Carbon and Its Compounds

7
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS
te r
[ 2019 ]
e n
Short An sw er Type [I) Qu est ion s [2
Marks]
g C
ene and dra w its elec tron dot stru ctur
e.
in
l. Write the mo lecu lar form ula of eth [AI Allahabad]
c h H- C= C-H
a
Ans. Ethene(C:HJ: H I I
o
H H
C 0
eme nt
is an oxidation reaction." Justify this stat
4
2. "Conve rsion of etha nol to eth ano ic acid
a
mical reaction involved . [Al Utta rakb aod )
6
giving the rele van t equ atio n for the che
t
because
to eth anoic acid . It is oxidation reaction
e 8
Ans. Alkali ne KMnO4 oxidises ethan ol
e 0
oxyge n is being added.
G 195
0
Alkaline KMnO4 II
CH.1-C -O H + H 20
m
KMnO" is add ed dro p by dro p to war
7
pen s whe n 5% alk alin e solu tion of
3. What hap
e? Explain with the hel p or che mic al
9
propyl alco hol (pro pan ol) tak en in a test tub
[Al Ulla rakb and ]
equ atio n.
panoic acid .
Ans. Propyl alcohol gets oxidised to pro Alkaline KMnO4
CH 3CH2CH 20H + 2[ 0] - ---➔ CH 3CH 2COOH
Alkaline KMnO acts as oxidisin g agent.

4
s [3 Ma rks ]
Short An sw er Type [II) Question
list its
Wh at is a hom olo gou s seri es of car bon com pou nds ? Give an exa mp le and
4. [Al Alla hab ad)
thre e cha rac teri stic s.
al
seri es of org anic com pou nds hav ing same functional gro up and similar chemic
Ans. The
properties is called homologous series.
64 C hnptcrwise CBSE PYO~ (Science )-IO
CllJ, CHc=CH,. Ethcnc is first member or alkene series.

Characteristics:
(i) 11 has same general fo rmula, Crom which, all members can be derived.
(ii ) They have similar chemical properlics.
(iii) They have same general methods of preparalion.
s. Whal happens when 'X' reacts with H2 in presence of Ni or Pd to form 'Y'. 'Y' on
type of reaction is Y to 'Z'?
te r
rcaclion wilh chlorine in presence of sunlight gives 'Z'. Identify X, Y and Z. What
[CBSE ror Blind!
n
Ans. ·x is CH1 =CH2 (Ethene) 'Y ' is Ethane 'Z' is Chloroethane.
e
Ni
CH1 =C(\ + H2 CH3-CH,
C
or Pd
·x· Ethane (Y)
g
Sun
CH3-CH3 + Cl2 C2H5CI + HCI
in
ligh1
'Y Chloroethanc
h
·z·
c
·Y lo 'Z', reaction is called substitution reaction.
o a
6. (a) What are saturated hydrocarbons? Give one example.
(b) What happens when methane reacts with Cl1 in presence of sunlight? Write the
a C 4 0
chemical reactions and type of reaction. [COSE for Blind]
Ans. (a) Those hydrocarbons which have only single bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons,
e t 6
i.e. CH4 •
8
e
Sun
0
(b) CHJ + Cl2 CH3CI + HCI
ligh1
G 195
/11•
CH3CI + Cl2 CH,CI, + HCI
ltv
7
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCI_, + HCI
9
These are substitution reactions.
Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

{t>vrite the chemical formula and name of the compound which is the active ingredient
of all alcoholic drinks. List its two uses. Write chemical equation and name or the
product formed when this compound reacts \\ith - I Delhi I
(i) sodium metal
(ii) hot concentrated sulphuric acid.
Ans. CH 3CH20 H, Ethanol (IUPAC name), Ethyl alcohol (common name) is active ingredient
of all alcoholic drinks.
-
Carbon and its Compounds 65
7
• 11 is used in cough syrups and tonics.
• II is used as ant iscpt ic.
(i) 2CI (1CI 1:0 1I + 2Nn -.-► 2CI l 1CI 2
[ 0Na + 1-12
cone. 1-f 1SO ~ .
(ii) CH.1CH:OH heat , CH 2 =C I 12 + 1120
e. Name the type of bonds formed m
s. What is methane'! Draw its electron dot structur
this compound. \\'hy are such compounds:
r
(i) poor conductors of electricity? and
e
(ii) have low melting and boiling points?
What happen s when this compound burns
t
rDelhiJ
in OX)'gen?
,.\ns. ~lethanc (CHJ is saturated hydroca rbon
, first member of alkane series.
e n
C
H
I
i n g H-- r-H
H
c h
(i) Such compounds are poor conducto rs of
electricity because they do not form
o a
ions which can carry current.
(ii) They have low melting and boiling poin
ts due to wt:ak van der Waals' forces of
a C
attraction.
4 0
When this compou nd burns in air, CO2 and wat
er are prod uced.
e t 8 6
CH~(g) + 202(g) ~ C02(g) + 28i 0(f)
9. (a ) Distinguish between esterification and
saponification reactions with the help of
e 0
chemical equations for each.
G 195
(b) With a labelled diagram describe
ester.
in brief an activity to show the formation of an
[Uttarakhand; Panchkula 1
which carboxy lic acid react with alco hol in
7
Ans. (a) Esterification: It is the process in
y smelling compound called ester.
9
presence of cone. H~S04 to form a pleasant fruit
cone. H,SO.
CH-'C OO H + 2 5C H 0H · CH3COOC2H 5 + H 20
Saponification: It is the process in which ester
reacl with sodium hydroxide to fo rm
sodium salt of acid and alcohol.
CH.1 COOC2H5 + NaOH - ------4 CH3C00 Na
+ C2H50 H
(b) Aim :
. ethanol, acet ic acid, cone . H2SO~ ,
Materials Required : ~eaker, water, test tube
tripod stand, burn er. wire gauze, etc.
Method:
l. Take 2 ml of ethanol in a test tube .
2. Add 2 ml of ethanoic .icid (acetic ,1cid
) into it.
66 ('hnp1 ~"' l~C CBSI· P'I o~ ( 'Sr 1c 11c<.:)- IO
Icone. 11,SO 1.
• . Add le" drPJl' P
' 1
he ,1-t·, w 11111rni11g wa l er
4. \\'arm 11 111 • •
s. O h,t'f\l' lhl' ,111cll 11r tile rrocJucl~ fonn ed.
Test tullo
co1110111lng
◄ - Beaker
r
01honol ocollc
oc1d and cone
e
H,SO,
Woter
n t
e
◄- Wire gauze
g
- -M- -
C
Burner
h in
formation of esltr (clhyl ace1a1e)
c
Obsen ·ations: Pleasant frui ty smelling compound (called ester) is fo rmed.
o a
Chemical Reaction Involved :
cone. H:S0~
0
CH.COOCH,(/) + H2O(/)
C
. - .
4
Elhanoic acid Ethanol Erhyl c1hanoa1c Water
a 6
Conclusion : Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of cone. H 2SO,I' which acts
e t 8
as a dehydrating agent 10 form esters.
e 0
JO. What is difference between soaps and detergents'? State in brief the cleansing action
or soaps in removing an oily spots from the fabric. Why are soaps not effective when
G 195
a rabric is washing in hard water? How is this prohlem resolved? [Al Uttarnkhandl
Ans. • Difference hetween soaps and cleterj!ent s.
7
r-_ __ _ _ _S_oa....:p_s_ Detergents
9
(1) Soap~ are ~odium sails of fa11y ncids. (i) Detergents are sodium saltsofsulphonic
acids.
(ii ) Soap~ c.lo nol work well in hard w:11 er 1(ii) Detergents can work well in hard water
due 10 formati on of scum. also. so problem can be resolved by
using de tergent.
• Cleansing action of soap:
T~e carbon ~h~in of soap dissolves oil and ionic end dissolves in water to form
m1cels and oil 1s washed away.
COO-Na·
long hydrocarbon chain
polar end
(hydrophobic end)
(hydrophilic)
(water-repellenl)
(water -loving)
p
0 ©©0 0 Froo posillvo Na' ,ons

