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    Turkish in 12 Lessons

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    ED 024 937 AL 001 630 Turkish 12 Week Course. Defense Language Institute, Washington D.C. Pub Date 65 Note- 1,326p; 7vols. EDRS Price MF-$5.00 HC-$66.40 Descriptors- Audiolingual Methods, Cultural Context, Distinctive Features. Grammar, *Instructional Materials, Intensive Language Courses, *Language Instruction Military Training Pattern Drills (Language) Phonology. Standard Spoken Usage, Supplementary Textbooks, * Turkish Vocabulary Identifiers- Vowal Harmony This audiolingual beginner's course has been prepared for the Defense Language Institute intensive program in modern spoken Turkish. The course. Consisting of six volumes of basic text in 55 units begins with an introductory section which presents the linguistic background, phonology. and distinguishing features of Turkish. The lesson format throughout consists of perception drills, dialogs (and English translations), pattern drills, “homework with grammatical notes. question-and-answer pattern drills, and recombination and situation drills, A supplementary seventh volume provides the cartoon guides for Lessons 1-13, and an ee cumulative vocabulary listing with occasional notes on culture and usage. \ US, DEPARTHENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE 2 OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE ‘ PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT, POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIAIOKS, STATED DO WOT HECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION Postion 08 POLICY, i | : PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA : | Pyeckmit | ‘CPIICKOXPBATCKIT] | Mi 5 TURKISH sur 3 _ tesny MAGYAR § EAAHNIKA | (a * wy asa TURKGE ee 12 WEEK COURSE PorTucuis [) VOLUME | ROMAN: muting . ieee LESSONS 1-12 ca i YKPAIICHKA [foram a> ‘ PALIANO. DEUTSCH BAHASA INDONESIA] | TiENG vigT NAM — [_xswamn = U.S. ARMY 4 ee TURKISH ; | 12 WEEK COURSE Volume I Lesson 1 - 12 “PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS (COPPIMGHEES MATERIAL HAS BEEM GRANTED . WY. a TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICE OF ; EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERHISSION OF THE GBNRMHH OWN December 1964 | DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE West Coast Branch Presidio of Monterey, California | ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. LESSON 1, LESSON ‘LESSON LESSON LESSON Seeseeeeeeee LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON 10... seeeeeeeeree LESSON es eeeeeeee ee LESSON 12.4.4. INTRODUCTION Turkish is a member of the Turkic branch of the -Altaic family of languages, It is spoken by some fifty million people from south-east of Europe to the borders of China. The Turkic branch is itself divided into’ the Eastem, Western, Middle-Asiatic and Southem. The Otto-an Turkish which is spoken in Turkey belongs to the Southem group, However, i11 the Turkic branches are very similar and there isn't anything like the difference that exists among, say ‘the Buropean branch of Indo-European languages. The Ottoman Turkish, with its extensive borrowings from Arabic and Persian as well as a small amount from European languages, is the richest of all Turkic languages. ; It is a Janguage that is still far from stabilized and new tendencies resulting in a whole set of words and fo.ms as well as the discarding of some old ones give it a far more fluid and un- settled aspect as compared to such languages as English and French. This tendency to rid the Language of excessive Arabic and Persian words and rorms was given the official sanction in the late twenties, About the same time, in 1928 to be exact, the Latin alphabet was introduced, and the Arabic script was outlawed from public life, ‘The new Turkish script is almost like a phonetic inscription and students should have no difficulty in reading and writing the language after they have learned what sound each letter stands for o”~ One must bear in mind that each sound is represented by one letter only. There are no silent letters in Turkish. Spelling is no problem in Turkish, Turkish is anagglutinating language. A Turkish word consists of an unchanging