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Alevi Tarih Yazımında Skandal 2nd Edition Hamza Aksüt Ünsal Öztürk Hasan Harmancı Full Chapter Download PDF
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Hamza Aksüt
Ünsal Öztürk
Haşan Harmancı
■ BASKI
filini
09 r
es r
Xt
3 x
Sû -
İ C:
s
Alevi Tarih Yazımında
SKANDAL
-E r d o ğ a n Ç ın a r Ö m e ğ i-
H am za A ksüt
Ü nsal Ö z tü rk
H aşan H arm an cı
Alevi Tarih Yazımında
SKANDAL
-Erdoğan Çınar Örneği-
Hamza Aksüt-Ünsal Öztürk-Hasan Harmancı
Yurt Kitap-Yayın
Konur Sokak 26/3
Bakanlıklar/ANKARA
Tel: 0.312.417 35 49
Fax: 0.312. 425 36 40
e-mail: yurtkitap@yurtkitap.com
w w w .y u r tk ita p .c o m
Alevi Tarih Yazımında
SKANDAL
-E rd o ğ a n Ç ınar Ö rn eğ i-
Hamza Aksüt
Ünsal Öztürk
Haşan Harmancı
İÇİNDEKİLER
K a yn a k ça ..............................................................................294
I. BOLUM
ERDOĞAN ÇINAR
SKANDALİ
Hamza Aksüt
BU KİTABIN YAZILMASINA
NEDEN GEREK DUYULDU
B
undan birkaç yıl önce, aynı zamanda akrabam olan bir öğret
men, bana "P ir Sultan, Bizans dönem inde yaşam ış, senin bu
konuda bilgin var m ı?" diye sordu. Ben de pek ciddiye almadan
gülüm seyerek “ olur mu hocam , öyle £ey!” türünden bir şeyler
söyledim . “ Bende bu konuyu anlatan bir kitap v a r dedi. Ö ğret
men arkadaş ciddiydi. Ben yine de konuyu ciddiye almadım. Du
rumu, Türkiye’deki sol kesimin ve büyük bir kesimi solda küme
lenmiş Alevilerin tarih bilimine takındığı tavıra ve tarih alanında
ki yetersizliğine yorumlayarak ayrıntıya girm edim.
Konuya ilgisizliğim, Erdoğan Çınar’ın A leviliğ in Kökleri-Abdal
M u sa’nın Sırrı kitabındaki dede ocaklarını görünce ortadan kalktı.
Çünkü yıllardır dede ocaklarının tarihi alanında çalışıyor ve bilgi
üretiyordum. Kitapta Efes ocağı, Mananakian ocağı, Laodikian
ocağı gibi başlıkları görünce hem güldüm, hem de dehşete düş
tüm. Üstelik kitap, yazarın dördüncü eseriydi. Yani yazar, Pir Sul-
tan’ın, Bizans dönem inde yaşadığını yazmış, buna bir itiraz gel
m eyince peşpeşe kitaplar yazm aya başlamıştı. Son kitabı, göster
diği birkaç kaynak yönüyle de ilginçti. Yazar sürekli “ Bizans ve
Ortodoks Kilisesi metinleri ve arşivleri” gibi kaynakları kullandığı
nı vurguluyordu. Bibliyografyayı inceleyince arşiv teriminin uy
gun olmadığını, temel olarak İngilizce yayınlanan bir kitaba da
yandığını gördüm ve bu İngilizce kitap ile yazarın kitabını karşı
laştırm aya başladım. Durum, dehşet vericiydi. Yazarın ara sıra
sunduğu paragraflardaki bilgiler ile İngilizce metin arasında bü
yük farklar vardı. Yazar bu paragrafları Türkçeye çevirip okura su
narken kişi adlarını ve kavramları değiştirmiş, özellikle A levi te
rimlerini paragraflara monte etmişti. M ontajla değiştirem ediği
cüm leleri ise paragraflardan çıkarmıştı. Bu yolla, örneğin, Hıristi
yanlığın bir kilisesinin kurucusu olan Constantine’i (Konstantin),
bir Alevi Hak Aşığı olan Pir Sultan’a çevirerek okura sunmuştu.
Erdoğan Çınar’ın yazdığı bilgilerin doğruluğundan kuşku du
yan bazı araştırmacılar ise “ Bizans ve Ortodoks Kilisesi Arşiv ka
yıtları” sözlerini okuyunca Grekçe bilmedikleri için konunun peşi
ne düşememişti. Oysa Erdoğan Çınar, Grekçe değil, İngilizce
metni kullanmıştı. Okurlara ise Grekçe metinleri kullandığı izleni
mini verm işti.
Paulikienler kimdir?
Paulikien, Paul’e bağlı olanlar anlamında bir terimdir. Paulikienler,
Bizans devleti zamanında yaşayan, etnik kökeni çok büyük oran
da Ermeni, çok az bir bölümü ise Rum olan Hıristiyan bir toplu
luktur. Paulikienizm bir Hıristiyan mezhebidir. Her Hıristiyan top
luluk gibi onların da kiliseleri vardır.
18. This is the tradition Manes gave them, saying, ‘I am not heart-
less like Christ, who said, “ VVhoever denies me before men, I too will
deny him’ [Matt. 10.33]. I say, “ If a man denies ine bel'ore ıııen
and by the lie ensures his own safety, I accept with pleasure the state-
ment and the lie as if he were not denying me, vvithout holding him
guilty"
19. They reject. our priests and other members of our hierarchy. They
cali their owrı priests synehkmoi and notaries; they are not distinguished
frorrı the others by dress or diet or the rest of their manner of life.
20. They turn ali the words of the Gospel and the Apostle upside down;
opposite to our vievvs, but in agreement vvith their own, to fit in vvith
their own heresy. As I lıave said, the text is exactly like ours in writing
95
2 Hamilton, s. 95
3 Hamilton, s. 95
4 Hamilton, aynı yapıt, s. 10
Tahrifat 2: Erdoğan Çınar, M ananalisli bir Ermeni
ve Hıristiyan din adam ı olan C on stan tine’i,
Pir Silvanus olarak sunuyor
“ En sevd iğ i m üridinin attığı taş ile H akk’a yürüyen M ananalisli Pir
Silvanus, A levilerin ünlü m ürşidi ve A le vi sözlü geleneğinin ku
rucusu ve büyük ustası Pir Sultan A b d al'd ır.” 5
Sözü edilen kişi Constantine adında bir Erm eni ve Hıristiyan
din adamı. Üstelik ilk Paulikien kilisesinin kurucusu. Ermenistan
Samosatı yöresindeki Mananalis adında bir köyde doğmuş. Peter
of Sicily’nin notu:
” İn the days o f the em peror Constantine, grandson ofH erac-
lius, there was born in the territory o f Sam osata in Arm enia an
A rm enian nam ed C onstantine, in a village called M ananalis, a
villag e which even now rears M anichaeans."6
“ Anathem a to Sym eon who called him self Tıtus, who, after
he had stoned Constantine on the em peror’s orders, becam e the
second te a ch e r at C ibossa, vvas denounced b y Joseph his dis-
cip le to the bishop o f Colonea, and vvas by the em peror’s order
brunt near the heap ofstones where C onstantine had been sto
ned.” 10
M etnin Doğru Çevirisi
“ Kendisine Titus diyen, im paratorun em riyle Constantine’i
taşlatan, daha sonra C ib o ssa'd a ikinci öğretm en olan, Justus ta
rafından Colonea piskoposuna ihbar edilen ve im paratorun em
riyle C o n stan tin e’e atılan taş yığınının yanında yakılan Sym eon'a
lanet olsun.
