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MLR Institute of Technology
(Autonomous)
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Hyderabad-500043
INVERTER USING ARDUINO

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in the partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By
M.Aravind 21R25A0202
C.Gnaneshwar 21R25A0204
E.Rahul 21R25A0205
P.Srinivas 20R21A0227
K.Venu Kumar 20R21A0217
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Ch Srivardhan Kumar
Assistant Professor
i
MLR Institute of Technology
(Autonomous)
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Hyderabad-500043
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “INVERTER USING ARDUINO” is the
bonafied work done by, M.ARAVIND(21R25A0202),
C.GNANESHWAR(21R25A0204),E.RAHUL(21R25A0205),P.SRINIVAS(20R21A0227),
K.VENU KUMAR(20R21A0217), in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering, during the
academic year 2021-22.
Internal Guide Head of the Department
External Examiner
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our profound thanks to the management of MLR Institute of Technology,

Dundigal, Hyderabad, for supporting us to complete this project.
We take immense pleasure in expressing our sincere thanks to Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao, Principal,
MLR Institute of Technology, for his kind support and encouragement.
We are very much grateful to Dr.A.Sudhakar, Professor & Head of the Department, MLR
Institute of Technology, for encouraging us with his valuable suggestions.
We are very much grateful to Ch.Srivardhan kumar, Assistant professor for his unflinching
cooperation throughout the project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to the teaching and non teaching faculty members of
EEE Dept., MLR Institute of Technology, who extended their help to us in making our project work
successful.
Project associates:
M.ARAVIND 21R25A0202
C.GNANESHWAR 21R25A0204
E.RAHUL 21R25A0205
P.SRINIVAS 20R21A0227
K.VENU KUMAR 20R21A0217
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Certificat i
e i
Acknowledgemen iii
t
Table of iv-
Contents v
List of v
Figures i
Abstrac viii
t
Chapter 1: Introduction 1-2
1.1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2:
2.1 Inveter
2.2 Applications of Inverter
2.3 Classification of Inverters
2.4 Priniciples of Operation
2.5 Operation with respect to Inductive Load
2.6 Performance Parameters
2.7 Load Voltage
Chapter 3: Methodology
iv
Chapter 4: Software Specifications 16 - 47
4.1 Introduction to Arduino Programming 17
4.2 Preparing Compiler 18
4.3 How to upload code to Arduino board 19
4.7 Working Principle of Servo Motor 27
Chapter 5: Result Discussion 33
Chapter 6: Conclusion 34
Chapter 7: References 35
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Name of the Figure Page No.
Arduino UNO 8
DC Motor with Wheel 14

Single channel Relay module 14
Water Pump 16
H – Bridge DC Motor control 23
Arduino and L298N 22
LiPo Battery 27
Circuit Diagram 29
Flow Chart 33
vi
ABSTRACT
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and
frequency level is known as inverter. Inverters can be broadly classified into single level inverter and
multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverter as compared to single level inverters have advantages like
minimum harmonic distortion and can operate on several voltage levels. Inverters are used for many
applications, as in situations where low voltage DC sources such as batteries, solar panels or fuel cells
must be converted so that devices can run off of AC power. One example of such a situation would be
converting electrical power from a car battery to run a laptop, TV or cell phone. This report focuses on
design and simulation of single phase, three phase and pulse width modulated inverter and use of pulse
width modulated inverter in the speed control of Induction motor. DC to AC control change is a key job
in the cutting edge set up of age, transmission, appropriation, and use. DC to AC control converters
assume key job invariable recurrence drives, uninterruptible power supplies, cooling, and high-voltage
DC control transmission, electric vehicle drives, and static VAR compensators. This paper exhibits a
survey on most significant topologies and strategies of control of inverters.
viii
INVERTER USING ARDIUNO
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Objective and goal of the project
Objective and goal of the project
DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT Page ２

CHAPTER 2
INVERTERS
The converters which converts the power into ac power popularly known as the inverters,. The
application areas for the inverters include the uninterrupted power supply (UPS), the ac motor speed
controllers, etc.
The inverters can be classified based on a number of factors like, the nature of output waveform (sine,
square, quasi square, PWM etc), the power devices being used (thyristor transistor, MOSFETs IGBTs),
the configuration being used, (series. parallel, half bridge, Full bridge), the type of commutation circuit
that is being employed and Voltage source and current source inverters. The thyristorised inverters use
SCRs as power switches. Because the input source of power is pure de in nature, forced commutation
circuit is an essential part of thyristorised inverters. The commutation circuits must be carefully designed
to ensure a successful commutation of SCRs. The addition of the commutation circuit makes the
thyristorised inverters bulky and costly. The size and the cost of the circuit can be reduced to some
extent if the operating frequency is increased but then the inverter grade thyristors which are special
thyristors manufactured to operate at a higher frequency must be used, which are costly.
Typical applications:
Un-interruptible power supply (UPS),

Industrial (induction motor) drives,
Traction,
HVDC.
Classification of Inverters:
There are different basis of classification of inverters. Inverters are broadly classified as current source
inverter and voltage source inverters. Moreover it can be classified on the basis of devices used (SCR or
gate commutation devices), circuit configuration (half bridge or full bridge), nature of output voltage
(square, quasi square or sine wave), type of circuit (switched mode PWM or resonant converters) etc.
Principle of Operation:
1. The principle of single phase transistorised inverters can be explained with the help of Fig. 8.2. The
configuration is known as the half bridge configuration.
2. The transistor Q1 is turned on for a time T0/2, which makes the instantaneous voltage across the load
Vo = V12.
3. If transistor Q2 is turned on at the instant T0/2 by turning Q1 off then -V/2 appears across the load.
Page 4
DEPARTMENT OF ECE, MLRIT

Inverter with Inductive load:
Operation with inductive load:

Let us divide the operation into four intervals. We start explanation from the second lime interval II to t2
because at the beginning of this interval transistor Q1 will start conducting.
Page 5

Interval I (t4 to t5) or (t0 to t1): Conduction period of the transistors depends upon the load power,
factor. For purely inductive load, a transistor conducts only for T0/2 or 90 o. Depending on the load
power factor, that conduction period of the transistor will vary between 90 to 1800 ( 1800 for purely
resistive load).
Interval II (tl - t2): Q1 is turned on at instant tl , the load voltage is equal to + V/2 and the positive load
current increases gradually. At instant t2 the load current reaches the peak value. The transistor Q1 is
turned off at this instant. Due to the same polarity of load voltage and load current the energy is stored
by the load.
Interval III (t2- t3): Due to inductive load, the load current direction will be maintained same even after
Q1 is turned off. The self induced voltage across the load will be negative. The load current flows
through lower half of the supply and D2 as shown in Fig. 8.3(b). In this interval the stored energy in load
is fed back to the lower half of the source and the load voltage is clamped to -V/2.
Interval IV (t3 - t4): At the instant t3, the load current goes to zero, indicating that all the stored energy
has been returned back to the lower half of supply. At instant t3 ' Q2 ‘is turned on. This will produce a
negative load voltage v0 = - V/2 and a negative load current. Load current reaches a negative peak at the
end of this interval.
Fourier analysis of the Load Voltage Waveform of a Half Bridge Inverter

Assumptions:
• The load voltage waveform is a perfect square wave with a zero average value.
• The load voltage waveform does not depend on the type of load.
• an, bn and cn are the Fourier coefficients.
• өn is the displacement angle for the nth harmonic component of output voltage.
• Total dc input voltage to the inverter is V volts.
Performance parameters of inverters
The output of practical inverters contains harmonics and the quality of an inverter is normally evaluated
in terms of following performance parameters:
• Harmonic factor of nth harmonic.
• Total harmonic distortion.
• Distortion factor.
• Lowest order harmonic.
Principle of Operation of CSI:
The circuit diagram of current source inverter is shown in Fig. 8.14. The variable dc voltage source is
converted into variable current source by using inductance L.
Page 6

Page 7

The current IL supplied to the single phase transistorised inverter is adjusted by the combination of
variable dc voltage and inductance L.
The waveforms of base currents and output current io are as shown in Fig. 8.15. When transistors Q1
and Q2 conduct simultaneously, the output current is positive and equal to + IL. When transistors Q3
and Q4 conduct simultaneously the output current io = - IL. But io = 0 when the transistors from same
arm i.e. Q( Q4 or Q2 Q3 conduct simultaneously.
The output current waveform of Fig. 8.15 is a quasi-square waveform. But it is possible to Obtain a
square wave load current by changing the pattern of base driving signals. Such waveforms are shown in
Fig.
Load Voltage:
• The load current waveform in CSI has a defined shape, as it is a square waveform in this case. But the
load voltage waveform will be dependent entirely on the nature of the load. • The load voltage with the
resistive load will be a square wave, whereas with a highly inductive load it will be a triangular
waveform. The load voltage will contain frequency components at the inverter frequency f, equal to l/T
and other components at multiples of inverter frequency.
Page 8