root and one or more suffixes, each adding one idea to that of the root. The suffixes always follow each other in a certain fixed order and never vary in form except for harmony. For example, the plural suffix which is~ler or-lar is always present when the concept of plurality is to be conveyed. Of course, when a nunber indicates more than one of a kind, the plural suffix is felt to be superfluous and is not used. Compared with Latin, another declined language, the simplicity of the Turkish structure becomes apparent, The difficulty in speaking Turkish lies in the control; that is, the fluent and ¥v automatic control of these suffixes when more than two or three suffixes are involved, Qtomobillerimizdekilerden means: from those who are in our cars. ‘This is how it is constructed: car: otomobit cars: otomobiller our cars: otomobilierimiz in our cars: otomobillerimizde he who is in our cars: otomobillerimizdeki those who are in our cars: otomobillerimizdekiler from those who are in our cars: otomobillerimizdekilerden Turkish, except in borrowings from Arabic and Persian, has no prefixes, | ‘THE TURKISH ALPHABET Vowel Consonant Name Letter Letter Approximate Pronunciation Aa a 2 as in father Bb be as in English ce ce jas in jam Gs se ch as in chair Da de as in English Be e as in bed sometimes like @ as in and FE fi as in English Ge ge as in good zg sometimes lengthens a Preceding vowel, sometines Pronounced like y in yet Hh he ‘has in house Ia 2 2 something like the u in medium ii i das in sit Ji Je '§ as in leisure, z as in - azure Kk ke k as in king 4 Oo 66 2 ~ atm le ne pe re se ge te ve as in English as in English as in English © as in omanent something like ea in cam or u in am as in English 5 as in red é gas in ‘gas in sh in shelt_ ae in English was in pusti ii as in Geran fuhrer, French u in tu as in English but very Light yas in yellow zas in zero For a more detailed description see section on vowels and consonants, VOWELS, The vowel in Turkish represents a single sound. (There are no dipthongs: oi in oi1, ou in out, o in note, i in ice, oa in moat, etc.) Example: gok is pronounced like choke but short, clipped and without the u glide. I, Vowel Length: As 4 rule Turkish vowels are short, as in utter, at, bet, Sit, soot, etc, and in single syllables ending in a vowel quite clipped and staccato: 0, bu. Exceptions: In some Arabic and Persian loan-words an origina? 1ong vowel is retained, ‘The lengthened vowel is indicated with a cir umflex: unit custom,& in Gdet is held twice as long as a in adet. ama: but, anyhow i: blind resmi: the picture, his picture resni: formal 2 in resni is held twice as long as i in re: (For the circunflex over & or & following k, 1, or g see ‘the chapter on consonants. ) Be “ 2 II, Classification of vowels: Front or back Front vowels are pronounced with the middle of the tongue raised towards the highest part of the palate, Back vowels are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised towards the soft back part of the palate. Front vowels are ¢, Back vowels are a, 1, 0, u Rounded or unrounded (spread) Rounded vowels are produced with rounded protruded lips. Unroundea yowels are produced with spread lips touching the front teeth, Rounded vowels aze: Unrounded voweis are: High or Low High vowels are produced with the tongue closer to the palate, and the opening of the mouth narrower. Low vowels are produced with the tongue in a iower position an’ *r: chin dropped lower, High vowels are: ai Low vowels are: £19, 8 Vowels, therefore, are classified according to these three characteristics, The principle of vowel harmony which pervades the whole of Turkish grammar rests upon these simple but real distinctions, These can be summarized . in the table below: Back a 2 ° u Front e iz S w Unrounded im Rounded Low High Tow High ‘VOWEL HARMONY Vowel harmony, as noted earlier, :ervades the whole of Turkish grammar, For convenience we shall divide vowel harmony into two mein divisions and, “1though in an agglutinative language such a distinction may not be strictly accurate, it will be helpful for our purpose, I, Vowel harmony within the word i: Here are some general rule A. If the vowel of the first syllable is a back vowel, so too, are the vowels of the subsequent syllables, B. If the vowel of the first syllable is a front vowel, so too, are the vowels of the subsequent syllables. Example: yatak, © ayakkabs, yogmurluk , (bed) (shoe) (raincoat) a Yirlinek, _gbzLlike, Bgretmen _ (to walk) (eyeglasses) (teacher) * Exceptions: 1. A small number of Turkish words, some of which are very common: hangi, gigman, elma, etc. (which) (fat) Capple) 2, A small number of suffixes which do not vary. yor in the present tense. Others will be noted as they appear in the course, 3. Some compounds like bugtin (bu "this" and gin "day"! . 