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criterion, I may mention his separation of the sulphates of baryta and
strontia, which had 323 previously been confounded. Among crystals
which in the collections were ranked together as “heavy spar,” and
which were so perfect as to admit of accurate measurement, he
found that those which were brought from Sicily, and those of
Derbyshire, differed in their cleavage angle by three degrees and a
half. “I could not suppose,” he says, 22 “that this difference was the
effect of any law of decrement; for it would have been necessary to
suppose so rapid and complex a law, that such an hypothesis might
have been justly regarded as an abuse of the theory.” He was,
therefore, in great perplexity. But a little while previous to this,
Klaproth had discovered that there is an earth which, though in many
respects it resembles baryta, is different from it in other respects;
and this earth, from the place where it was found (in Scotland), had
been named Strontia. The French chemists had ascertained that the
two earths had, in some cases, been mixed or confounded; and
Vauquelin, on examining the Sicilian crystals, found that their base
was strontia, and not, as in the Derbyshire ones, baryta. The riddle
was now read; all the crystals with the larger angle belong to the
one, all those with the smaller, to the other, of these two sulphates;
and crystallometry was clearly recognized as an authorized test of
the difference of substances which nearly resemble each other.
22 Traité, ii. 320.
Unfortunately Romé de Lisle and Haüy were not only rivals, but in
some measure enemies. The former might naturally feel some
vexation at finding himself, in his later years (he died in 1790),
thrown into shade by his more brilliant successor. In reference to
Haüy’s use of cleavage, he speaks 23 of “innovators in
crystallography, who may properly be called crystalloclasts.” Yet he
adopted, in great measure, the same views of the formation of
crystals by laminæ, 24 which Haüy illustrated by the destructive
process at which he thus sneers. His sensitiveness was kept alive by
the conduct of the Academy of Sciences, which took no notice of him
and his labors; 25 probably because it was led by Buffon, who
disliked Linnæus, and might dislike Romé as his follower; and who,
as we have seen, despised crystallography. Haüy revenged himself
by rarely mentioning Romé in his works, though it was manifest that
his obligations to him were immense; and by recording his errors
while he corrected them. More fortunate than his rival, Haüy was,
from the first, received with favor and applause. His lectures at Paris
were eagerly listened to by persons from all quarters of the world.
His views were, in this manner, speedily diffused; and the subject
was soon pursued, in various ways, by mathematicians and
mineralogists in every country of Europe.
23 Pref. p. xxvii.
24 T. ii. p. 21.
Nor need I dwell long on those who added to the knowledge which
Haüy left, of derived forms. The most remarkable work of this kind
was that of Count Bournon, who published a work on a single
mineral (calcspar) in three quarto volumes. 27 He has here given
representations of seven hundred forms of crystals, of which,
however, only fifty-six are essentially different. From this example the
reader may judge what a length of time, and what a number of
observers and calculators, were requisite to exhaust the subject.
27 Traité complet de la Chaux Carbonatée et d’Aragonite, par M.
le Comte de Bournon. London, 1808.
If the calculations, thus occasioned, had been conducted upon the
basis of Haüy’s system, without any further generalization, they
would have belonged to that process, the natural sequel of inductive
discoveries, which we call deduction; and would have needed only a
very brief notice here. But some additional steps were made in the
upward road to scientific truth, and of these we must now give an
account.
CHAPTER IV.
32 Ibid.
33 Göttingen, 1821.
Correction of the Law of the same Angle for the same Substance.
This truth had been caught sight of, probably as a guess only, by
Fuchs as early as 1815. In speaking of a mineral which had been
called Gehlenite, he says, “I hold the oxide of iron, not for an
essential component part of this genus, but only as a vicarious
element, replacing so much lime. We shall find it necessary to
consider the results of several analyses of mineral bodies in this
point of view, if we wish, on the one hand, to bring them into
agreement with the doctrine of chemical proportions, and on the
other, to avoid unnecessarily splitting up genera.” In a lecture On the
Mutual Influence of 335 Chemistry and Mineralogy, 36 he again draws
attention to his term vicarious (vicarirende), which undoubtedly
expresses the nature of the general law afterwards established by
Mitscherlich in 1822.
36 Munich, 1820.