Kashmir conflict: Policy Options for Pakistan After Abrogation of Article 370

Kashmir Conflict: Policy Options for

Pakistan After Abrogation of Article 370
(Literature Review)

Submitted By:
Ms. Sabaht Khurshid
SAP ID: 59507
Course Name: Conflict and Cooperation in South Asia
Submitted to:
Dr. Waleed Sultan
Ripha Institute of Public Policy
Ripha International University, Pakistan
 Kashmir conflict: Policy Options for Pakistan After Abrogation of Article 370

Literature Review for the topic:

Kashmir conflict: Policy Options for Pakistan After Abrogation of Article 370
Sr.
Author Title Category Variable Methods Findings
No

The study has highlighted

the dynamics of the
Kashmir conflict evolving
since the revocation of
special status of Kashmir,
Qualitative
the reasons why India has
Primary
gone for the abrogation of
Data: semi-
article 370, and what are
EVOLVING structured
the possible policy options
DYNAMICS Dependent Variable: interviews
for Pakistan regarding the
Naila OF THE Pakistan's Kashmir Secondary
MS matter. However, the
Altaf KASHMIR Policy, India's Kashmir Data:
1 Research policy options proposed in
Kayani CONFLICT: Policy Academic
Thesis the study are limited to
2023 POLICY Independent Variable: Books and
employing diplomatic,
OPTIONS FOR Kashmir conflict reports.
strategic, and legal
PAKISTAN Descriptive
avenues to disseminate
and
Pakistan's stance,
Analytical
following UN frameworks
Methods
on the issue, increasing
Kashmiri representation on
the conflict, and giving
thoughts to Musharaf's out
of the box solution.

The US role as a mediator

has shifted from conflict
resolver to crisis manager
in the post cold-war era.
CRITICAL
Dependent Variable: US Growing Indo-US nexus
ANALYSIS OF Qualitative
Azeem Policy towards Kashmir, for containing China and
THE US Secondary:
Gul and US mediating role India a key strategic
MEDIATING Research Academic
2 Riaz Independent Variable: partner to maintain US
ROLE IN Paper books, news
Ahmad Pakistan's stance on hegemony in the region
INDIA– articles,
2019 Kashmir, India's Stance has overshadowed
PAKISTAN reports
on Kashmir Kashmir issue. However,
CONFLICT
the US can't afford to
ignore Pakistan due to its
security interests in South
Asia.
 Kashmir conflict: Policy Options for Pakistan After Abrogation of Article 370

The study discusses

historical perspective of
MAPPING OF Dependent Variable: Qualitative
Kashmir conflict while
KASHMIR Nuggets (Issues between Secondary:
Maham applying Nugget Model, a
CONFLICT Research Pakistan and India- Academic
3 Javed, conflict-analysis tool, to
UNDER Paper wars, water dispute) books, news
2020 correlate thorny issues
NUGGET Independent Variable: articles,
between India and
MODEL Kashmir Conflict reports
Pakistan and their mutual
effects on the conflict.

The study interlinks the

genesis of the Kashmir
conflict with the
contemporary situation in
Indian occupied Kashmir.
It enshrines how human
rights have been violated
since 1947. It also explains
EXPLAINING the unilateral systematic
JAMMU AND Independent Variable: tactics, such as
Salma KASHMIR genesis of Kashmir demographic engineering,
Malik CONFLICT conflict, India's India has been employing
and UNDER Research unilateral policies to oppress Kashmiris and
4 Qualitative
Nasreen INDIAN Paper Dependent: Kashmir the special status of the
Akhtar ILLEGAL conflict post 2019, state. Nonetheless, the
2021 OCCUPATION: contemporary Pak-India study proposes conducting
PAST AND relations an overall plebiscite as per
PRESENT UN framework as the
plausible solution. On
Pakistan’s part, the need is
to adopt vigorous multi-
track diplomacy, exercise
well-informed lawfare,
and sensitize multilateral
fora, with Kashmiris taken
into confidence.
 Kashmir conflict: Policy Options for Pakistan After Abrogation of Article 370

The book analyses the

geographical location of
Independent:
Kasmir making it
geostrategic and
geostrategic importance. It
geographical location of
links the dispute with the
Kashmir, history of
history of Kashmir as a
Kashmir, partition of Qualitative
state. It makes the case
Alastair KASHMIR: A Subcontinent, illegal Primary
that Maharaja's letter of
5 Lamb DISPUTED Book accession to India Data
accession to India in 1947
1991 LEGACY Dependent: Kashmir Secondary
was illegitimate since the
Conflict, Wars between Data
ruler disregard peoples as
India and Pakistan,
mentioned in 3rd June
Stance of India,
plan. On legal grounds, he
Pakistan, and China on
regarded the Indian army's
Kashmir
activities in Kashmir in
1947 unlawful.