9 4, Foreign words, However, one finds a tendency to make even these conform to the principles cf 7 Turkish harmony, | jacket becomes —ceket. Special Law of Harmony ‘A. Unrounded vowels are followed by unrounded vowels, | B. Rounded vowels are followed by low unrounded or bigh rounded | vowels, . Here is a table of these rules: 2 is followed by a or € is followed by ¢ or 2 tes is followed by 2 or te followed by i or lo & is followed by a or a le tor e followed by e or le: Ie i followed by a or le te s followed by e or le Exception: a may be followed by u if the intervening consonant isd, pp my gabun, tapu, hamr, tavuk (soap) (title - deed) (dough) Chen) @ and & occur as a rule only in the first syllable in Turkish words, ‘The only exceptions are some words borrowed from other languages. kolon, koloridye, (column) (small mackerel) @ and § never occur in suf! II, Vowel Harmony of suffixes: horoz, konsolos (rooster) (consul) fixes. The vowel in the suffix changes according to the vowel of the preceding syllable This change, however, tion, The vowel of a suffix belongs ei high, never to both at the same time, w: be noted in the proper place. For example, in suffixes be1onging ther to ith one has a certair: limit the.low or to the exception which will to the first group which includes those denoting at, to, from, and with, the vowel used is a low vowel, The low vowels are a, ¢, 9, 8. Since the low vowels o and 8 never occur in a suffix, the choice Lies between a and e: adam adamda adama, ev evde eve aps, kapida kapaya sivil sivilde sivile kot kolda kola eae a adandan evden kadadan sivilden koldan eéeden evle_ kapiyla siville kolla eozle uty kutuda, kutuya feutudan —-kutuyla siit siitte siite slitten —stitle . All four front vowels, e, i, 3, Uwill be followed by e. All four back vowels, a, 2, 0, u will be followed by The second group, to which suffixes denoting the definite object, the possessor and possession, the suffix has one of the four high vowels: adan adams, adamn adaminiz ev evi evin eviniz Kapa keapiya kapinan = kapaniz sivil —sivili sivilin siviliniz rot kel ion tere ez eeu eden sézuntz kutu kutuyy kutunun ——kutunuz : stit siittin siitiintiz t Flat front vowels, e i, will be followed by i Flat back vowels, a, 2, will be followed by 2 Round front vowels, 8, ii, will be followed by U Round back vowels, 0, u, will be followed by u 12 . CONSONANTS b and its unvoiced equivalent p are pronounced exactly as in English. However, p is not as heavily aspirated as in Bush or poppy. (g is the unvoiced equivalent of ¢) g exactly like English j in jam g exactly like ch in church (t 4s tae unvoiced equivalent of 4) Similar to t and d in English, In the Turkish d and t the tongue is more relaxed and forward and touches the front teeth, In English it touches the gum ridge. In English, d and t are aspirated; in Turkish, unaspirated. (y is the voiced equivalent of £) Weaker than in English. ‘The upper teeth weakly or barely touch the inner side of the lower 1ip; very much as TV is pronounced when we say"What a TV show" rapidly without trying to enunciate each word carefully. vis sometimes pronounced as weakly as w, particularly when it occurs between a and u, Examples: tavuk, havug (k is the unvoiced equivalent of g) g followed by a back vowel (a, 2, 0, 4) has the same sound as g in go. Preceded by a vowel is always pronounced like g, "soft" 13 4, it leangthens the preceding vowel, es oy Byaepbes dine the i is lengthened and the word is pronounced ine. often, ala, ufra, Sgretmen G followed by a front vowel ( is palatatized, that is, followed by a y sound like g in angular. > 1 ApamehSS? guzel, glile gille, gbz, girmek, geng K before or after a back vowel (a, 2, 