© I 00 I 0
© © +- Soap
0 ® solution
0 Highly negatively
0 - - 0 charged micelles
0 0 """,;vvo.,... ...,...,..,,..,,""""0 0 Hydrocarbon part
r
0 - -0 ---- 0
e
® 0 c ,,H)~COO- Na'
t
0 0
n
0 --.,_ ~ ©
0 1
00 0
e
I
©0 0®
C
soap to form precipitate called
• Hard wate r conta ins Ca + and MgH which react with
1
fabri c is washing in hard water.
g
scum that is why soaps are not effective when a
in
problem.
• Boiling hard water or using detergent can solve this
u. (a) What is hydrocarbon? Give one example.
c h
(b) Give the structural fonnula of saturated and unsaturat
ed hydrocarbons with two
a
examples of each.
o
(c) Write IUPAC names of the following:
0
0
C
0
II II
4
(iv) CHl OO H fAI PancblrulaJ
(i) CH30H (ii) CH3- C- H (iii) CH3- C-CH3
e t a
Ans. (a)
8 6
The compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarb
(b) Saturated hydrocarbons: They have single bonds
only.
ons. e.g. CHJ methane)
e 0
H H H
G 195
I I I
H-C -H H-C -C -H
I I I
H H H
7
Methane Ethane
9
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: They have double or triple
bonds.
H-C =C- H H-0 :=C -H
I I Ethyne
H H
Ethenc 0
II
(c) (i) CHP H is Meth anol. (ii) CH,- C-H is Ethanal.
~ (ii•) CH,COOH is Ethanoic acid.

(iii) CH,- C- CH, is Propanonc.
CH cation, nor C"'" amo· n but ,,,orm
12. (a) State the reason why carbon c~m neither form
why co· valent compounds (,-, are
. .the ..
co,·alenl bonds. Also state · in
reasons to expla
(11) have low mcltinu and 00·1 · ·
bad conductors of eleclric1ty • ~ 1 mg pomts.
(b) Write the structural formula or Benz

ene IAI ChandigarhJ
•
68 i1 c 11t· 1µv ,, 11t·r,lcd <.irhqn t
,\ I ,,c \ l' f\ 1111I"' 1 tlfl
H!'-. \a) t ,1tt1hn , 1 t,,,l I l·k, 111111 , 1l' 11 ' ' 11 ,i ld I ll c ll't11on, ( ,,rl>on c.,rn ,h
1 1111111 I 1111' 1,1fllllll tlrt
n,,, •~.1111 .J ch-1 11,,11, h •,,111,1t 1,•1111'111
t11111d,
11,,11 l'k\111111, h' 101111 11 ".1 1 • " 1icciu1 ,c rltcy J o no1 fo rm ici
I l11l'I I lt.•1 I I tl 11 ll
d,, 1H' 11 1' 11
\ ) t 111,,111 , ·,1m p P111hh 1 .. c k c 1n111,
111 ,1qm·11 11, ,11111111 111 •111d d,1 " ''' "·'' C 'l l dt1c 111 w c11I,. d c r Waal., fore
v :111
I I f1piltt11! 1111111 1' · c,
111) 1 h1 1 h,1\l' hm 11wlr 111 ~ .1 1 ., ~ fc,, c m: r~y ,~ 111.:t:d cd l o hrc,1k th
r
••
111
,tcl·u1r,. 11 111 · c
111
1
,1( ,1 111,h' l ltlll 11' (\\l
e
I
t
t,1 ,nd, II
I
n
C
"C-II
e
11 C 11
I
C
11- C c- 11
~
g
C
I
n
H
i
Bt•nzrnc
t.t
c h10) Orfinr 1hr H•nn isom rr.

( /ll T"o compounds h:l\'C' same molecular formula C.1H60 . Write the names of these
o a rompounds and their structurJI formula.

Crl Ho" " ould ~·ou bring about the folluwing conversions:
C 0
ti l Ethanol to Ethene (ii ) Propanol to propanoic acid. [Al Chandignrh)
4
fo rmula but diffe renl structural
a
(a) Those comrounds which has same mo lecul a r
t 6
formula Jrc called isome rs.
0
e 8
0
II
e
II
0
(hi CH -C-CH, (Propanone) Cl 11
-CH: -C- H (Propanal)
G 195
cnnc. I I.SO
It l 1,J CJI.CIJ .0 11
• I
CH.=CH. + H ,0
.!--lJ K
Lht;1nnl Et hi:ni:
7
0
II
9
K~lnO / KO ll
Cl l Cl l,Cll ,0 11 Clll -CH: -C- O H + H ,0
(11)
.\ Prc1p:1ru1ic .1r id
Pn1pan11I
( 2018 ]
Short Answer Type [IJ Questions [ 2 Marks]
'-'· A compound ·x·
c111 healing ,,ilh n· ees. ·s rnnc.
, s ul11lmric ,. ,. t .• • ~ L " •
unsaluraled comiwund •\ " ·X'. . . · ac lu a ....~., " gn•es 11n
• , .11so reacts \\llh so I'
·z·.
Jdcnfifr ·X' d •y· . ·z· \\ . < nun mceal to e,,olvc a colourless gas ·
. , •1n ~. nk lhc cc1mHio11 of ti , ·I • . . . .
of ·\n and a b o "Til t lht• roil' c>f • . '" c tcnucal renction of formation
· p1lllfH' aci,I
s 111 . ti1c rc.1ction.
" 111 [CBSEI
.-
'9
Carbon and its Compound~ 69
, · ,~ CH,CH20H (Et hyl alcohol). Its IUPAC numc is Ethanol.

ln~·
.y· is CH2= CH2, Ethenc
·z· is H: gas
Cone. H:SOJ act~ as dehydrating agent.
cone. H,SOJ
CH,CH~OH 443 K CH2= CH 2 + H20
2CH.CH,OH + 2Na --+ ZCH3CH20Na + H2
· · Sodium cthoxide
te r
n
,ort Answer Type [II] Questions [3 Marks]
e
l5. Ja{Wby are most carbon compounds poor conductors
of electricity?
C
(b) Write the name and structure of a saturated comp
ound in which the carbon atoms are
compound. (CBSEJ
arranged in a ring. Give the number ofsingle bonds present in this
.ns. (a) Carbon compounds are covalent in nat ure and do
in g not dissociate fo form ions

because of which they are poor conductor of electricity.
h
n atoms are arranged
(b) Cyclohexane is the saturated compound in which the carbo
in a ring.
ac
Co 0
t a 64
e e 08
G 195
Cyclohexane
Structural formula
9 7 Tt has 18 single bonds.
[ 2018 (Compartment) ]
hort Answer Type [I] Questions [2 Marks]

h type of comp ounds can be formed
16. Car bon has four electrons in its valence shell. Whic
of such compounds. [CBS []
by carbo n atom and why? Give any one example
\ ns. Refer to Ans. 12(a) .
H- C-H
1
Example: +
I
H
70 · ncc)- 10
Chapterwisc CBSE PYO~ (Scic
Short Answer Type [IIJ Questlons [3 Marks], table oil in the presence or nickel?
, ·s oclded lo 11 vcgc h · I .
17. What ha ppens when hydrogen 1 , , bc&wccn the P ysica property or the
Name the reaction an<I wn·1c, one difference . . . ,action. write
· the roeI of n Icke I •n
· this
•( btaincd Ill 1111s re
, •egeta ble oil and the prod uc O ICBS£1
r eaction. .
Ans. The reac1ion is called hydrogenation. R R
I I
r
R R N'
I I H-
e
I ~R-C-C-R
R- C=C- R + I I
t
2 /)
H H
n
. . table ghee is solid (Physical property.)
e
• Vegetable oil is l1qu1d whe reas vege
• Ni;kel acrs as catalyst in this reaction.
g C
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
,..
h
h I I formula of first two
in
members of homologous
.
seraes
.
havmg
c
18 Write t e mo ecu ar
1
a
-- functiona l group -Cl. [Delhi]
Ans. CH1CI and C,H5CI
_,
C o
19. Write the m~Jecular formula of first two members of homologous series having
0
functional group -Br. [Delhi]
a 4
Ans. CH3 Br and C2H5 Br.
t 6
20, Write the molecular formula of first two members of homologous series having
e 8
functional group -OH. [Delhi)
e 0
Ans. CH3OH and C2H,OH
G 195
21. Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and the 3n1 member of the homologous series
whose first member is methane. [All India!
0
Ans. C:H6 and C3 H8 are molecular form ula of 2° a nd 3 member of alkanes.
rd
9 7
22. Write the molecular form ula of the 2 nd and 3 rd member of the homologous series
whose first member is ethene.
Ans. C3 H6 and CJH8 are 2nd and 3rd member.
'23.
[All India]
Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and 3 rd member of the homologous series
where the first member is ethyne. [All lndial
Ans. C3 H4 and CJH6 are 2nd and 3r.i member of AJkynes.
Propyne J-Buryne
24. Writ~ the molecular form ula of the first two members of the homologous series having
functrnnaJ group -COOH. [Foreign]
Ans. HCOOH - Methanoic acid
CH3COOH - Ethanoic acid
"1

Who
fr lhe molecular formuln of lhc firs l two mem bers of the homologous series ~
_, \\'ri (Fo rt~t
O" ·J
\... func lion nl group is -C HO. tional
f the homologous seri es whose func
A••~· HC I 10 and CH 1C J10 arc the two me mb ers o
!!fl)Up is -C HO.
the molecular formula of the firs t two members of the homol'ogous series having
''- Writr
,: ''' \ [Foreign)
functional group f =0 .
CH3COCH2CH3
.~ns. CH,COCH1
r
Dura nonc
Prop.inonc
):=o.
are the first two members of the homolo
gous series having functional group
te
Short Answer Type [II] Question~ [3
Marks]
e
e the molecular formula C4 H3 and Cs1f12n
C
27. Two carbon com pou nds X and Y hav
se is mos t likely to show addjtion reaction? Justify
g
resp ectively. Wh ich one of the
ation to explain the process of addition
you r answer. AJso give the chemical equ
in
[DelbiJ
reaction in this case.
h
ble
n because it is unsaturated, i.e. it has a dou
Ans. ·X' (CJ8s) will show addition reactio
ac
bond e.g.
Ni
, - C~ -C 8i- CH2--C ~
o
Ci f: = CH -C 8i -C H3 + H2 -he -a
Butant:
0
Butene
C
\1/hen
a
a
4
mo lecule of f1i is add ed to uns atu
pou nd, this reaction is call ed addition reac
rate
tion.
d compound to fonn saturated com-
et 8 6
18. Com plete the following chemical equ
ations:
e 0 (i) CH3 COOC2H 5 + NaOH - ---+
G 195
(ii ) CH3COOH + NaOH - ~
(Delhi]
+ CH JCOOH
7
(iii) ClHSOH
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH - -+ CH3C0 0N a + C2H50 H
9
Ans. (i)
(ii) CH CO OH + NaOH CH3COONa + H10
1 Cone. H,SO~
+ CH COOH - ------➔ CH3COOC1H5 + H20
(iii) C H 0H 3
2 5
ations:
29. Com plete the following chemical equ
(i) CH COOH + Na 2C03
3
(ii) CH., + 0 2 [Delhi]

(iii) C H OH + Na - - +
2 5
COOH + Na 2C03 - - - - + 2CH3COONa
+ ~O + CO 2
Ans. (i) 2CH 3
(ii) CH + 20 2 - ~ CO2 + 2H 20
J
(iii) 2C H 0H + 2Na - - - - + 2C2H5
0N a + ~
2 5
•
72 Chapterwisc CBSE PYOs (Scicncc)- IO
-
30. 1wo carbon compounds X, .•1 nd Y have
•~
the molecular formula CJH, ao.d C4H 10 resa>ect~
• ddition reaction? Justify you . ti)_
Which one of th(' two is most hkely to show ,1 f dd·t· . r an~t
• 1 , the process o a 1 10n reaction in · 3
Also give the chemical et1uatrnn to exp om Ibis
case. . . . 1Dt1b11
Ans. Co m po und ·x·, i.e. C, H,, will show ad tll:n
reactio ns because It 1s unsat
d. ·d
hydrocarbon d ue to the presence o f double o n ·
uratC(I
_ __, CH 3-CIH-Cf½Br \
CH .I - C H =CH,• + Br2
Br
W he n a molecule is added to unsatu rate c
it is called addition reaction.
t r
d o mpound to form saturated compou d,
e
n
n
31. Complete the following chemical equations:
u> c 1 n ~oH + 0 2 ------t
(ii) ClH50H
Cone. H2SOJ
443 K
C e
Ans.
(iii) CH_
,COOH
(i) C 2H 50H
+ NaHC03
+ 30 2 - - 2C02
in g
+ 3H20
(Ddhij
h
Cone. H2SOJ
c
(ii) C2H 50H - - - - - K- ~ CH 2 =CH2 + H 20
a
443
+ NaHC0 3 - CH 3 C00Na + ~O + C0 1
o
(iii ) CH 3COOH -
Y ,write the structural formula of ethanol. What happens when it is heated with excess
a C 4 0
of cone. H2SO4 at 443 K? Write the chemical equation for the reaction stating the
role of cone. ff lso 4 in this reaction. [All IndiaI
e t H H
6
Ans. Structural fo rmula of ethanol CH ,CH.,OH is
8
J -
e 0
I I
G 195
H-C-C-OH
I I
H H
7
Ethene is fo rmed, when it is heated with cone. H SO at 443 K.
9
2 4
cone. H1SO
443 K ~
CH 3CH 20H CH2 = C8i + ~O
Cone. ~SO4 acts as dehydrating agent.
33.
~sti~g~ish bei:ween.esterification and saponification reactions with the help ofthe
c em1ca equataons for each. State one use of each (i) esters and (ii) saponification
process. ' l
[All India
Ans. Refer to Ans. 9 (a).
Uses: (i) Esters: They are used in cold d . k .
·,·) . . rm s, ice creams and perfumes.
(/ Sapomficahon: It is used fo r prepa t · f
ra ion o soap.
It
(':1rho n and its Compounds
73
flT' ,,·11111 h111>Pl'IIS wh,·11

chl•mkn l l't11111fio11 in t•i1l'h cnsc)
( ..'/ ("rift'
ttd dhanol is hurnf in nir'l
(/,) r thnnol is hcnfl•d nifh cxcrss con e. 11 1S0,. nl 443 K?
(d a pil'fl' of sodium is dro11pcd Into ethanol'! !All India!
:\n~. (,1) CO , :,ml 11:0 an: fnrmcd .

C}-f ~OI I + 302 -► 2CO 2 + 311 20
r
(/>) E1hcnL' is formed .
e
cone. 11 2SO4
CH2 = CH2 + H 20
t
C} l ~OH 44J
K
n
(c) Sl)dium cthoxid e and hydrogen gas is formed.
e
2C:H5OH + 2Na ~ 2C2H5ONa + H1
C
Explain cstcrification reaction with the help of a chemical equation. Describe an
rAJI India)
g
actiYit)' to show estcrification.
in
Ans. Refe r 10 Ans. 9 (b).
J6. Name two oxidisin g agents that are used for the conversion of alcohols to acids.
h
Distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of (a ) litmus test, and
c
(b) reaction wilh sodium hydrogen carbonate.
(Foreign)
o a
Ans. Acidified KMnO/ H 2so. (Potass ium permangnnate) and Acidified ~Cr20 / H2S0J
(Potassi um dichromate).
a C 4 0 Ethanol Efhanoic acid

(a) Litmus test: Blue litmus changes to red.
6
(a) Litmus test: No effect
e t 8
(h) NaHCO ., test: No effect (b) Na HCO) test: Brisk effervesce nce due to the
evolution of colourless odour less gas C0 1•
e
G 195 0
37. Explain, giving reason, why carbon neither forms ca cations nor c~ anions, but
forms covalent compounds which are bad conductors of electricity have low melting
point and low boiling point. (Foreign]
7
Ans. Refer to Ans. 12 (a).
9
38. Write the molecular formula of benzene and draw its structure. List in tabular
form the two properties in which covalent compounds differ from ionic compounds.
lForeignJ
Ans. C"H,, is molecul ar formula of benzeneH. Its structure is as

follows:
I
H-C
~c"C-H
11-J'\:)-H
I
H
-
74 Chan1ern 1'l' ( ' Ost : I)'\I 0 ' (S
, lll' lll'l'
) I()
I. ,
fo11k cofllJWtJlld o; 1
c, ciccrric.:1ry ,n 111o lrc11
Cm nh' nl rnm pon nd ~ 011 I ·
l ' \ co ll
(11 J f11 :, 11( 1 II 1 ·tti lll.' tlll ' -.u u11u 11 .
(11 ) fl w, d,, nnt rnnd11r t l'kr t1 ,nt, .
/) ' I .
, I ,I ( I.' 1
. "h me ltin g and hot lrngJ
f hcy l,uv c 1ll c-
(M rhn
p1,11H,
rol'arl>0
h,l\ l'
n1> '.'
h)\\ llll'ltllll!
\\'ri ll• rhc gc,u•ru

•
. 111d hnd lll>!
o1 ' ·
I rorm u 1ntru
,s
I ( 1
, I
JIOI II ~ -
• (') sn tura lcd hyd roc a rbo ns,
ctu re of o n e hyd roc arb on. of
ff"
.
-
\\l1 ac art' hHi 11

.. • I 1I '- uncl clraw ic ore1r,rnJ
and (11) unsalu rah•cl hJ (i,-o rar "' •
r
. re c·ill cd hyd roca rbo ns
r;1c h ~ pl'. . • . b
e
. 'rl H!Cn O il 1y .,
\ns. Com pou nd, (,,- c:11 ho11 :111lI I·. u ,f~s·11unir cd hyd roc.u on.
11\
t
. hyd roc a rbo ns.
., t ·: .. I r . l.i of unsa tura ted
(11) c. H. . ,, fl'n cr.i l lon nu gc11cr,1 ,or mu
n
J.) r 11 JC H . . rhc ,n.· H H
e
(1' \. • ,lll ..
H I I
C
H- C= C- 11
H- Cl-
H
Erhene ( unsa rurare<.J)
g
/
H
in
~lc:rhani: (:-atu rnced)
h
Marks]
lon g Answer Typ e Questions [5
c
ween the two.
es of salts. Sta te the difference bet
-'0. Soaps and deterge nts are both typ
a
form
g action of soaps. Why do soa ps not
WritP the mechan ism of the cleansin
o
to the
n any two problems that ari se due
lather (foam) uith hard water? Mentio
0
IDtlhiJ
C
use of detergents instead of soaps. Det ergents
4
fat ty acids huving -C OO Na gro up.
a
Soa p~ are !)Od ium or pot assi um sa lts of
-\ns. group.
ic acids hav ing -SO ;Na anc..l -S 0 4 Na
t 6
Jre sodium or pol<1ssium salts of sulphun
e 8
rop hobic
Cleansing Action ofSoap. Soaps consist
of a large hydrocarbon taiI which is hyd
e 0
a negatively cha rged head which
is hydrophilic
(\\tller-ha1ing or water repelling) with
G 195
(\\ arer-lo\ mg ) as shown in figu re.
coo·Na·
7
polar end
long hydrocarbon chain
(hydrophobic end ) (hyorophilic)
9
(water-repelle nt) (waler-lovrng)
I l •
When c1 .-.uap ,~ d,s..,olved in wa1cr· th c, mo ecu es ass.ociate together as clusters called
•. , . , I .
mice 11t!I m ii.hich. water mol ecules beinu ° po arm nJt ure . surround the ions and the
ln druc:;1 11 p .. rh, m t
t>1c,:u1c a11r,1cts grca:ie. oil and dir
1>0 1
<.: ·
· oluble compoun~~
• •
H;ud \~Jll'r h , r .. 111cl
i\f .
1
g 10
11~ whe n react with soap to
fo rm Jn\
.w1d !)OJ p gul , \\ -..1c
Disadl-a11tage3 of Detergent s
(~) De tergern , are cxpemi, e.
(11) M;1n_\' derer!!enh are b '/ied chain .
hd
.\ rocarb on "hi ch a re not hiode~- rada·
- ' JllL
b/e and ereare < w·uer pol l ·
ur ron .
Carbon and its Compounds
1
7s
? Write the ·general formula f
rhr arc certain compounds called hydrocarb.ons. I d. w the str t or
. lk nd a so ra uc ure of
11omologous
' series of nlkancs, a cnes and alkyncs a . that con\'erts alk
.
or
rhe tirst member of each series. Write the name the reaction
th necessary con
d't' enes
1 10ns for
into alkancs •md also write a cI1en11cal equation to show e [
• AH India)
the reaction 1o occur. hd b
:\O!i• Compounds which are made up of carbon and hydrogen only are called Y rocar ons.
General formuln of alkanes C,,H2,,+ 2, alkene C,,H21, and alkyne C,,Hz,,_z·
H
r
I
e
H-C- H: CHJ (Methane)
t
I
H
H H
I I
e n
C
H-C=C-H ; C2H4 (Ethene)
H- GC-H; C2H 2 (Ethyne)
are fi rst member of each series.
in g
Hydrogenation is a reaction by which alkenes can be converted into alkanes.
h
R R R R
a c ~ R-t-t-R
R-t=d-R+ 8i I I
o
(Alkene) heat
H H
C 0
(Alkane)
4
where R is alkyl group C,,H,,,+r
e t a 8 6 [ 2017 (Compartment) )
e
G 195 0
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 M~rk]
\4_.2. Write the molecular formula of (i) Methane and (ii) Ethanol. [Delhi}
7
Ans. (i) Methane - CHJ
9
(ii) Ethanol - C,H 50 H
Short Answer Type (II] Questions [3 Marks]

43. What is a homologous series of carbon compounds? List its any two characteristics.
Write the name and formula of next higher homologous of HCOOH. !Delhi]
Ans. Refer to Ans. 4.

Elhanoic acid (CH3COOH) is next higher homologous of HCOOH.
44. Wb~t are covalent compounds? How are they different from ionic compounds? List
any two properties of covalent compounds. [All India l
Ans. Covalent compounds: Those compounds in which elements shared electrons are called
covalent compounds.
7
76
Chapterwise CBSE PYQs (Scicncc)- 10
I . from one atom to another
on~c compounds are formed by complete transfer of electronsunds are insoluble inwate ·
1omc compounds are soluble in water whereas covalent compo r.
Pro_perties of covalent compounds: . d do not conduct electricity.
(1) They do not form ions in aqueous solu11on an
(ii) They have low melting and boiling points. 1e m. organic solvents. (any 1w )
...) • but solub o
"1\ (w They ore mostly insoluble m water O
f cone H2SO4 to forni
th a
-45J Ethanoic acid reacts with absolute ethanol in e presence •
compound. d to which this compound belong.

{i) Write the smell and class. of compoun sction and state the role of cone. "2S0
th
(ii ) Write the chemical equation for e rea
t
4
e r
n
t' n [AH Ind'
e
in the reaction. ia)
(iii) Write one use of the product of this reac 10 •
d b J g to 'Esters'.
C
Ans. (i) The compound forme e on
II has pleasant fruity smell.
g
cone. H,SO, CH COOC H + H 0
in
(ii) CH COOH + C1H50 H . 3 2 s· 2
3
cone. H,S0~ acts as dehydra ting agent.
c h
(iii)
It is used as a solvent in glues, nail polish removers and decaffei nating tea and
a
coffee.
o
It is used as solvent in printing to modify its drying rate.
C 0
Long > nswer Type Questions [5 Marks]
t
....
6 4
l-iJf (a) Write a chemical equation of each of the following types of chemical reactions or
a organic compounds.
e 8
(i) Oxidation reaction (ii) Addition reaction
e
G 195 0
(iii ) Substitution reaction
"43 K? Write the role of cone. H1SO~ in this reactit.n .

H SO at
(b) What is ethanol? What happens when it is heated with excess cone. 2 4
IDelhll
7
Ans. (a) (i) Oxidation reaction :
9
Alkaline
CH3CHpH + 2[01 KMnOJ
CH3COOH + H,O
Elhanol Ethanoic acid
(ii) Addition reaction:
Ni
CH1 = CH1 + H~ - - -K-
573
CH,-CH3
Ethene E1hane
(iii) Substitution reaction:
CH~ + CJ, Sunligh1
CH3CI + HCI
Melhane · Mctbvl
chloride
(b) Refer to Ans. 32.
( ·a, ho n and it11 Comro unth
17
unsaturnfed hydroca mo 0
l l Wrif{' 11 rh{'mirnl l{'SI co disfi111,:uish hclwccn snlurntI cd iundWr't
J7 tn ~am{' th{' products. form{'cl "hen cflmnc hurns ~ a r. h ·
•c c em,cal equatio n for
"·
· tM
thr reartion s howing ,·nrious ty11cs of energies hhernted.
r l Wrirr lhl' rt'itcfion brhn'cn 111cthnnc nnd chlorine in the presence of
sunlighL Wh
( is chis rl'Mfion considl•rcd :1 substitution reaction? IAII India~
• , 11 ) Add l3rnminc.: water. Satura ted hyurm:arbons will not react. Unsatu rated hydrocarbons
I I ·11 product
·.\n~. ' will dccolo urisc hrommc water 1ccausc t 1cse wr react to form additio n
·
r
which is colourl ess.
e
(I>) Carbon dioxide and water are formed.
2C:Hn + 70 : --> 4CO~ + 6H20 + heat + light
Heat and light energy will. be liberat ed.
n t
(r) CH, l~) + Cl: (g) Sunlight C~CI (g) + HCI (g)
C e
It is because hydrogen atom of methane gets substituted by chlorine atom to
form
.,
g
chloromct hane, therefo re, it is called substitution reactio n.
in
h
( 2016 ]
ac
o
48. Write the next homologue or each of the followin g: (Delhi]
C 0
(i ) ClHJ (ii) C486
H
4
Ans. (i) C3 H6 (ii) C5 8
t a 6
-49. Name the follo~i ng compounds:
e 8
ff
(Delhi I
e 0
(a) CH3-CH 2-0H, (b) CH- t =O
G 195
J
Ans. (a) Ethano l (b) Ethanal

[Delhi}
50. Select saturated hydrocarbons from the following:
7
CJH,, CSHIO, C4HIO' C,H14' CZHJ.
9
Ans. C/f 14 and C4 Hw are saturated hydrocarbons.
les.
SJ. Write the name and structure of an alcohol with three carbon atoms in its molecu
(All India I
H H H
Ans. H-1- ~-t- OH, Propanol.
I I I
H H H
52. Write the name and structure of an alcohol with four carbon atoms in its
molecule.
[All India ]
H H H H
Ans. H-t-~-6-6-0H,Butanol.
I I I I
H H H H
78 Chapterwise CBSE pyQs (Science)- 10
ith four carbon atoms in its mol..
. t c of an al dch Yd e W "CIJI.
Wntc the name and struc ur IAII lnd1a1
_t
HHH0
Ans. Butanal, H
-t-t-t-1-H
I I I
H H H . f catenation to maximum extent and Wh
O
Ji:;J. /Which element exhibits the prope• ty [Fore,gnJ
. f.
. , . ·t ng covalent bond.
Ans. Carbon because II ,orms s ro · formula of the fourth member of alkane
I I
.
te r
serie
n
55. Write the name and mo ecu ar s.
(Fortignj
Ans. C) l 11r Butane.

\\'hat is a homologous series of carbon compounds? .
56· . . ·f
C e . . IForeignl
ni·c coinpounds which have same functiona l group, s1m1lar chemical
g
Ans. It 1s serres o orga
in
properties.
57. Write th,~ molecular formula of alcohol which can be derived from Butane.
h
Ans. CJH~OH or CH3CH2CH 2CH20H.
ac
Short Answer Type [IJ Questions [2 Mark~]
o
58. What is a homologous series'? Write the name and draw the structure of the second
C 0
member of alkene series.
Ans. Homologous series is a series of organic co mpound having sa me functional group
t a 64
and similar chemical properties.
H H
e 8
I I
e 0
CH_,-CH=CH: or H-C-C= C-H Propc ne
I I ' '
G 195
H H
Short Answer Type [II] Questions [3 Marks]
7
· agent?· Wh at happens when an oxidising agent is added lo
59. What is an oxidising
9
propanol? Explain with the help of a chemical equation. [Delhil
Ans. Those .substances which add oxygen are called oxjdisino
0
.
agent f or example· AJkahnc
potassium permanga
. . na t e, ac1·d I•r·ied potassium dichromate, etc.
• ·
0 agent is add ed to propanal, propanoic acid is formed.

When an ox1d1sino
CH3C8iCH 0 H + 2[0] Alk. KMnO/ H 2SOJ

Propanol
2
CH3C8iCOOH + ~O
60. What are covalent c Propanoic acid
. ompounds? \Vhy are th d."' ? List
their three characteristic . ey 111erent from ionic compounds, ·
properties. !Otlbil
7
• . . f cone. I I1SO , a suhstance
,fhNl ethanol r~ncts with ethanoac acid III the r,rcscncc o · ,.
ti l. ,iit h fruity smell is produced. Answer the following: d b W.

