRUCTING PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

➔ Let D represent the defective cell phone and N represent
the non-defective cell phone. If we let X be the random
➔ COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE PROBABILITY
variable representing the number of defective cell
DISTRIBUTION
phones, can you show the values of the random variable
➔ The probabilities that a consumer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4 , or 5
X?
items in a grocery store are 3/10, 1/10, 1/10, 2/10, and 3/10,
respectively. What is the average number of items that a
STEP 1: Solution: customer will buy?
Determine the sample The sample space for this
space. Let D represent the experiment is:
defective cell phone and N S= {NNN, NND, NDN, DNN,
represent the non-defective NDD, DND, DDN, DDD}
cell phone.

STEP 2: Solution:
Count the number of
defective cell phones in each
outcome in the sample
space and assign this
number to this outcome.

STEP 3:
There are four possible
values of the random
variable X representing the
number of defective cell
phones. These are 0, 1, 2, and
3. Assign probability values
P(X), to each value of the
random variable. ➔ GENERALIZATION
What are the properties of a distribution?
● There are 8 possible
● There are three basic properties of a distribution:
outcomes and no
defective cell phone location, spread, and shape. The location refers to the
occurs once, so the typical value of the distribution, such as the mean.
probability that we will The spread of the distribution is the amount by which
assign to the random smaller values differ from larger ones.
variable 0 is 1/8.
● There are 8 possible
outcomes and 1 defective
cell phone occurs three
times, so the probability
that we will assign to the
random variable 1 is 3/8.
● For 2 defective cell
phones, the probability is
3/8 and 3 defective cell
phones the probability is
1/8.
STAT & PROB 11 - 3RD QUARTER 2. STEP 2:
- Multiply the square of the value of the random
L4: COMPUTING THE VARIANCE variable X by its corresponding probability
OF A DISCRETE PROBABILITY X P(X)

DISTRIBUTION 0 0
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)
1

➔ OBJECTIVES 2
➔ Illustrate and calculate the variance of a discrete random
variable; 3
➔ Interpret the variance of a discrete random variable; and
4
➔ Solve problems involving variance of probability
distributions
3. STEP 3:
➔ FORMULA FOR THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD - Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 2
DEVIATION OF A DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
No. of Cars
Variance of a discrete Standard deviation of a Sold P(X)
probability distribution discrete probability X
distribution
0 0

EXAMPLE: 3
➔ The number of cars sold per day at a local car
dealership, along with its corresponding probabilities, 4
is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the
variance and the standard deviation of the probability
distribution

No. of Cars Sold Probability 4. STEP 4:

X P(X) - Subtract the square of the mean from the results
obtained in Step 3 to get the variance. So, the formula
0 for the variance of a probability distribution is

STEPS:
1. STEP 1:
- Find the mean of the probability distribution using
the formula

GRAPH:
No. of Cars Probability
Sold P(X)
X

0 0

4
STAT & PROB 11 - 3RD QUARTER ILLUSTRATION:

L5: RANDOM SAMPLING

● 52467 – 1 (1st member of the sample)
● 16386 – 2 (2nd member of the sample)
● 14534 – (omit since 534>510)
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM) ● 23610 – (omit since 610>510)
● 45217 – 3 (3rd member of the sample)

TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING

➔ There are four types of random sampling techniques.
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING (SRS) 2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
A. Lottery method ● Systematic sampling is a random sampling technique in
B. Table of Random Numbers which every kth element of the population is selected until
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING the desired number of elements in the sample is obtained.
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING The value of k is the sampling interval.
4. CLUSTER OR AREA SAMPLING ● Formula:

1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING (SRS)

● This is the most basic sampling technique. Every member of ○ EXAMPLE: In a group of 250 students, how will you select a
the population has an equal chance of being chosen to be sample containing 71 students by using the systematic
part of the sample. sampling technique?
A. Lottery method
○ EXAMPLE: A researcher wants to study the
effects of social media on Grade 11 students in
Manila Mathematics High School. He wishes to
use the simple random sampling technique in
choosing the members of his sample. If there
are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school, how
many students should be there in his sample?

3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
● In stratified sampling, the population is partitioned into
several subgroups called strata, based on some
characteristics like year level, age, ethnicity, etc.

○ EXAMPLE: Marcela wants to determine who care more

about their physical appearances, the male or female
students. She wants to limit her study to the Grade 10
students. There are unequal numbers of Grade 10 students:
340 male and 500 females. She wants her sample to consist
only of 50 students. She chooses the members of her
sample using stratified sampling technique.

B. Table of Random Numbers

Population Number of Sample
- A grade 11 student wants to make a study on the (N = 840) students per n = 50
opinions of grade 8 students concerning the use of strata
Filipino language in the teaching of mathematics.
There are 510 grade 8 students. She wants to Male 340 20
interview only 10% of the grade 8. If you were the
student, how are you going to do it by using a Female 500 30
Table of Random Numbers?
Total 840 50

4. CLUSTER OF AREA SAMPLING

● In cluster or area sampling, the entire population is broken
into small groups, or clusters, and then, some of the
clusters are randomly selected. The data from the
randomly selected clusters are the ones that are analyzed.

○ EXAMPLE: A researcher wants to determine who among

the families in a small town are using the new detergent
product. How is she going to do this using the cluster
sampling technique?
STAT & PROB 11 - 3RD QUARTER - NOT PART SA EXAM
L6: PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
DARLENE MARIE PALANCA - 11SF (STEM)

➔ A parameter is a measure that describes a population. Population

mean μ, population variance σ^2 , and standard deviation σ are
examples of parameters•
➔ On the other hand, a statistic is a measure that describes a
sample. Examples of statistics are mean m xҧ, sample variance
σ^2 xҧ, and standard deviation σxҧ

EXAMPLE
● Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4. Suppose samples
of size 2 are drawn from this population. Describe the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
1. Compute the following:
a. Population Mean
b. Population Variance
c. Population Standard Deviation
2. Compute the following:
a. Mean of the sampling distribution of the means
b. Variance of the sampling distribution of the means
c. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
means

THE PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM OF THE SAMPLING

DISTRIBUTION OF X WHEN N=2

PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM

MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEANS WITH
REPLACEMENT MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE
● Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEANS
Suppose samples of size 2 are drawn from this (WITHOUT REPLACEMENT)
population. Describe the sampling distribution of the
sample means. Random Samples of Size 2 from Population (1,2,3,4)
Compute the ff:
● Mean of the Sampling distribution of the means
● Variance of the Sampling distribution of the means
● Standard deviation of the Sampling distribution of
the means
 DESCRIBING THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS FROM AN INFINITE POPULATION

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

● states that if random samples of size n are drawn
from a population, then as n becomes larger, the
sampling distribution of the mean approaches the
normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the
population distribution.

Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

● If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a
population of size N with the mean and variance,
then the sampling distribution of the sample means
has the following properties:
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the
sample means is equal to the population
mean μ.

2. The variance of the sampling distribution of

the sample means is given by: