Hyperglycemia is a condition characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood,

and it is a significant concern in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. (1-2)

The impact of hyperglycemia on various medical conditions has been extensively
studied, and it has been associated with poor outcomes in hospitalized patients. It
is estimated that nearly 25–35% of admitted patients are hyperglycemic.
Hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients, whether or not they have a previous
diagnosis of diabetes, has been associated with adverse outcomes, including
increased mortality, longer hospital stays, and a higher risk of complications
(Horton & Subauste, 2016; Smiley & Umpiérrez, 2010; Campbell, 2007; Whitcomb et
al., 2005; Plummer et al., 2016). Studies have shown that hyperglycemia without a
pre-existing diabetes diagnosis is common among acute hospital admissions and
critically ill patients, encompassing those with no previous history of
hyperglycemia (Sardu et al., 2020; Mignemi et al., 2019; Vogel et al., 2017; Luzio
et al., 2020). Furthermore, it has been reported that patients without a previous
diagnosis of diabetes and a current HbA1c of ≥6.5% should be classified as having
undiagnosed diabetes, while those without known diabetes but with documented in-
hospital hyperglycemia and a HbA1c value of <6.5% may have newly diagnosed diabetes
(Gupta et al., 2021).
Non-diabetic hyperglycemia, also known as stress-induced hyperglycemia, has been
associated with various adverse outcomes in different medical conditions. Studies
have shown that stress hyperglycemia is prevalent in non-diabetic patients across
different medical scenarios such as stroke, COVID-19, trauma, and surgical
procedures. (Zhu et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2021; Moreno-Oyervides et al., 2019;
Kosuge et al., 2005; Guo et al., 2021). The prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in
non-diabetic patients has been reported to be as high as 63% in certain acute
illness conditions (Kerby et al., 2012). Furthermore, stress hyperglycemia has been
linked to increased mortality, worse functional outcomes, and higher risk of
complications in non-diabetic patients across various medical conditions(Kosuge et
al., 2005). Additionally, stress hyperglycemia has been associated with a higher
risk of stroke recurrence and acute myocardial infarction in non-diabetic
patients . These findings highlight the significant impact of stress hyperglycemia
on the prognosis and outcomes of non-diabetic patients across different medical
conditions.