CHAPTER 3
Working:
The aim of the inverter circuit is to convert 12VDC to 220VAC, Now to achieve this, we have to first
convert 12VDC to 12VAC first followed by 12VAC to 220VAC using a step up transformer.
In short, we can classify the designing of inverter circuit into three stages:
1) Driver stage
2) Power stage
3) Transformer
Driver stage:
The tasks that are performed in driver stage are generation of modified sine wave, monitoring the battery
voltage, handling the other housekeeping tasks such as short circuit protection, etc. Here I have used an
Arduino NANO to accomplish all these tasks.
Arduino is generating a modified sine waveform of 5V which is amplified to a level of 12V using
L293D ic. Battery voltage is monitored every 20ms using timer interrupt.
Power Stage:
As the inverter output power is 600VA and it is 75% efficient so the input current at full load comes out
to be 75Amp approx. (using ohm's law).
Now this current amplification task is performed by the power stage. In this stage, two N-Mosfets are
configured in push-pull topology to amplify the current. Mosfet Chosen are IRF3205.
Transformer:
Now this is very simple, the output waveform from the push-pull topology is fed into the transformer to
generate the 220V.
Below is the video in which I have explained everything in detail.
Page 9
DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

Page 10

CHAPTER 4
Important stages of an Inverter
The output power of any power Inverter is depends upon these things:
 The transformer’s power rating.

 Output power rating of Driving stage i.e. MOSFETs / Transistor.
 The ability of the battery to provide the power.
The MOSFETs:
We are utilizing MOSFETs instead of BJTs for better efficiency. MOSFETs have less internal
resistance, which translates to less heat dissipated as per ohm’s law.
Power BJTs mostly cannot be driven by the ICs or the microcontrollers directly because of the limited
current capability of the microcontroller / ICs.
If BJTs are not properly biased at Base terminal, we will get less power at output, even though your
transformer and battery can deliver enough power.
The proposed circuit is tested with IRF540N but, you can use any N-channel MOSFET. The IRF540N
can handle maximum current of 33A (with its maximum temperature limit) as per the data sheet.
So, with a rough calculation this MOSFET can deliver: 12V (Battery voltage) x 33A = 396 Watt at best
and again, there will be some loss. So we can assume that it can deliver 150 watt to 250 watt with this
particular MOSFET. If you want more power at output, you can connect two MOSFET in parallel to
double the power output, provided your battery and transformer can deliver.
Page 11

Battery:
The ability of the battery to deliver current reflects the power output. The battery has certain limit to
deliver current, if we force the battery beyond its limit, we will see sharp degradation in battery life and
its capacity.
The ability of the battery to deliver current depends on the internal “Equivalent Series Resistance”,
which is, resistance of few ohm series with battery internally. Every battery has internal “Equivalent
Series Resistance” (ESR).But deep cycle batteries have the least “ESR” which made it suitable for high
current applications.A 12V 7Ah battery can provide enough current for 150 watts safely without any
significant degradation.But if you want to increase the backup time or power or both connect 2 or more
12V 7Ah batteries in parallel with similar charge level.The battery is the one which delivers power your
connected appliances; the inverter converts the battery’s “Low voltage / High current” into “High
voltage / Low current” AC output.
Arduino:
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your Uno
without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip
for a few dollars and start over again.
Page 12

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno
board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved
to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model
for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index
of boards.
IC L293D:
The L293D is a popular 16-Pin Motor Driver IC. As the name suggests it is mainly used to drive
motors. A single L293D IC is capable of running two DC motors at the same time; also the direction of
these two motors can be controlled independently. So if you have motors which has operating voltage
less than 36V and operating current less than 600mA, which are to be controlled by digital circuits like
Op-Amp, 555 timers, digital gates or even Microcontrollers like Arduino, PIC, ARM etc.. this IC will be
the right choice for you.
All the Ground pins should be grounded. There are two power pins for this IC, one is the Vss(Vcc1)
which provides the voltage for the IC to work, this must be connected to +5V. The other is Vs(Vcc2)
which provides voltage for the motors to run, based on the specification of your motor you can connect
this pin to anywhere between 4.5V to 36V, here I have connected to +12V.
Page 13