M etinde “ pir” yok, “teacher” (öğretmen) var. İngilizceye çe
virenler bunu didaskalos yerine kullanmış ki, gayet doğru. Ö yley
se Sym enon nasıl ikinci pir oluyor? M etinde Sivas da yok, Cibos-
sa var. Bizans döneminde Sivas’ın adı Cibossa değil, Sebastia.
(M etini yorum layan uzmanlar, Cibossa’nın neresi olduğunun bi
linmediğini belirtiyor: “ Cibossa is not otherw ise know n.” ) Erdo
ğan Çınar buna neden gerek duymuş? Çünkü Pir Sultan Sivaslı,
öyleyse Cibossa’yı, Sivas olarak sunmak gerek! Erdoğan Çınar hı
zını alam ayıp o kadar ileri gidiyor ki, yer yer Cibossa’yla kastedi
len yeri Yıldız dağlarının eteği (yani Pir Sultan’ın yaşadığı yer) ola
rak sunuyor:
“Sym eon arrived, took as his com panion one o f the loca! arc-
hons, nam ed Typhon, and go in g to the place, gathered them ali
together and took them to the south o f kastron o f C olonea.
There he m ade the wretch stand with his disciples facing him,
and ordered them to stone him. They picked up the stones, and
dropping their hands as ifto their girdles, they threw the stones
behind them , so as not to h it their teacher, whom they belived
had been sent to them by God. N o w this Salo-anus had some-
tim e p reviously adopted a certain Justus and taught him the Ma-
nichaean heresy. H e now recieved from him a fitting rew ard for
this education and teaching. On orders from the im perial official,
Justus picked up a stone, h it him like a second Goliath, and kil-
led him. ” 13
12 Erdoğan Çınar, Kayıp Bir Alevi Efsanesi, s 158; Aleviliğin Kökleri, s. 143
13 Janet Hamilton, aynı yapıt, s 78.
attılar. Salo-anus, Justus adında birini evlatlık edinm iş ve ona M a-
n ih e ist sapıklığını öğretm işti. Şim di, bu eğitim in ve öğretim in
ödülünü alıyordu. İm paratorluk görevlisinin verdiği em ir üzerine
Justus, elin e bir taş aldı ve ikinci bir Coliath g ib i taşı fırlatıp onu
öldürdü.”
Görüldüğü gibi birçok özel ad ve kavram ya m etinden çıkarıl
mış ya da değiştirilmiş.
Çınar şöyle bir paragraf yazıyor:
“ Pir Silvanus Yıld ız D ağ ı’nın eteklerin d e önce Sym enon’un
em ri ile kendisine ‘y o l o ğ lu ’ olarak aldığı, en sevd iği m üridi tara
fından başlatılan taş yağm urunun altında kaldı. Sonra da asılarak
idam ed ild i,” 14
M etinde “yol oğlu” terimi yok. Çınar bunu neden uyduruyor?
Justus’u, Hızır Paşa yapacak ya ondan! Yıldız Dağı da nereden çık
tı? Hiçbir m etinde yok. Hatta m etinlerde Sivas’ın adı bile geçm i
yor. Sivas’ın Bizans dönemindeki adı Sebastia.
Colenea ise Şebinkarahisar. M etinde “Colenea’nın güneyi”
deniyor. Çınar ise Yıldız dağının Şebinkarahisar’ın güneyinde ol
duğunu söylüyor:
“ Yıldız Dağı, Şebinkarahisar ile ‘Cibosso Kastronu'nun (Sivas
Kalesi) arasında Şebinkarahisar’ın güneyinde Sivas K alesi'hin ku-
zeyindedir. ” 15
Acaba Erdoğan Çınar hiç haritaya baktı mı? Yıldız Dağı, Sivas
ile Şebinkarahisar arasında değil ve bir hayli batıda.
