UNIVER SITI P ERTA HANA N NAS IO NAL MALA YS IA

FKA 0212 CHEMISTRY

A SS IG N ME N T 1 : H A R D N E S S O F W A T E R

NAME

: MUHAMMAD ADHA BIN SATAR

MATRIX NUMBER : 1110106 CLASS LECTURER : P2 : TUAN HJ HUSSAIN BIN LONG

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TABLE OF CONTENT CHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................................... 1 ASSIGNMENT 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 4 BODY OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................. 5 Detergent Categories .............................................................................................................. 5 The History of Detergents .................................................................................................. 6 Manufacture Of Detergent ..................................................................................................... 7 Soap And Detergent ............................................................................................................... 9 Soaps and Detergents Ingredients....................................................................................... 9 Soaps Ingredients ................................................................................................................ 9 Detergents Ingredients ...................................................................................................... 10 Soap Detergent Difference- Properties in Hard Water......................................................... 11 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................. 12 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 14 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 15

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this chemistry assignment with the title Detergent possible: First and foremost to my Chemistry Lecturer, Tuan Hj Hussain Bin Long ,for her vital encouragement and guidance. Secondly, to Aiman my ic class, for his understanding and assistance. Next I would give thanks to my class P2 for all their help. Most especially to fellow friends, for their moral support. And to God , who made all things possible.

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INTRODUCTION We have been using detergent for washing our clothes in our daily life but the question is what is detergent? Detergent is a cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye and are the main component of any laundry jobs. They work well in a large variety of water temperatures and types. Most detergents today contain enzymes. Detergents can be found in both powder and liquid concentrations. Detergents can also be found in heavy duty formulas that can be especially effective with food, grease, and oil stains. Basically I am doing an assignment on this title detergent to know better about detergent such as the categories of detergents, how detergent is manufactured and the history of detergent.

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BODY OF CONTENT

Detergent Categories In order to help choose a detergent for a particular application, detergents have been grouped into four categories based on the nature of the hydrophilic head group: Nonionic : Gentle detergents used for solubilizing proteins while maintaining native subunit structure, enzymatic activity, or other functions. Anionic : Strong detergents that often completely disrupt cell membranes and fully denature proteins. They are sensitive to pH, ionic strength and the nature of the counterion and can interfere with charge-based analytical methods. Cationic : Strong detergents with properties similar to those above for anionic detergents. These are used in DNA purication, as surfactants in drug/vaccine delivery systems and in cleaning and disinfecting applications. Zwitterionic : Electrically neutral detergents that not only protect the native state of proteins but also prevent non-specic aggregation. They are often useful alternatives to nonionic detergents in ion-exchange, electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing

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The History of Detergents Detergents were developed due to the problems that occurred when organic soap was used in areas of hard water. Hard water contains the ions of Calcium(Ca2+) and Magnesium(Mg2+) in high amounts and these are substituted onto the soap molecule in place of sodium. The salts of Calcium and Magnesium are insoluble and form a precipitate, this is what leaves a 'ring' around the bath. Other problems were encountered in the textile industry where acid solutions are used in the dying process. The free H+ ions replace the sodium ion reforming the fatty acid which affects the application of dyes and leaves spots on fabrics. The first synthetic detergents were developed following the First World War by the Germans so that fat could be used for other purposes. The first synthetic detergents were Short-chain Alkyl Naphthalene Sulphonates which were later discovered to be only moderately good detergents and so were improved, but are still used today as wetting agents. In the 1920's and 30's Straight chain alcohols were sulphonated to give straight chain detergents. In the 30's long chain alkyl and aryl sulphonates with benzene as the aromatic nucleus were developed. (the alkyl portion was derived from kerosene) By the end of World War 2 alkyl aryl sulphonates swamped the detergent market over alcohol sulphates which later became useful in the shampoo industry. It was a popular complaint at this time that whites dulled after washing, they weren't as white as white should be and this was linked to the use of synthetic detergents. Even though they were just as good as soaps at removing dirt, they were poor at holding it in suspension and the particles redeposited onto the clothing. The problem was overcome by the addition of CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose). More recently the limiting factor that affected the production of specific detergents was availability of raw materials. This lead to the development of Igepon compounds in Germany and the USA (for example Igepon-T, the sodium salt of oleyl tauride), Mersolates in Germany (alkane sulphates), and Teepol in England (a secondary Olefine Sulphate from petrochemical sources). Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate was top of the market due to its ease of manufacture and versitility. Between 1950 and 1965 more than half of the detergents were based on a propylene tetramer coupled to benzene (PT benzene), but they were later blamed for a rise in eutrophication in lakes and streams because they contained phosphates (from Sodium triphosphate). This problem has not been fully resolved in some cases, in some countries there has been a 'gentlemans agreement' to reduce the use of phosphates but in countries where it is not a major problem no such action has been taken. The problem was set down to the branched chain formation of PT benzene which resulted in the inability of bacteria to degrade them. Straight-chain alcohols are degradable, so steps were taken to produce a linear alkyl benzene molecule. To replace the phosphate based portions, in Scandinavian countries they now use NTA (Nitrilo triacetic acid).

