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中国行政区划通史 中华民国卷 修订本 1st Edition 傅林祥 郑宝恒 full chapter download PDF
中国行政区划通史 中华民国卷 修订本 1st Edition 傅林祥 郑宝恒 full chapter download PDF
中国行政区划通史 中华民国卷 修订本 1st Edition 傅林祥 郑宝恒 full chapter download PDF
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Aires. The habits of P. melsheimeri have been described by Harris,
Packard[251] and Newman, and those of P. batesi by Newman.[252] The
larva is very peculiar; there is a flexible pair of appendages on the
head, the use of which is unknown;[253] they arise by slender stalks
behind and above the eyes, are about as long as the head, and are
easily broken off. After hatching, the young larva, when it begins to
feed, fastens two leaves together with silk threads, and so feeds after
the fashion of a Tortricid, rather than a case-making, larva.
Subsequently, however, the caterpillar entirely detaches two pieces of
leaves and fastens them together at the edges, thus constructing a
case that it lives in, and carries about; it can readily leave the case and
afterwards return to it. When at rest, the larva relieves itself from the
effort of supporting this case by the device of fastening it to a leaf with a
few silken threads; when the creature wished to start again, "it came
out and bit off these threads close to the case." Subsequently it
changes inside the case to a pupa armed with transverse rows of teeth,
like so many other pupae that are capable of a certain amount of
movement. The larva is of broad, short, peculiar form, and is said to be
very bold in defending itself when attacked. The moth is somewhat like
the silkworm moth, though of a more tawny colour. Newman does not
allude to any cephalic appendages as existing in the larva of P. batesi.
If we accept the eggs figured and described by Snellen,[254] as those of
P. batesi, it is possible that this Insect possesses a peculiar mode of
oviposition, the eggs being placed one on the other, so as to form an
outstanding string; but we think this example probably abnormal; the
mode is not shared by P. melsheimeri. The genus Lacosoma is
considered by Packard to be an ally of Perophora. The caterpillar of L.
chiridota doubles a leaf at the mid-rib and fastens the two edges
together, thus forming an unsymmetrical case. Many larvae of
Microlepidoptera do something like this, but the Lacosoma cuts off the
habitation thus formed and carries it about. Packard says it may have
descended from ancestors with ordinary habits and that certain peculiar
obsolete markings on the body of the caterpillar may be indications of
this.[255]
Fig. 188—Larvae of Hammock-moth, Perophora sanguinolenta, projecting
from their Hammocks, built from their own excrement. South
America. (After Jones.)
The larvae are remarkable for their colours and form. The anterior
segments are attenuated, but are capable of great retraction, so that in
repose (Fig. 190, A) this shape is concealed by the curious attitudes
that are assumed. There is in nearly all cases a conspicuous horn on
the eleventh segment, and the body at the extremity behind the horn is
so much modified that the terminal two segments look like little more
than a pair of large claspers. In the Choerocampini, the thoracic
segments are retractile, and can be withdrawn into the more or less
inflated fourth segment, and give the creature somewhat the
appearance of a miniature hooded snake. The larvae of Sphingidae do
not bear any conspicuous hairs—except during the first instar. They do
not spin cocoons, but bury themselves in the earth. The pupa is
remarkable from the deep cleft that exists to admit air to the first
spiracle, and for a deep depression on each side of the anterior part of
abdominal segments 5-7; in some cases the proboscis projects on the
breast somewhat like the handle of a pitcher.
A great deal has been written on the colours, markings, and attitudes of
Sphingid larvae, and many interesting facts have been brought to light.
We may refer the reader to the writings of Weismann[258] and Poulton,
[259] without, however, recommending him to place an implicit
confidence in their somewhat metaphysical disquisitions; for the views
there shadowed will necessarily became much modified with the
advance of exact knowledge. It is certain that the position assumed by
the same individual varies much according to age, and to the interval
since the last moult; sometimes the attitude is much more remarkable
than that shown in Figure 190, A, for the anterior segments are held
erect, as well as contracted, the front part of the body being curled, and
the Insect supported by the claspers and two pairs only of the
abdominal feet. There is, too, a considerable difference in colour before
and after an ecdysis. Piepers, who has had a long experience among
Sphingid larvae in Java, considers that much of what has been written
as to the protective value of their colours and attitudes, is mere fancy,
and wild generalisation.[260]
Fam. 10. Cocytiidae.—A single genus constitutes this family, and there
are only three or four species known; they come from the region of New
Guinea, whence the first was brought by D'Urville nearly a hundred
years ago. They are still amongst the rarest of Insects. Nothing is
known as to their life-histories. In appearance they somewhat remind
us of the Bee-hawk moths and Zygaenidae. Butler says[261] the family
is characterised by the palpi, which differ much in the two sexes, and by
the antennae resembling those of Castniidae or Hesperiidae. The form,
transparency, and coloration of the wings reminds one vividly of the
Sphingid genus Hemaris; the nervuration is somewhat like that of
Hemaris, but has certain features of Zygaenidae. Butler places the
family between Agaristidae and Zygaenidae.
The larvae are called basket-worms, and their baskets or cases are
well worthy of attention. Their variety is remarkable; the most
extraordinary are some of the genus Apterona Fig. 197, B, which
perfectly resemble the shells of Molluscs such as snails; indeed, the
specimens in the collection at the British Museum were sent there as
shells. This case is not, like those of other Psychidae, constructed of
earth or vegetable matter, but is of silk and is in texture and
appearance exactly like the surface of a shell. Psyche helix is,
according to Ingenitzky,[278] found in great numbers near Lake Issyk-
kul in Central Asia, where the larvae feed, in their snail-shell-like
cases, on a grass, just like snails. Only females could be reared from
these larvae. The case of Chalia hockingi (Fig. 197, C) consists of
little pieces of wood cut to the proper lengths, and spirally arranged,
so as to form a construction that would be quite a credit to our own
species. In some of the Canephorinae we meet with long cylindrical
cases, like those of Caddis-worms, or of Tineid larvae.