Erdoğan Çınar devam ediyor: “ En sevd iği m üridinin attığı taş
ile H akk’a yürüyen M ananalisli Pir Silvanus, A levilerin ünlü m ür
şid i ve A le v i sözlü geleneğinin kurucusu ve büyük ustası Pir Su l
tan A b d a l’dır.” 16
104
“ They say that there are six C hurches in their confession; the
C hurch o f M acedonia, W hich is kastron o f Coionea-, Cibossa,
which was instructed by Constantine/Silvanus and Symenon/Ti-
tus; A ch ea, which is a villag e o f Sam osata; M ananalis, W hich
was instructed by Gegnesius/Tim othy; the C hurch o f the P h ilip
p ian s, by which they m ean the disciples o f foseph/Epaphroditus
and Zacharias whom they cali the hireling shephered; the
C hurch o f Laod iceans, by which they mean the p eop le ofA rga-
oun, and that o f the C olossians, m eaning the Cynochorites. The
se th ree C hurches were, they say, instructed by Sergius/Tychi-
us,”20
Bu paragraflarda dile getirilenler şöyle:
Altı kilise var:
1- M akedon kilisesi: Constantine/ Silvanus ve Symeon/Titus
tarafından kurulmuş.
2- A ch ea (Akha) kilisesi: Sam aosata’da Gegnesius/Timothy
tarafından kurulmuş.
MACEDONIA
EPIRUS
Athens
Corinth
A C H A IA
ocağın ardıllarıdır. Achean-Ağuçan ocağı ve bu ocaktan kopan
ocak m ensupları Palu, Elazığ, Tunceli ve M azgirt köylerinde, ken
d i ana yurtlarında, halen yaşam aya devam ediyorlar."25
Achea’daki kilise oldu Ağuçen ocağı! Achea’nın sonuna “ n”
harfi birdenbire ekleniverdi. Kilisenin (pardon ocağın) kurucusu
Genesius.
25 Aleviliğn Kökleri, sİ 51
26 Aleviliğin Kökleri, s İ 51-152
27 J. Hamilton, aynı yapıt, s.82. kilise kurmasıyla ilgili bilgi için bak, s. 18
aldığı ad, hem de kurduğu kiliseye verdiği ad, St Paul ekolünün
ad vurm a geleneğinden. Çınar, kilisenin (pardon, ocağın) adını
neden Philippi değil de Epaphroditus olarak sunuyor, anlamak
güç.
Bir dakika, Pisidia’daki Antioch neresi? Çınar’ın kaynak olarak
kullandığı (ama kaynak olarak gösterm ediği) Bilge Um ar’ın belir
lemesine göre bugünkü Yalvaç’ın atası.28 Erdoğan Çınar, kilisenin
(pardon, ocağın) yerini Burdur’un Ürkütlü beldesindeki Komama
olarak sunuyor. Çınar bunu neden yapıyor? Çünkü ona ‘m a’ he
cesi içeren yer adları gerek. Komama, ‘Kutlu Ananın Halkı’ d e
mek.29
Erdoğan Çınar’ın kaygısı belki de Yalvaç’ın, St Paul’ü hatırlat
masını önlemek. Çünkü, St Paul’ün ilk yolculuğunda uğradığı yer
lerden biri Yalvaç. Hıristiyanlık tarihinde en önemli yerlerden biri
The total strength of the Navy at the Restoration was 156, this
number being made up of the following entities: first-rates, second-
rates, third-rates, fourth-rates, fifth-rates, sixth-rates, hoys (small
sloop-rigged merchant vessels adapted for war purposes), hulks (for
transporting horses, &c.), sloops, ketches, pinks and yachts. Sir
Walter Raleigh refers[101] to “hoyes” of Newcastle as needing a
slight spar-deck addition fore and aft. He speaks of them as being
ready in stays and in turning to windward. They drew but little water,
and carried six demi-culverin and four sakers. Manwayring defines
the ketch somewhat vaguely as “a small boate such as uses to come
to Belingsgate with mackrell, oisters &c.” The ketch was a two-
masted ship, not necessarily fore and aft rigged as we speak of them
nowadays, but with the mainmast stepped well aft.[102] Descended
from the Dutch galliot, the ketch was especially used at the end of
the seventeenth century as a “bomb-ketch.” The illustration in Fig. 62
is from an old French print in the United Service Museum, Whitehall,
where it is called a “Galiote à bombe.” Bomb ketches were first
employed by Louis XIV. in the bombardment of Algiers with great
success. They were about 200 tons burthen, and built very strongly,
so as to bear the downward recoil of the mortars. The reason for the
large triangular space left between the mainmast and the bowsprit is
to give plenty of room for the mortar to fire. The hold was closely
packed with old cables, cut into lengths, the yielding elastic qualities
of the packing assisting in taking up the force of the recoil.[103] The
stamp used by the Hakluyt Society on their publications is ketch-
rigged. About the time of the beginning of Charles II., the fore and aft
ketch would be rapidly developing. The pink was also of Dutch
extraction. She is—for the Dutch craft have scarcely altered since
the seventeenth century—a cutter or yawl-rigged small open boat,
and clinker-built.