til State.the class of compounds to which the fruity smelling compoun s eIong. rate
. and wnlc
the chemical equation fort I1c reaction . the chcm1.ca I n,,1meoftheproduct
formt•d.
(ii) Slate the role of cone. HlSO4 in this reaction.
I Delhi)
(i) Esters are the class of compounds wh ich have pleasant fruity smell.
C!HfOOH + C:H~OH Cone. Hiso4 CH COOC!H + H20
r
3 5
e
E1hanoie acid Ethanol Ethyl cthanoalc Wa1 er
in the reaction.
n t
tii) Cone. H:SOJ acts as dehydrating agent. It helps in removing water molecule fo rm ed
C e
62. Name the compound form~'.! when ethanol is heated in excess of cone. sulphuric acid at
+BK. Also \\Tile the chemical equation of the reaction stating the role of cone. sulphuric
g
acid in it. What would happen if hydrogen is added to the product of this reaction in
the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel?
in
(Delhi)
h
63. Write chemical equation of the reaction of etbanoic acid with the following:
c
(a) Sodium; (b) Sodium hydroxide; (c) Ethanol.
a
Wriie the name of one main product of each reaction. IAll India]
o
Ans. (a ) 2CH3COOH + 2Na ~ 2CH3COONa + H2
0
Sodium ethanoate
C 4
(b ) CH3COOH
a
+ NaOH ~ CH 3COONa + H2O
6
Sodium ethanoate
e t 8
(c) CH COOH + C2H50H Cone. H"so4 CH COOC H5 + H20
e 0
3 3 2
Ethyl ethanoate
G 19? 5 i
6.i. An aldehyde as well as ketone can be represented by the same molecular formula, say
C.1 H6 O. Write their structures and name them. State the relation between the two in
the language of science.
7
LAH India)
9
Ans. CH-CH
1 ;
- ~ -H (Aldehyde) CH3-C-CH 3 (Ketone)
- Propanal Propanonc
They are runctional isomers because they have same molecular formula but different
structural formula (functional group).
65. On dropping a small piece of sodium in a test tube containing carbon compound
'X' with molecular formula C2H60, a brisk effervescence is observed and a gas 'Y' is
produced. On bringing a burning splinter at the mouth of lhe test tube the gas evolved
burns with a pop sound. Identify ' X' and 'Y'. Also write the chemical equation for the
reaction. Write the name and structure of the product formed, when you heat 'X' with
excess cone. s ulphuric acid. IAll lndial
Ans. ·X' is ethanot. C/\O H
( scic rll'C)- l ()
•
80 Ch~r1crwi!-C ens,, ,,, (]., .
> c,l l~ON n +
s11diu lll I lydro!!c 11
2C . l l, 0 I I + :!N,, ,y •
1
1111111 E1l wx itlc
I rh.111111 "
• "
· sound .
•1, · ~
·\ , ,, wh ich bu rns w 11 1 po p
,1.
• , . .. I ,. I ,c.1 wi th co ne. H2S0
., .. ,, '"d r".;=c11 !!· . . :d when X 1s 1c ,r t..:
. , , 11 1, fo rrm
I 1h.1 11c. \. · , · i + 1120
(\111 l'll ,S0 1 • CJl ,= C"
r
• W11rc r
Cl I.C l 1.0 11 111-.11 J:rhcfll'
e
anoic acid i.
I 1h.1 111il
howing rhe .conversion of eth
t
. .
., . · '.l l rcncf wns. sal equation m each case. Write the narn' ~
n
fon•11f cIicmic, d
id an d so ium ethanoate inIew
rh re<' dif
66. Wr if<' \V ·r haf••mccd c fl
1iemac
e
an efh an oic ac
sodium {'f hanoarc. n c cts of1,er . • IAJI ~.' •
nd~J
' rracr:inr s and the pro du
C
IIH
2CH COONa + H,-
rnse. 1 c 11 CO O H + 2N"· - t
g
.
J Hydro gen
\ns. (t' ) - ;
Sour uni
in
OH ~ CH J COONa + W,;
H,0
tcr
(ii) Cl l ;C OO H + Na
h
· Sodium
hydrox ide
c
CH3C0 0N a + H20 + CO2
CI J;COOH + Na HC0 .1 ~
a
(iii ) Wat er Ca rbo n
lium So<
o
dioxid e
hydrogen carbona rc
0
hfd
C
ula r formu la of an org an ic co mp ou nd having its name suff
67. \\'rite fhc name and molec atiot
4
. Write ba lan ce d chemical equ
a
car bo n ato ms in its mo lec ule
nilh •of' and having two SO and
6
is he ate d with excess cone. H~• 4
t
ppen s wh en thi s co mp ou nd
to indicate what ha reaction.
8
the role of cone. H2SO., in the
e
pro duct for me d. Als o sta te
the na me of ma in
e
!Fompl
G 195 0
.-\.ns. Refer 10 An s. 32.
68. An organic com po und 'P' is a con sti tue nt of wine. 'P ' on rea cti ng wi th
so diu
acidified ~Crl
m is ad de d to 'Q ' a gas 'R' evo
lves
7
d 'Q '. Wh en a pie ce of
forms anoth er compoun ical equatiolll
P, Q and R and write the chem
9
with a pop so un d. Ide nti fy (fortipl
which burns
of the rea ctions im olved.
1
Ans. yl alcohol (C~H~OH) and 'Q ' is

ethanoic acid (CH3COOH ).
·p· is eih
nc. H1S0,
CH1CH~OH + 2{0 j ~Cr10 / Co CH3CO OH + H20
l:1lranoJ Ethanoic acid
·p· ·o·
2CH1COOH + 2Na ~ 2CH COONa + H
. . 3 2
0 Hydroge n
·R'
wit h ·pup'
·R' is hydroge n gas which burns sound .
Carbon und its Compoun c.h 81
present In
Drfinr the h'rm funl'tionnl J.:roup. Identify lhc functional group
t,'J. (
111
0 ·i- ?"
(i) 11-P-11 (ii) ll- ~-C =O
H
d drop by drop to warm
(h> What hnpprns when 5% ullrnline KMnO4 solution is adde
el h:rno l taken in a test tube? State the role of alkaline
KMnO 4 solution in this
[Foreign I
reaction,
r
large ly determine
(a) It is atomor group of atoms or reactive part of compound which
e
Ans.
t
1he chemical properties of compound.
0
n
II
e
(i) Mcthanal has aldehyde as - C-H functional group.
0
C
b 1· . II ional group.
(ii) Et I1ano1.c act'd as car oxy 1c acid -C- OH as funct
h
n g
(b) CH3C~O H
i
+ 2(0]
KMnO4/KOH
CH3COOH + 8i0
Alkaline KMn04 acts as oxidising agent.
c h
70. C3H6, C4ff8 and C5H10 belong to the same homologous serie
s.
a
(i) Define homologous series.
o
(ii) Why the melting and boiling points of C5Hwis highe
r than C4 H8?
0
boiling points.
C
(iii) Arrange these hydrocarbons in order of increasing
4
(i) Refer to Ans. 56.
a
Ans.
van der Waals' force of
6
(ii) It is because C5H10 has higher molecular weight, more
e t 8
attraction and higher boiling points and melting points than C4H8
.
e 0
(iii) C3H6 < C4H8 < C5H10 is increasing order of boiling point.
G 195
Under what conditions an oxidation reaction can be called
as combustion reaction?
71.
Illustrate your answer with examples.
n reaction. It is highly
When complete oxidation of fuel takes place, it is called combustio
7
Ans.
9
exoth ermic and generally accompanied by heat and light.
For example CH~(g) + 20 /g) ~ COig) + 2H2O(g)
en to form carbo n
This reaction is combustion beca use CH~ burns in excess of oxyg
dioxide and water.
72. (a) Give chemical tests to detect the presence of
(i) Ethanol (ii) Ethanoic acid
(b) Why ethanoic acid is called glacial acetic acid?
(a) Add sodium hydrogen carbo nate. Ethanol will not react
. Ethanoic acid will give
Ans.
brisk effervescence due to carbon dioxide.
(b) Pure ethanoic acid exist as solid like glaciers at 29 l K,
therefore, called Glacial
acetic acid.
82 Chapterwise C BSE PYO~ (Scie
.· ncc)- 10
L . [5 Marks]
ong Answer Type Questrons . . .. turatcd and unsaturated hydrocarbo
7 . . • , di.'ilinguish hclwccn s,i in air. Write the halanced chernj n,
3. (a) Gwr a chem1c·al1csl II . d •hen cl hanc burns . . l'herated CaJ
(h) N ti ·ocluds formc " 1 pcs of energies 1 •
ame_ ,c..p,_ 1l1t• r~·tclion stwwing Ihe, Y I i.nc in the presence of sunlight considereii
cquaflon 101 • • , d r I or
111
(c) Whr is n•aclion hctw(•cn mctlwnc · IDethi/
. . .,
a s11hstih1lio11 rcadwn.
Ans. (a) Refer Ill 1\11s . .n (a). . ,) + (ii 1,0
r
~ 4C 0 ,(.~ -
(h ) 2CH, + 70 , · . .· . Waler
e
• , 1
C11 lion d1PX I( t:
t
E1h:int: . . /Hit cner~y.
.. 1 ·is we 11 .is '-- '"'
It will lihcr,11c Ii c,l •· -
n
CH .Cl + HCI
Sunli,i:ht . . . .
(c) CHJ + Cl.• ---➔ • torn
e
· h c
of met an eoets substitu
.
ted by chlorine c1lom to forrn
It is because hydroge n ,1
C
ch loromctlwnc. . 'th excess cone. H,SO forms another carbon
dr
g
•p· on_ l~eatrni ~,
.\ ca rbon compound in the prese~ce nickel catalyst forms a
7-t ~om pound 'Q' which on add1twnoof y r,ogelne of''R' on combustion forms two molecules
n
d 'R' ne mo ecu
i
saturated carbon compoun · 1 f water: IdentifJ' P, Q and Rand write chemical
of carbon dioxide and three molecu.es o . !All India]
h
e ualions for the reactions involved.
c ·pq_1~
.' I (C, H,- OH) ·o·
1·(' cthenc rcH =CH,} and ' R' is e thane (C2HJ
a
.\ ns. eth.ino . ·" ' 2 -
Cone. H:S 0 - CH, = CH_, + !--L_O
o
.
CH.CH,OH - - _
Ethene
0
Etha ~ol
C
•p· ·o·
a 4
Ni
6
CI-t=CH, + H_ - > CHJ- CH1
t
E-thene - ·
8
Etha ne
e
' R'
e
'Q'
G 195 0 C/ l" + 2o, -➔

