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领导学 领导的艺术与科学 第7版 7th Edition 安弗莎妮 纳哈雯蒂 Afsaneh Nahavandi 著 刘永强 程德俊 译 full chapter download PDF
领导学 领导的艺术与科学 第7版 7th Edition 安弗莎妮 纳哈雯蒂 Afsaneh Nahavandi 著 刘永强 程德俊 译 full chapter download PDF
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Fig. 169.—Colorado beetle (potato bug).
Fig. 180.
Destructive Locusts; The Honey Bee; The San José Scale; The
Principal Household Insects of the United States; The Gypsy Moth in
America; The Periodical Cicada; The Chinch Bug; The Hessian Fly;
Insects Injurious to Vegetables; Notes on Mosquitoes; Some Insects
Attacking the Stems of Growing Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Oats.
Pearl divers.
CHAPTER IX
MOLLUSCS
Comparison of Mollusks
Suggestions.—The
behaviour of a live fish in
clear water, preferably in a
glass vessel or an aquarium,
should be studied. A skeleton
may be prepared by placing a
fish in the reach of ants.
Skeletons of animals placed
on ant beds are cleaned very
thoroughly. The study of the
perch, that follows, will apply
to almost any other common
fish.
Movements and
External Features.—What is the general shape of the body of a
fish? How does the dorsal, or upper, region differ in form from the
ventral? Is there a narrow part or neck where the head joins the
trunk? Where is the body thickest? What is the ratio between the
length and the height? (Fig. 209.) Are the right and the left sides
alike? Is the symmetry of the fish bilateral or radial?
The body of the fish may be divided into three regions—the head,
the trunk, and the tail. The trunk begins with the foremost scales; the
tail is said to begin at the vent, or anus. Which regions bear
appendages? Is the head movable independently of the trunk, or do
they move together? State the advantage or the disadvantage in this.
Is the body depressed (flattened vertically) or compressed (flattened
laterally)? Do both forms occur among fishes? (See figures on pages
123, 124.)
How is the shape of the body advantageous for movement? Can a
fish turn more readily from side to side, or up and down? Why? Is
the head wedge-shaped or conical? Are the jaws flattened laterally or
vertically? The fish swims in the water, the bird swims in the air.
Account for the differences in the shape of their bodies.
Is the covering of the body like the covering of any animal yet
studied? The scales are attached in little pockets, or folds, in the skin.
Observe the shape and size of scales on different parts of the body.
What parts of the fish are without scales? Examine a single scale;
what is its shape? Do you see concentric lines of growth on a scale?
Sketch a few of the scales to show their arrangement. What is the use
of scales? Why are no scales needed on the head? How much of each
scale is hidden? Is there a film over the scale? Are the colours in the
scale or on it?
The Fins.—Are the movements of the fish active or sluggish? Can
it remain stationary without using its fins? Can it move backward?
How are the fins set in motion? What is the colour of the flesh, or
muscles, of a fish? Count the fins. How many are in pairs? (Fig. 209.)
How many are vertical? How many are on the side? How many are
on the middle line? Are the paired or the unpaired fins more effective
in balancing the fish? In turning it from side to side? In raising and
lowering the fish? In propelling it forward? How are some of the fins
useful to the fish besides for balancing and swimming?