About 1660 Chatham was the most important of the royal
dockyards, Pett being in charge there. Sir Anthony Dean made a
report on the state of the Navy in 1674, at the close of the Third
Dutch war. As a result the sum of £300,000 was voted by Parliament
to build twenty ships as suggested by Sir Anthony. As to the
comparative strength of the European nations at this time, the
following list is instructive. On April 24, 1675, England had ninety-two
ships carrying twenty to one hundred guns and upwards: France had
ninety-six ships and Holland one hundred and thirty-six. As we
mentioned just now, the shallowness of the Dutch waters prohibited
the building of big ships, so that they were unable to build three-
deckers, and the largest ships carried no more than eighty or ninety
guns. In addition to the figures quoted above, we must add three
fireships to the English, four to the French, and forty to the Dutch
fleets.
The £300,000 voted by Parliament was really with a view of
meeting the increase in the French Navy. It was during the first year
of the reign of our Charles II. that young Louis XIV. took the
government of the French into his own hands. There was then
practically no French Navy in existence, if we except a handful of
frigates. But three years before Sir Anthony Deane’s
recommendation was approved by Parliament, France had
increased her fleet to fifty ships of the line, besides a large number of
frigates and small craft. It was during Louis’ regime, in fact, that
England had to look, not to Spain, nor to the Dutch for signs of
possible trouble on the sea, but to France, which rose rapidly to a
position of the first importance as a naval power. Thus, English first-
rates were to be built not with a view of the shallow-draught
Dutchmen but in order to be able to contend with the fine French
fleet whose vessels were the superior to ours in size, though our
first-rates were capable of standing an enemy’s battery better than
most ships.
English second-rates had the advantage financially of needing
fewer men. They drew less water, carried a smaller weight of
ordnance, but by reason of the fire from their three decks were able
to render a good account of themselves in battle. Fourth-rates
served only as convoys, and likewise the fifth-rates. In Pepys’s time
England had as many as thirty-six fourth-rates.
We are able to gather a good deal of information respecting naval
matters of the time from Pepys’s Diary. In the early part of the reign
war with the Dutch had broken out again, and in 1667 the Dutch had
actually sailed up the Thames estuary and burnt our ships in the
Medway. In spite of the ultimate good results to the English Navy
under Charles II., the daring and pluck which had been so
conspicuous in the Elizabethan seamen appear to have been not
always alive. But what worse evidence could be wished of the
condition of the English character of the time when we remember
that while a Dutch fleet of eighty ships burned the forts of Sheerness
and ascended the Medway as far as Chatham, capturing and
destroying our men-of-war, Charles II. “amused himself with a moth-
hunt in the supper room, where his mistresses were feasting in
splendour”? Under the date of July 4, 1666, Pepys writes in his diary:
“With the Duke, all of us discoursing about the places where to
build ten great ships: the King and Council have resolved on none to
be under third-rates; but it is impossible to do it, unless we have
more money towards the doing it than yet we have in any view. But,
however, the show must be made to the world. In the evening Sir W.
