Experiment No. 3 Study of Lancashire Boiler Apparatus: Lancashire Boiler model Theory: Boiler is defined as a closed metallic vessel in which the water is heated beyond the boiling state by the application of heat liberated by the combustion of fuels to convert water into steam. Function of a boiler is to supply the steam at the required constant pressure with its quality either dry, or super-heated, The steam can be supplied from the boiler at a constant pressure by maintaining the steam generation rate and the steam flow rate equal, Lancashire Boiler: This boiler is developed by Sir William Fairbairn in the year.1844. This is the widely used boiler in the Sugar, chemical and Cotton industries ete Lancashire boiler charactet Itisa stationary boiler. + Itisa fire tube boiler as the flue gases flows through the flue tubes/fire tubes situated inside the boiler shell. + Itis internally fired boiler because the furnace is placed inside the boiler shell. + Itisahorizontal boiler. = Itisamatural circulation boiler which uses natural current to flow the water inside the boiler. + This boiler consists of a large drum of diameter up to 2-4 meter and length up to 9- 10 meter. + It consists of two internal fire tubes/flue tubes having diameter d=0.4 times the diameter of the shell. + Its water drum is placed over the bricks works. + This boiler generates low pressure steam. It is used where working pressure and power requirement are moderaie. + [t's evaporating capacity cf 8000-9000 Kg of steam per hour. + The ability to maximize the circulation of flue gases makes the Lancashire Boiler extremely efficient. So it has an impressive heat conversion rate of 80% to 90%. + Its working pressure range is 16 bar to 20 bar Je of Lancashire Boiler * This boiler works on the basic principle of heat exchanger. + It is basically a shell and tube type heat exchanger in which the flue gases flow through the tubes and the water flows through shell. + The heat is transferred from flue gases to the water through convection. LECTURE NOTES OF DR. SK. TRIVEDIHotfive gases: Se] Water fs Steam = ‘SECTIONAL TOP MEW (BB ¥ ‘Wain stam pile line outs FRONT IE SECTIONAL SIE EW Aa Lancashire Bollerfume Steam Stop Va Door / ‘Steam Space Hoe Fire tubes ‘ Boiler r | V pecan Sido Channel? Bow Of | | FurmaceGate ” potion Central fate Bit P88" gone eal Channel pve cl \ \ FeTube Channel sith fave frase Chainber taebit Passage ° Side Channa chimney Lancashire Boiler ious mountings that are fitted for the safe 1, Safety valve: It is used to blow off the steam boiler exceeds the working pressure, 2. Water Level Indicator/ water level is placed in front of the boiler. Two wat 3. Pressure gauge; ‘The function of the of Lancashire boiler when the pressure of the steam inside the Sauge: It indicates the level of water in the boiler. [t er level indicators are used in the boiler. Pressure gauge is to indicate the pressure of the steam inside the boiler. ThOMEAM stop valve: Is function is to stop and allows the flow of steam from the boiler to the steam pipe, LECTURE NOTES OF DR. S.K. TRIVEDIJer and prevents the back boiler pressure or pump the is less than 5. Feed cheek valve: It controls the supply of water (0 flow of water from the boiler when the feed pump pressure ments or mud periodically is stopped. li 6. Blow off Valve/Blow of cock: lis function is to remove the sed that is collected at the bottom of the boiler. so that a man can easily 7, Manhole: It is an elliptical hole provided on the boiler shell a enter inside the boiler for the inspection, cleaning and repairing purpose: ler from being : The funct = fusible plus the boil : 8. Fusible plug: The function of the fusible plug is to protect Le oe (ait damaged by overheating when the water level in the boiler falls belo 9, Grate: It is a platform that is used to burn solid fuel. is used to collect the ash of the fuel after the fuel is burnt, changer. It is used to pre- yy taking the residual heat from the flue gases. It is installed to increase the cfficiericy of the boiler. 2. Air pre-heaters: It is a mechanical device which absiracts the heat from the flue gases and transfers it to the air. So, It is used to pre-heat the air needed for combustion, the pre-heaters are installed in between the economizer and the chimney. 3. Superheater: It is used for the superheating of steam produced in the boiler. Its main purpose is to increase the temperature of the saturated steam without any change in the pressure, 4. Feed pump: It is used to pump the water from storage to the boiler during the boiler operation. Construction of Lancashire Boiler:- + This boiler consists of a large cylindrical shell made-up of steel plates. + Ithas two large intemal fire tubes/flue tubes. The water drum shell is placed over the bricks works. * Three spaces created between the drum and the bricks, one is at bottom and two are in sides as shown in figure. + Flue gases pass through the fire tubes and then bottom space and finally side spaces. + The water level inside the drum is always above the side channels of fluc gascs, so more heat transfer to the water. + The Furnace/grate is located at one end of the fire tubes inside the boiler on which fuel is burnt, + Atthe end of the fire grate, there is a brick arch to deflect the flue gases upward. * This brick arch situated at the grates (space where fuel bums) does not allow un- burned fuel and ash to flow in fire tubes. * The diameter of fire tube is more at the front end so as to accommodate grate but the fire tubes are tapered at the rear end to smaller diameter. + The hot flue gases pass through the entire length of flue tube up to back end, + Then these flue gases pass downwards and travel all along through the bottom flue situated under the shell to the front end. LECTURE NOTES OF DR. $.K. TRIVEDI Gia flue gases split up into two parts and enter the two side flue, ue gases thus traverse the entire length of the boiler thrice. ‘The gases are finally discharged in to the atmosphere through chimney. The damper is fitted at the end of side flue to control the draught thus regulate the rate of generation of steam. These dampers are operated by chain passing over a pulley. ‘The steam can be taken out through the anti priming pipe and steam stop valve. ‘The anti priming pipe has a large number of small holes which prevents the water particles in steam from escaping along with the steam. Finally, the steam stop valve supplies steam from the boiler to the required destination for use. Blow off cock is provided to remove sediments, mud ete periodically that settles down at the bottom of the boiler. It is also used to empty water from the boiler for cleaning and repair work. orking of the Lancashire boi Advantage of L: BePe 7. The water is pumped into the shell up to desired level through the economizer which increases the temperature of water. Now, the fire tube is fully immersed into the water. ‘The fuel is bum at the grate which produces hot flue gases. These flue gases first passes through the fire tube from one end to another. These fire tubes transfer 80-90% of total heat to the water. The backward flue gases passes from the bottom passage where it transfer 8-10% heat to water. Finally these flue gases pass from the side passage where it transfers 6-8% of heat to water. The brick is the low conductor of heat, so brick works as heat insulator. The steam produced in drum shell is taken out from the upper side where it flows through super heater, if required, So the steam produced is taken out cashire Boile! “This boiler is easy to clean and inspect It is more reliable and can generate large amount of steam. It requires less maintenance, ‘This boiler is a natural circul: boilers. It can easily operate. Itcan easily meet with load requirement. Ithas high thermal efficiency about 80-90%. for using purpose through steam stop valve lation boiler so lower electricity consumption than other Disadvantages 1. It requires more time to generate steam, 2, It cannot generate high pressure steam if required, 3. Grates are situated at the inlet of fire tube, which has small diameter, So the grate area is limited in this boiler. LECTURE NOTES OF DR. S.K. TRIVED!