'R'
2 -
2CO.(g)
Carl;un
uioxitk
+ 3H:O (/)
Water
7
75.You have three unlabelled test tubes containing ethanol, ethanoic acid and soap
la)
9
solution. Explain the method you would use to identify the compounds in different
test tubes hy chemical tests using litmus paper and sodium metal.
(b J Give the reason of fo rma tion of scu m when soaps are used with hard water.
[Foreign I
Ans. (a) Ethanol will not he affected hy bl ue litmus as we ll as red litmus paper.
Ethanoic acid will turn blue litmus red whe reas red litmus will remain as it is.
Soap solution will turn red litmus blue but blue litmus will re main as it is. Sodium
mcuil will libe rate hydrogen gas with ethanol as well as eth anoic acid. Soap solution
will 110 { react with sodium metal.
2
(h) Ca + and Mg~.._pre~c~I in ha~d water rc<.1ct wi1h snap to fo m, calcium and magnesium
salt of fa t.ly acids which arc 1111,oluhle in w ~1tcr and form scum.
- I I I
-
Ca rbon and its Compounds 83
ell
soa p is add ed lo water? Will a mic e
micelles'! Why docs ii for m wh en ., St t . b . n h formation f
\ lhitl nrc
in oth er sol ven ts s uch as eth ano l als o . , ~• e rte y ow the o
76. \ •d . ii .t IForcig 1
I,c, fornu <'II) to clean the clot hes hav ing O Y spo s. n
-'~ 1• . ent s agg regate , th ey fo rm mic elle s
11.crll'
. Wh t.:n mo lec ula r ion s 1 11 soa ps and deterg . . ··
11
ch s
1 wa ter rep ella nt wh ere as
l\ ficcll<'!-
M•S· 1
,
·culcs have two end s, hydrocarbon end whi
1
sl1:•r. rtrl cwhi ch 1.s water lov ing.
1110 .
. .
'
tPll ll 1..,
hc 1·1yd rapho b'1c ' ta,·1· o f soap w1·11 not dissolve m water
\ VI tCtl ~ 1
.,r
1·s added to wa ter, t • • • •
water and hydrocarbon

I •
of wat er with mnic end m
. ·tp will alig n alo ng the surface
r
. .
.
i i Ill I ~ll,
cl uster of mo lecules call ed m1cell e.
e
·i:ii l' out tlf wat er by form mg
p will dissolve in eth anol.
t
nicc llc wil l not be formed in ethano l, as soa
. which is washe d away by wat er
n
Nl ), l ct) dir t, gre ase. oily spo t, etc
Micclle~ 1rap (a ttra
ion in water
e
the oily dir t is col lec ted at the cen tre of micells which forms an emuls
or
y dirt attached tu them.
C
:ind ( )l1 rin:-;ing the wa ter was hes awa
g
[ 2015 )
Very Short Answer Type Ques
h
tions [1 Mark]
in
mber of homologous series having gen
eral
c
nam e and for mu la of the 2nd me
77. Write the
a
!Delhi)
formula CnHln'
o
mcniut:r. Its name is ethene.
Ans. C/1~or CH2 =Cl12 is the first
0
member. Its nam e is propen e.
C
C1I I,. or CH 2=C H- CHJ is the second
4
s series having
of the second member of homologou
a
the nam e and for mu la
6
78. Wr ite
t
(Dc lhil
mu la C H
8
l for
e
era +2.
gen 0 211
formula C H~ 2•
of homologous series having genera l
•
0
er
e
ond me mb 11
0
Ans . C/ 1 ,, is eth ane, sec
ing
sec ond member of homolo~ous series hav
G 195
e and for mu la of the
79. Write the nam (Delhi!
general formula C0 H211_2•
s <;cries.
Ans. IIC= C- CH 1 , Propyne (C'
\HJ is second me mber of homologou
7
(All India l
num ber of cov ale nt bon ds in the mo lecule of ethane.
9- l-~-H
80. Write the
H H
H
Ans.
I I
H H
There arc 7 covale nt bonds.
C HK. [All India 1
Write the num ber of covalent bonds in the molecule of propane, 3
81.
H H H
Ans. H- t- t- ~ -H
I I I
H H H
The re are 10 covale nt bonds.
84
Chaprcrw,~c CBSI· "' o, 1Sc1l'llll' ) Ill
11111 1cculc of hut11nc, C II
82 . \\'rit<' lht· n11111ht·r of t·o , nlenl hon ds in ti,c ~ ,,.. I \ IJ 111,
II 11 11 If
ll <l l /
(I 11
I I I I
II II II II
,1k 11t homb.
Thc, c ,ire I \ l'll\
. . itlcd f:tl!, nrc chan~cd to saturated ft1t \ ,Hflfr
RJ. Nnmr thr 1n·orc~~ h_, nl11dt 1111 snlur
Ans. I l\d rogcnal1llll.
· ,. · , funcfional groups:
8-'. Wrilr thr 11:illlt' of t' 11d1 of the 1011 owing
(h) - C -
te r
n
(nl - 0 11
J is ke tone
\m,. (a) - OH 1:- .ilcohol
(h) - C -
l
C e
g molecula r formula of the first member of the homologous
SS. Write rhe n:rnir and str
i n
of alkyncs. Ir orri,
~"'· HC=CH(C.: HJ Erhync is the first member of alkynes.
c h
Short Answer Type [II] Questions [3 Marks]
o a
86. With the help of an example. expla in the process of hydrogen ation. Mention 1
essential conditions for the reaction and state the change in physical property wn
~
C 0
lhe fo rmation of the product. [Dtfr
t a 64
Ans. Hrdrogcna1ion is the process in which unsaturnred hydrocar bon like alkenes re
with hydrogen in presence of nickel as ca talyst to form saturated compoun ds.
e e 0 8 R,
'
/ R
Ni
H
I I R
R- C-C-
H
G 195
C=C + H -----,-- -
R/ "-R , heal I I
R R
(Unsaturat ed liquid) (Saturated solid)
9 7
87
The l1qu1d reactan t changes into solid product. Vegetab le oils are converted 111
\ i:gerable ghec by hydrogenation.
· \: hat _is th e difference between the molecules of soaps and detergents, chemical!)'
ExpJa,n the cleansing action of soaps. 11x1~
Ans. Soc1ps are ~odium or pot ·issi ·L . f .