The author of the book

Independent: sudhan
caste, Kashmiri freedom
struggle, partition of
subcontinent, Mahraja's
Sardar accession to India Qualitative
Ibrahim THE KASHMIR against people's will, Primary
6 Book
Khan SAGA Dependent: role of
1990 poonch and sudhan in experience
Kashmir freedom
struggle, sudhan revolt
and people's will to join
Pakistan,
was the first president of
AJK, who was the leader
of freedom struggle in
Kashmir. The book is the
depiction of his
experiences: how he sees
the Kashmir issue and how
it actually was. Giving a
brief history of Kashmiri
struggle for freedom, the
data:
book ends with some
propositions for the
resolution of the dispute:
an overall plebiscite, zonal
plebiscite, and
independence of the state.
The independent state can
function like Switzerland
of Asia, open for tourism
without any army.
 Kashmir conflict: Policy Options for Pakistan After Abrogation of Article 370

India has adopted an

abrasive foreign policy
towards Pakistan and IAK.
The hawkish attitude is to
have perilous impacts on
peace and stability of
South Asian region, which
Dependent: Security of
in turn creates long lasting
Khurshid Modi’s Kashmir south Asia, Pakistan
global impact. Despite
Khan, Policy: The Kashmir policy, Qualitative
Pakistan's efforts of
Pervaiz Probable Research humanitarian violations Secondary
7 reconciliation, India has
Iqbal Consequence for Paper Independent: India's data: news,
shown no interest in the
Cheema the Security of aggressive stance on articles
dialogue. If countries wish
2017 South Asia Kashmir, Modi's
to solve the matter, both
Kashmir Policy
have to adopt pragmatic
policy of compromise and
accommodation,
simultaneous engagement
on other disputes, and
involve Kashmiris on
dialogue table.

A dramatic increase in
quasi-violence tactics and
organized local militant
groups in Kashmir in 2016
are one of the reasons for
the abrupt abrogation of
Quantitative
Independent: quasi- article 35-A and 370 by
Sameer Qualitative
India’s Kashmir violent tactics, local the Indian government.
P. Primary:
Conundrum: militant groups, security Abrogation is likely to
Lalwani field
Before and Research issues increase resurgence of
8 and interviews,
After the Paper Dependent: Abrogation violent and quasi-violent
Gillian extensive
Abrogation of of article 370 and 35A, resistance despite India's
Gayner research,
Article 370 unilateral decisions of target of successful
2020 new data
India demographic engineering.
collection
Moreover, despite the
limited role of the US, the
states can encourage all
the key stakeholders on a
dialogue for maintaining
peace in the region.
 Kashmir conflict: Policy Options for Pakistan After Abrogation of Article 370

China's policy towards

Kashmir has been neutral,
Independent: Kashmir at supporter of self-
the crossroads of China, determination, and
Dr. Unsa, Chinese Stance India, China emerging advocate of solving issue
Abdullah, on Kashmir Research economic giant Qualitative through bilateral means.
9
Amar Dispute: Paper Dependent: China-India Secondary The study highlights the
2022 An Overview wars and claims on importance of China's
Kashmir, China as a economic stakes in
mediator Kashmir, and how China
can act as a mediator of
the issue.

China does not have a

concrete policy on
Independent:
Kashmir and capitalize the
geostrategic location of
issue for its own agenda.
Parjanya Revisiting Kashmir, China's power
Research Qualitative Kashmir due to its
10 Bhatt China’s Kashmir politics
Paper secondary geostrategic location can
2019 policy Dependent: China’s
be a platform for China's
economic stakes in
hegemonic pursuits.
Kashmir
However, it has remained
inclined towards Pakistan.

China’s policy on Kashmir

has shifted from a strong
pro-Pakistani stance to a
Independent: China's
more balanced. Chinese
national interest in
China’s Kashmir diplomatic support for
Kashmir, role of a
Jennifer Policies and internationalizing the
Research mediator Qualitative
11 Chang Crisis Kashmir issue in the
Paper Dependent: shift in Secondary
2017 Management in United Nations has
China's Kashmir policy,
South Asia diminished over time.
crisis management in
China's role as a mediator
South Asia
and crisis manager
between Pakistan and
India.

Research Gap: From the literature review above, it is evident that the evolving dynamics of the Kashmir issue have no concrete
solutions. Since the abrogation of Article 370 is a massive step that has completely transformed the dynamics of the conflict Pakistan
has limited policy options to strengthen its stance on the issue. All the above readings have discussed the policy options for Pakistan
in a very limited scenario. Taking a unilateral step on such a critical issue, India has proven that table talk is no longer an option. Her
aggressiveness dominated by Hindutva ideology has further complicated the issue. However, since Pakistan has shifted to an
economic-centric foreign policy, there are other emerging policy options on the matter. How can Sino-US rivalry be capitalized on to
solve the issue? How China can be pushed more towards the matter since it has high economic stakes in Kashmir. Such are examples
of some policy options that need to be explored more.