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Manufacture Of Detergent Detergents are manufactured using a synthetic surfactant in place of the metal fatty acid salts that are used in soaps. Made in powder detergents, these detergents are sold as laundry powders, hard surface cleansers, dishwashing detergents, fabric conditioners etc. Most of the powder detergents have soap in their mixture of ingredients, however it generally functions more as a foam depressant than as a surfactant. Chemical Processes Powder detergents are manufactured using various processes, such as spray drying, agglomeration, dry mixing or a combination of these. A brief description of these different processes is given below Spray Drying Process The different stages / operations performed in a spray drying process, are -

Dry and liquid ingredients are first combined into a slurry, or thick suspension, in a tank known as crutcher. The slurry is heated and then pumped to the top of a tower where it is sprayed through nozzles (under high pressure) to create small droplets. The droplets fall through a current of hot air, thereby forming hollow granules as they dry. Collected from the bottom of the spray tower, the dried granules are screened to obtain a relatively standard size. After the granules have been cooled, heat sensitive ingredients, which are not compatible with the spray drying temperatures (like bleach, enzymes and fragrance) are added.

Traditional spray drying process produces relatively low-density detergent powders. Advancements in technology have enabled the soap and detergent manufacturers to reduce the air inside the granules during spray drying to obtain higher densities. The high-density detergent powders can be packed in much smaller packages than those needed previously.

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Agglomeration Agglomeration is detergent powder manufacturing chemical technique that results in highdensity powders. The process involves blending of dry raw materials with liquid ingredients. The technique involves machines, such as a liquid binder, rolling or shear mixing that causes the ingredients to collide and adhere to each other, producing larger particles. Dry Mixing Dry mixing is a detergent powder manufacturing technique, which is used to blend dry raw materials. The technique may also involve the addition of small quantities of a liquid.

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Soap And Detergent Both soaps and detergents are cleansing products that we frequently use in our daily lives. We use these products to clean our skin and hands wash our clothes without really paying any attention to how they work or is there any difference between them. Although both the soap and detergents perform same action, i.e. cleansing, there is a significant difference between them. We can differentiate the soaps and detergents on the basis of several factors, like Ingredients, structure, properties, and more. Mentioned below are some factors, on the basis of which we can differentiate soaps and detergents :Soaps and Detergents Ingredients Although both are surfactants (or surface active agents that means a washing compound, which mixes with grease and water), soaps and detergents are not the same thing. Soap manufacturing process is different from that of detergent making. Soaps are usually manufactured using natural materials while detergents are generally synthetic that were developed during World War II, when there was scarcity of oils that are used to make soaps. Soaps Ingredients Usually labeled as beauty, facial, or cleansing bar soaps, true soaps are generally produced with natural products (soap and lye) and require very less energy in the manufacturing process. It is possible to make soaps without having leftover by-products, which tend to go to the landfill, and the soap, which flows down the drain while cleaning is biodegradable. These soaps have a pH of 9.5 to 10 (alkaline) that makes them effective cleansing agents and eliminates the requirement for harmful antibacterial chemicals and preservatives. However, some manufacturers use beef tallow (fat), in soap making, as this is an unused byproduct of meat processing, which can be obtained very cheaply. While saponified beef tallow can be used to make a satisfactory soap, there are some substances in tallow, which that do not saponify, and may cause acne and skin breakouts. Superior quality soaps are produced with oils, like - palm, castor, coconut, or olive oils, and retain the natural glycerin, rather removing it and selling it for profit, which bulk manufacturers generally do.

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Detergents Ingredients Detergents are generally made from petroleum products with surfactants, foaming agents and alcohol being their primary constituent. To remove the disagreeable odour of these chemicals, detergents are heavily scented with cheap, synthetic and artificial fragrances.Detergents ingredients also include preservatives and antibacterial agents (to increase their shelf life) that make the detergents frequent causes of allergies and reactions. All of the soaps are fatty acid salts, which can be categorized by

A long hydrocarbon chain, that may be monounsaturated (have a double bond, like sodium oleate), polyunsaturated (more than one double bond) or saturated (no double bonds) A carboxylate group at the end

Any surfactant (or surface-active agent), that is not soap is a detergent.

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Soap Detergent Difference- Properties in Hard Water The most important difference between a soap and detergent is their behavior in water. A big drawback of washing with soap is that it forms a scum in hard water, which is not easy to clean and is known to turn laundry into a hue. Soaps form a scum in hard water, which is not easy to rinse away and is known to turn laundry, a grayish hue. The insoluble film that soap leaves can leave a residue on the laundry same like as would see in a shower stall where hard water is present. On the other hand, detergents react less to minerals in water hence does not leave this residue. In case you are living in an area, where the water is soft, a soap will work satisfactorily, but even then a gradual build-up of calcium and magnesium ions (also called 'curd') will be left on the fabric.

Another important difference between soaps and detergents is the sensitivity of soaps to acidic conditions. On putting a soap into an acidic (pH<4.5), it protonates the carboxylate group.

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APPENDIX

Figure 1: Structure of Detergent Molecule

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Soup and detergent manufacturing process

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SUMMARY

Based on the research I have done on detergent, there are many information that I have acquired about this substance. First of all, I get to know the real definition of detergent, the categories as well as the history of detergent. I also got to know on how detergent is manufactured, including the ingredients

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REFERENCES

1) http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/g/def_detergents.htm 2) http://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.html

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