The Enable pins (Enable 1,2 and Enable 3,4) are used to Enable Input pins for Motor 1 and Motor 2
respectively. Since in most cases we will be using both the motors both the pins are held high by default
by connecting to +5V supply. The input pins Input 1,2 are used to control the motor 1 and Input pins 3,4
are used to control the Motor 2. The input pins are connected to the any Digital circuit
or microcontroller to control the speed and direction of the motor. You can toggle the input pins based
on the following table to control your motor.
RESISTOR:
Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never-changing electrical resistance. The
resistor's resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit.
They are passive components, meaning they only consume power (and can't generate it). Resistors are
usually added to circuits where they complement active components like op-amps, microcontrollers, and
other integrated circuits. Commonly resistors are used to limit current, divide voltages, and pull-up I/O
lines.
Page 14

The electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms. The symbol for an ohm is the greek capital-
omega: Ω. The (somewhat roundabout) definition of 1Ω is the resistance between two points where 1
volt (1V) of applied potential energy will push 1 ampere (1A) of current.
As SI units go, larger or smaller values of ohms can be matched with a prefix like kilo-, mega-, or giga-,
to make large values easier to read. It's very common to see resistors in the kilohm (kΩ) and megaohm
(MΩ) range (much less common to see miliohm (mΩ) resistors). For example, a 4,700Ω resistor is
equivalent to a 4.7kΩ resistor, and a 5,600,000Ω resistor can be written as 5,600kΩ or (more commonly
as) 5.6MΩ.
CONVERTER:
Practical electronic converters use switching techniques. Switched-mode DC-to-DC converters convert
one DC voltage level to another, which may be higher or lower, by storing the input energy temporarily
and then releasing that energy to the output at a different voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic
field storage components (inductors, transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors). This
conversion method can increase or decrease voltage. Switching conversion is often more power-efficient
(typical efficiency is 75% to 98%) than linear voltage regulation, which dissipates unwanted power as
heat. Fast semiconductor device rise and fall times are required for efficiency; however, these fast
transitions combine with layout parasitic effects to make circuit design challenging. The higher
efficiency of a switched-mode converter reduces the heatsinking needed, and increases battery
endurance of portable equipment. Efficiency has improved since the late 1980s due to the use of
power FETs, which are able to switch more efficiently with lower switching losses [de] at higher
frequencies than power bipolar transistors, and use less complex drive circuitry. Another important
improvement in DC-DC converters is replacing the flyback diode with synchronous
rectification[6] using a power FET, whose "on resistance" is much lower, reducing switching losses.
Before the wide availability of power semiconductors, low-power DC-to-DC synchronous converters
consisted of an electro-mechanical vibrator followed by a voltage step-up transformer feeding a vacuum
tube or semiconductor rectifier, or synchronous rectifier contacts on the vibrator.
Most DC-to-DC converters are designed to move power in only one direction, from dedicated input to
output. However, all switching regulator topologies can be made bidirectional and able to move power in
either direction by replacing all diodes with independently controlled active rectification. A bidirectional
converter is useful, for example, in applications requiring regenerative braking of vehicles, where power
is supplied to the wheels while driving, but supplied by the wheels when braking.
Although they require few components, switching converters are electronically complex. Like all high-
frequency circuits, their components must be carefully specified and physically arranged to achieve
stable operation and to keep switching noise (EMI / RFI) at acceptable levels.[7] Their cost is higher
than linear regulators in voltage-dropping applications, but their cost has been decreasing with advances
in chip design.
Page 15
DC-to-DC converters are available as integrated circuits (ICs) requiring few additional components.
Converters are also available as complete hybrid circuit modules, ready for use within an electronic
assembly.
Linear regulators which are used to output a stable DC independent of input voltage and output load
from a higher but less stable input by dissipating excess volt-amperes as heat, could be described
literally as DC-to-DC converters, but this is not usual usage. (The same could be said of a simple voltage
dropper resistor, whether or not stabilised by a following voltage regulator or Zener diode.)
There are also simple capacitive voltage doubler and Dickson multiplier circuits using diodes and
capacitors to multiply a DC voltage by an integer value, typically delivering only a small current.
Description:
Connect the components as per the circuit diagram. Use thicker wires to connect the MOSFET’s source
terminal to battery and transformer’s centre tap to battery.
Fuse is a must for this circuit and there is good chance of short circuit as a beginner.
You can use any Arduino board you wish, but we recommend Arduino Nano or Arduino Pro-mini for
soldering the Arduino permanently.You should not use 24V battery.
Working:
The Arduino is the heart of the circuit as it generates 50Hz square wave at 50% duty cycle.
The two BC548 are the buffers for MOSFET IRF540N. The IRF540N or most of the MOSFETs need
10V to fully turn on, but the Arduino pins deliver only 5V.
The two BC548 takes the low voltage (5V Signal) from Arduino and delivers 12V at “gate”