Pen came to me, and we walked together, and talked of the late
fight. I find him very plain, that the whole conduct of the late fight was
ill; that two-thirds of the commanders of the whole fleet have told him
so: they all saying, that they durst not oppose it at the Council of
War, for fear of being called cowards, though it was wholly against
their judgment to fight that day with the disproportion of force, and
then we not being able to use one gun of our lower tier, which was a
greater disproportion than the other. Besides, we might very well
have staid in the Downs without fighting, or anywhere else, till the
Prince could have come up to them; or at least, till the weather was
fair, that we might have the benefit of our whole force in the ships
that we had. He says three things must be remedied, or else we
shall be undone by this fleet. First, that we must fight in a line,
whereas we fight promiscuously, to our utter and demonstrable
ruine: the Dutch fighting otherwise; and we, whenever we beat them.
Secondly, we must not desert ships of our own in distress, as we did,
for that makes a captain desperate, and he will fling away his ship,
when there are no hopes left him of succour. Thirdly, the ships when
they are a little shattered must not take the liberty to come in of
themselves, but refit themselves the best they can, and stay out—
many of our ships coming in with very small disableness. He told me
that our very commanders, nay, our very flag-officers, do stand in
need of exercising among themselves, and discoursing the business
of commanding a fleet: he telling me that even one of our flagmen in
the fleet did not know which tacke lost the wind, or kept it, in the last
engagement. He says it was pure dismaying and fear that made
them all run upon the Galloper, not having their wits about them: and
that it was a miracle they were not all lost.”
From his entry made on October 20, 1666, we gather that the
“fleet was in such a condition, as to discipline, as if the Devil had
commanded it.... Enquiring how it came to pass that so many ships
had miscarried this year ... the pilots do say that they dare not do nor
go but as the Captains will have them, and if they offer to do
otherwise the Captains swear they will run them through. He [i.e.
Commissioner Middleton] says that he heard Captain Digby (my
Lord of Bristoll’s son, a young fellow that never was but one year, if
that, in the fleet) say that he did hope he should not see a tarpawlin
[i.e. a sailor] have the command of a ship within this twelve months.”
And again on October 28:
“Captain Guy to dine with me, and he and I much talk together. He
cries out on the discipline of the fleet, and confesses really that the
true English valour we talk of, is almost spent and worn out.”
It was Pepys who urged that ships should be built of greater
burden, stronger and beamier, for at that time the men-of-war
needed to be girdled round the hull. They were crank-sided, could
not well carry their guns on the upper decks, especially in bad
weather, and not enough room was left for the carrying of stores and
victuals. He gives the following comparison between the two
principal ships of the French, Dutch and English:
French
Soll Royall (more correctly Le Soleil Royal), 1940 tons.
Royall Lewis (Le Royal Louis), 1800 tons.
Besides these, two others were 140 feet long on the keel with 48
feet beam.
Dutch
The White Elephant, 1482 tons.
Golden Lion, 1477 tons.
The former was 131 feet long on the keel, the latter 130 feet. Both
had 46·9 feet beam, drew 19 feet 8 inches of water, and carried
three decks.
English
The Royal Charles, “with the girdling of 10 inches measure,” was
1531 tons.
The Prince (says Pepys) “is full as big now girdled and as long on
the gun-deck as the Charles, but having a long rake they measure
short on the keel or she would be 1520 tons.”
It must be observed in reference to the above figures that the
Dutch ships had a greater rake forward and would measure much
bigger, being very beamy. Pepys mentions that “the excellent French
and Dutch ships with two decks are more in number and much larger
than our third-rates.”
Fig. 66. H.M.S. “Royal George.” 100 Guns, 2047 Tons. Foundered in
1782.
Photo. S. Cribb.
Fig. 67. Nelson’s “Victory.” 2162 Tons. Built in 1765.