0, uy) has the same a: Sound as ¢ in cone, cog Robefore of after a front vowel (e, i, 8, W) has the sane as ¢ in cute and cure. _, 1 some words of Arabic and Persian origin g and & are palatalized be‘ore a andy, which are then marked with joo Satounélec, , : ‘Examples: katip, KGfi, cli2ghr _ Jn English the velar and palatal k are not dirtinctive but redundent features since the distinction is carried out by the preceding vowels, In Turkish they are, distinctive features, kar : snow _ kar : profit Never occurs in the beginning of a word. When at the end of a word or followed by a consonant, & 14 lengthens the preceding vowel. . Examples: day, agda, igne 4 Turkish h is always clearly pronounced. Not like h in ' hou: but like h in hefty, clearly and separately pronounced. ph in Klittiphane is pronounced like top-hat, etc. a Pronounced like the s in measur: | | | In combinations such as ph, sh, and th each letter is occurs only in borrowed | words, usually French or Persian, Examples: jandarma, janbon, ja1e L In Turkish 1 has two sounds: clear” - 1 in leave b. “dark” =~ 1 in pull 1 with the front vowels (e, i, 3, i) is the "clea: 1. J Lwith the back vowels (a, 2, 0, u) is the "dark" 1, i But in borrowing from Arabic and other foreign languages the "clear" 1 is sometimes found with the back vowels a and yu. In such a case a circumflex accent is placed on Band y to indicate that the 1 is a clear one. M as in English { N as in English R pronounced with the tip of the tongue barely touching the gum ridge, It is not trilled. It is a single flap. The tongue is kept relaxed and never curved backward toward ‘the front palate and held rigid as in the American x. Due to this, it has a slightly sibilant quality wen it occurs at the end of a word. However, it is always pronounced; “it is never silent. s as in English miss, Never as in his 8 as sh in shall. ¥ like y in yes when it comes between a front vowel and a consonant, the vowel is lengthened and the y sound almost disappears like the y in saying. Examples: Syl, eviyle, annesiyle, sdyle z as in zebra GHANGE AND HARMONY IN THE CONSONANTS For consonant harmony we must distinguish between the voiced and unvoiced consonants, The voiced consonants are: b,c, 4, 6,8, 5,1, m0, 5, v, 2 ‘The unvoiced are Sf, h, ky py 8, gt It will be seen that, except for m,n, 1, £, y, and possibly H, and h, ali the unvoiced consonants have their voiced equivalents, Here is a table showing the correspondence: Voiced a}elole}e].| s}v fz Unvoiced t|sofelel.|nlsfels I, Change in Consonants Turkish words never end in the voiced consonants b, d, ¢, or g. When these sounds occur at the end of foreign borrowings they change to the corresponding unvoiced p, t, ¢, k. Ford becomes Fort bridge becomes brig Ahmed becomes met In some foreign words g becomes g; ferag, meblag. II. Consonant Harmony As a general rule, if the first of two consonants, coming together in the middle of a word, is voiced, the second is also voiced; if unvoiced, then the second is also unvoiced, Examples: unvoiced eski, bagka, bigki, yufka voiced kuzgun, gdvde, cigdem, dizgin 17 If a suffis ending in an uny suffix changes x beginning with c, d, or g is added to a word woiced consonant, the initial c, d, or g of the to their unvoiced equivalent ¢, t, or k. Examples: ‘The suffixes ci, da, dan, and gin Double Letters: One should the middle of a tt is like pp is like Al is like nn is like ‘The double sick cow and no consonants. Double con: Words with double consonants at the end of Arabic words are reduced to single consor becomes gi, ta, tan, and Klin denig = —denizci ekmek - ekmekgi. subay = ~—subayda kiteg - kitapte dag = dagdan sinif_- — saniftan ~ tagtin alg -llgktin dwell longer on the double consonants occurring in word. the t sound in hot tea the p sound in lamp post the 1 sound in ful! life the n sound in need in tegekkiir for example is like the k sound in tas in sick owl, This holds true of all double sonants do not occur at the end of Turki** words, nants in Turkish. | | . | ‘Iwo consonants do not come together at the beginning of 4 . Turkish words, When these occur in words borrowed from foreign ‘ languages, the tendency is to separate them, ‘This is done either (a) by separating them with a vowel between the two