terminal, which is sufficient for turn the MOSFETs fully ON. If the MOSFET is not fully ON
there will be resistance between Source and Drain Terminal, which generated heat (a lot!) and affects the
output voltage and current. The
Arduino oscillates the each MOSFET at time energizing the secondary side winding alternately, which
produces stable 50Hz 230V AC at the output.
Advantage of this Inverter Circuit:
 Simple microcontroller design.

 Very stable output frequency.
 Good efficiency around 75% to 80%.
Page 17
CHAPTER 5
RESULT DISCUSSION
we have successfully designed and implemented Arduino based Inverter circuit by using mosfet. To
verify and investigate the operation of the system,the designed system is simulated in Proteus. The
results are verified according to the written program codes and their working principle, which satisfy the
expected outcome. The screenshot of the simulation that represents the operational analysis is provided
which shows the amplification illuminating justifying the individual inversion processes are working.
Besides operational analysis, the transient responses of the system are also checked and verified in
Proteus to make sure the signals response is as per the design. The obtained results are shown through
the prototype output, justifying the transistors are making square (AC) waves from DC input keeping
120 degrees phase displacement among the individual three phases. The resultant current-voltage
parameters obtained result of our project.
Page 18

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
Arduino-based inverter is designed and implemented using power MOSFET, which
generates223V square signals at its output from a 12V battery. The system is verified in
different ways and proven functional,and useful in the microgrid system. The designed
system is also practically constructed and tested to be operational as per the concept. The
system takes 12V of voltage from a battery for the inversion process, while the Arduino
operates on 10V through a separate voltage regulator.
The designed inverter can be applied in a micro grid system or sustainable-powered

household and small industrial facility where most electrical tools require three-phase
connections.
FUTURE SCOPE
Every engineering projects have some kind of scope improve or extend them, and the work presented in
this paper is not an exception. The future scopes of this work may involve.
(i) changing the number of power MOSFETs and analyze the output changes or improvements.
(ii) designing a filter to convert the square output signal into sinusoidal.
(iii) changing the Arduino programming to generate sinusoidal output without adding a filter.

Page 19
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
 https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/user534361260/make-your-own-power-inverter-using-arduino-666cf9
 https://electronics-project-hub.com/simple-arduino-inverter-circuit-using-mosfet/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8V04qM76hw
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MLR Institute of Technology

INVERTER USING ARDUINO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Internal Guide Head of the Department

We express our profound thanks to the management of MLR Institute of Technology,

Chapter 1: Introduction 1-2

2.2 Applications of Inverter

2.3 Classification of Inverters

2.4 Priniciples of Operation

2.5 Operation with respect to Inductive Load

2.6 Performance Parameters

2.7 Load Voltage

4.1 Introduction to Arduino Programming 17

4.2 Preparing Compiler 18

4.3 How to upload code to Arduino board 19

4.7 Working Principle of Servo Motor 27

Chapter 5: Result Discussion 33

Name of the Figure Page No.

DC Motor with Wheel 14

Objective and goal of the project

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT Page ２

Un-interruptible power supply (UPS),

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, MLRIT

Inverter with Inductive load:

Operation with inductive load:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, MLRIT

Fourier analysis of the Load Voltage Waveform of a Half Bridge Inverter

Performance parameters of inverters

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, MLRIT

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, MLRIT

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, MLRIT

Below is the video in which I have explained everything in detail.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

Important stages of an Inverter

 The transformer’s power rating.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

Advantage of this Inverter Circuit:

 Simple microcontroller design.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

The designed inverter can be applied in a micro grid system or sustainable-powered

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

DEPARTMENT OF EEE, MLRIT

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