consonants or (b) by placing a vowel, usually i, before the two consonants, (a) train becomes tiren giub becomes kutiip (>) station becomes astasyon Scotch becomes Iskog ye | SYLLABLE i 7 . One of the most important elements in pronunciation is the way in which a Turk divides his words into syllables, The Turkish . ea syllable is either a single vowel, or a single vowel'with a number : of consonants, There can ve only seven kinds of syliables in ‘Turkish, , bu, kra, at dig, alt, kark Bearing in mind that the vowel in Turkish is always stort (see chapter on vowels) it will be seen that the length of a syllable is determined by the consonants and their position. Putting aside all subtle changes due to the nature of the consonant or such factors as emotional and rhetorical "holding" we may divide the syllables into two main groups: short and long. Except for some loan words from Arabic and Persian, the short syllables are those which end in a vowel: 9, bu, kra. The long are those which end in a consonant: at, dig, alt, kark. A general rule in Turkish is that every vowel will take the consonant before it to forma syllable, This neans that except for the first syllable every syllable in Turkish must_begin with a consonant, (The few exceptions are loan words from Arabic and Persian.) This rule also applies (1) to two or more separate words which form a singse unit: biiyiik anne (grandmother) will be bii-yii-kan-ne. or (2) to a word and its suffixes: bag Dacga-ma bacga-ma (head) ‘Gay head) (to my head) ‘This binding of several words into a single unit of utterance ‘through the linking (1: son) of syllables is a vezy important element in speech, It plays a more importan’ part in conveying one's meaning then even the correct pronunciation of individual sounds, when these do not have grammatical connotation, PROSODIC FEATURES ‘The distinctive features of a language are divided into two classes: (1) inherent (2) prosodic. ‘The inherent features are displayed irrespective of their prominence as they occur in the stream of speech sounds, They are based on the choice of two alternatives which can appear in the same position in an othe ise identical context. They can never appear together. ‘The prosodic features can occur only as distinctions which are defined in reference to (1) the relief of @ syllable in the syllable chain or (2) a particular distinctive feature in a sequence within a syllable. These features by means of which we distinguish the stressed syllable are relative and variable, The force or level of pitch can only be established relative to other syllables within the same context. This contrast of strong vs weak, high vs tow, can only be perceived if they are both present in the same sequence. Unlike the inherent feature they co-exist in the code as two terms of an opposition, The listener perceives the difference in order to apprehend and interpret the code. We do not give equal vatue or importance to every syllable. ‘There are two principal ways in which we can mark the important syllables. By making the svilable louder (force feature) which is 22, no got eo Meri) sot omg. degra ody aw wpe yon se tH seising the Level, of the parttoutar syllabic song aide lige bas. ron eeerye Suigide 6 thw sear my tester, Sewer venoms fe 3 : Yo fet pe, sere Setn ge seen Spee hth » tonde necent. TERRES 2 es gins ate, ty Se “pat eae rete ere emai & etememeriton. syllables, ‘yRAbER ceords fy a MENS ITE te Tolan mena cists (8 mon epee, in moat & ee " tun yy ahaisk erak on song, ta, Sons, sonst en, Ste, ros POoper, Where this dees not happen, Vamend Yiatane 85 sien the wost ast prominent syLisble not Farah fe ms aebvse BRIE. dis th WheLe pea tence, S pagbiersg as Sigal tee Peaii wi soo st io , oldetive ” ap eit, ts steep T Seis on the Last able of Be otatyh igual aych Basha fetivy teel oct ‘we Loupe: bavesd, bot 3 erage Sas epicing, stint pettace we find in Roglise ie ‘Biers, “wethneas of the Yoptiish shrens allows the unst: dame “Shape m6 mat de ye Feel anos, fo, ertgae, wis SERPS Sree meee Se ae hagmober of Boikisn, cbewaence sa, Gan bei rowed wonds,, But even here the tendemo} te niet ues ‘Se rsere tthe 300k ovkiahta 12 40 stomeg thar be déffenmnt ways of stressing these words aze possible. she a The We can say masa with the stress on the first syllable, or mas& with a slight stress on the second syllable, Unlike English the stress is not absolutely fixed, For emotional Purposes we may shift the stress from one syllable to another, ‘The normal stress for ad4m is on the last syllable dam, However we can say ddam sende! Lengthening the short and stressing it, In evet the stress usually falls on the first syllable e. But if we want to be emphatic and mean sure! we can say evét, stressing and lengthening vet. stress is also phonemic in certain cases, Place names nearly always carry a stress on the first syllable, or as near the first syllable as possible: Asya, kdnya, Ankara, Sirkeci, Kartal while girkecd, stressed on the last syllabie,means a man who sells or makes vinegar and karté1 stressed on the last syllable means an eagle, Adverbs and exclamations often have the first syllable stressed. bélki: perhaps heniiz : yet sdnra: later sindi snow hdydi : come on! Varda : make way, look out Certain suffixes are never stressed. these is: 2. ‘The verb "to be" in all its forms. in certain instances, I am a teacher : my teacher : stress, I am a teacher is ™y teacher is But whether it is phonemic or placed on the suffix which is askes : askgein askdedin askerse askgenis gitnigtir 7 gitmigsindir : The most important of ‘This becomes phonemic ‘The only way we can distinguish ‘egretmenin from Sere tmenin is by the SEretnenin : egretmenim not, the stress is never a form of the verb "to be". soldier I am a soldier Iwas a soldier If he is a soldier It seems he is (was) a soldier He is probably gone You have probably gone The suffix —1e which means with askerle with the soldier If the accent is on the last syllable of a word it keeps shifting to the last syllable by the addition of suffixes. 2s when the word is lengthened oad room : odalar : rooms / . odalaram: : our rooms odalaramzda in our rooms In words where the stress falls on a syllable other than the last, it may remain on that syllable, Anerika Anerica Ameritas : American Anerifatslar : Americans amerikalalardan from Americans It may however, keep shifting to the last syllable. Anezika , Amerikaliiée , Amerikalatardan But perhaps the most important function of the stress is that it is one of the most important signals in distinguish- ing two macrosegnents with very similar inherent features. Agglutinative languages like Turkish present a peculiar diffuculity not found in an analytic Language such as English. In introducing structural features we have so far started with the isolated morpheme. Since the morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit, this seemed very logical. Further, each morphene is either a single phoneme or a sequence of phonemes, In this way our analysis establishes 26 a pattern,as a simple addition of various phonenes (phonemic .nalysis) or morphemes (morphological analysis). If Language learning were nothing but the application of this proc-ss of analysis we should have no difficulty. But the fact is that we do, The reason for this is that we do not start our analysis from the basis that lan- guage for ouz purposes is communication and that the speech event mist be conceived as a complex code, ‘That the in- formation which the listener receives cannot be confined to the inventory of a language consisting of distinctive features, Because in actual practice the unit, the “irriducible unit", is the macrosegment, which cannot be entirely divorced from the semantic elements of language. "Configurative features signal the division of the utterance into grammatical units of different degrees of complexity, particularly into sentences and words, either by singling out these units and indicating their hierarchy (culminative features) or by delimiting and integrating them (demarcative features) ‘The most common failing of our students and the one they complain of most and find most frustrating, is their inability to perceive the morphemes in the new unit of utterance perceived in the native speaker's message i in short, the macrosegnent, Let me illustrate this with an example. The student is taught that when the direct object of a verb refers to a particular object, it mist hav the suffix <1,

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