'• • 1m sa1ts o 1o ng cha111 fatty acids.
For ext1mpk·• C11JIJ~COON a (Sodrum . s1carat c).
,
Dctergen!'I arc sodium or . ". . . . . . .,
The lrnve - SO . . pot,1ss1um ~.ilts of sul phornc acids of hc nzcnc llr alktn•
Y 1N.i or - SO~N:1 group.
~oups have hydroca rbon pan wh . 11 1. . . :,
where"~ - ( '()ON· . le ~ hydrophu h1 c.: and :111rac1s dirt. rrreese.
0
orl, e
" pan 1s hyd r I11·11 · . • f1'
the dirt illld on;c~e whi'cl 1 . ~>~ ic: which attracts wa te r. Hydrophobic pa
u-,
rt cnira
•~ w.ished ·1w-1y I1 · · rt
e- · ' • Y wa ter allractcd by hydroph tlhe pa ·
-
C:1rbon and its Compound1i 85
. 11 i~11u•nnt hy isomers'? Drmv Che structures of two Isom ers of hutane, C4H10· Exp1a1n
,
\ 1u '
k
S,til. series. IDrlhi J
,, h~ ,u· cnnnol 1m,•e isom ers of f~rsl three members of nl ane
but different structural
, 1in1t·r.- :in.: 1hose cnmrPunds which have snmc molecular formula
1
fill Jllll la,
CII ,
CH .
Cl I Cl t,CI !,Cl 13 and Cl l.1-t H- CI 11 are two isomers of 4 0
ing is not possible.
l'.'tH~icrs-:in: ;10, possible for first three members because branch
r
Wricc chc name and structural formula of the compound
obtained when ethanol is
e
S9. equation for the reaction
hl•atcd al -'·UK with excess of cone. H2SO~· Also write chemical
sta ring the role of cone. H1SO~ in it.
n t [Delhi)
Ans. Rckr lo
90. List two
Ans. 32.
C
tests for experimentally distinguishing between an alcohol and
ea carboxylic
[All India)
g
acid and describe how these tests are performed.
Add sodium hydrogen carbo nate to alcohol and a carboxylic
in
Ans. (i) NaHCO3 test:
wilJ give brisk
ncid separately. Alco hol will not react, whereas carboxylic acid
h
.
effervescence. Pass the gas through lime water. It will turn milky
c
(ii} Blue litmus test: Add a few drops of alcohol and solut
ion of carboxylic acid on
a
case of akohol.
blue litmus paper separately. Blue litmus will remain as it is in
C o
whereas it will turn red in carboxylic acid.
0
91. Draw the electron-dot structure for ethyne. A mixture
of ethyne and oxygen is burnt
a 4
for welding. In your opinion, why cannot we use a mixture
of ethyne and air for this
t 6
[AJI India]
e 8
purpose?
e
G 195 0 H-C ==C -H
Ethyn e and air will not produce enough heat due to incomplete
co~ bustion which can
be used for welding purpose. Ethyne and oxygen will produce lot of
heat due to complete
9 7comb ustio n which can be used for welding purposes.

92. What is meant by homologous series of carbon compound
carbon compounds into two homologous series and name them
s'! Classify the following
. [All India]
C H4 , C3H6, C4H6, C4 H8, C5H8, C5H10

3
functional group,
Homologo us series is series of organ ic compounds which have same
.
similar chemical properties but gradation in physical properties
Alk)'nt:
Alkl!ne~
C/1~ HC= C-CH, Propyne

C,Hb Propc ne CH,-CH= CH2
Cll,, HC= C-CH,-C HJ 1-Butync
CI 1-CH l-CHJ
C)-1~ I-Butene CH!=
•
Cll~ HD= C- CH1- CH 2- CH3 1-Pentyne

( -H .., 1 1-Pentene CH 1=CH- CH1-CH0-CH 1
--- _ .!., _ _ __
86
Chapterwise CBSF PYOs (Scicncc)- IO b · n which an add"t•
. f hydrocnr ons • 1 1011
8111 0
93 .\ I of n ch • d "f n for an addition reactj0
• Vnte the nnme nnd gcnernl forinu 11 . scnunl con 1 •0 11.
•i I Stntc the es . • ti1 name of the reactant and
reaction " i lh lwdroiicn is poss• >c. at ion giving · e
· . .1 I1cn1icn l cqu IAll lndi )
Sta ling lhis conclil ion. \\T tlc • r . . . a
• lky in which add 1t1o n reactio
lhe producl of the rcactwn. r · lkcnc and a ncs . n
Ans. C H, and C H , , arc genera l forn11'.l:'. tc>1 / I to unsatura ted hydrocarbo n (havmgdoublc
n .:n n n • JI •dn).gcll ,s ,1 c.cc.
with lwdrogcn i~ possible. ) . . k I ·is c·1talysl.
. ~ . - , , , ol n ic c < ~ < H l-1
or tnpk bond) 111 pn:~c ncc . I I
r
Nt ➔ H-C-C-H
e
H- C=C- 11 + 11:: hea l I I
t
l I H H
n
II Ii Ethane
e
E1hcnc •
• compounds and draw their electron-dot
I· of the foIIowmg
C
94. Write the molccul:ir formu ,1
st r uclU res: (,·,·1·) Ethyne [Foreionl
g
(ii) Ethene ""
(i) Ethane
in
H H
c h H-l-~-H
I I
HH
o a H H
a C 4 0
H-1=6-H
(1i) Ethene (C~HJ
et 8 6
e
G 195 0 (iii) Ethyne (C2Hi) H-0:=C- H ~
95. What is meant by functional group in carbon compounds? Write in tabular form tht
7
structural formula and the functional group present in the following compounds:
9
(i J Ethanol (ii) Ethanoic acid [Foreign!
Ans. Functional Group: An atom or group of atoms which determines chemical propertic)
of th e organic compounds is called functional group.
Ci) Ethanol (ii) Ethanoic acid

H H H 0
H-t-J:-0-
I I .. H
I I
H-C-C-OBI
H H I
H
0
Functional group - OH II
Functional gro up -C-OH
vis
Why homologous series of carbon compounds so called? Write the chemical formula
96. of two consecutive members of any homologous series and state the part of these
compounds that determines their () physical and (ii) chemical properties. (Foreign|
Ans.
ous series mneans members of same lamily bccause they have similar chemical
properties,
CHOHandCH,CH,O are twoConsecutivemembers of "alcohol' homologous series
Alkyl group determines physical propertics.
Functional group-OH determines chemical properites.
r
Write the name and structural formula of the compound formed when ethanol js heated
e
97.
at 443 K temperature with exCess of conc. H,SO, What is the role of conc. H,SO, in
this reaction? Also give the chemical equation for the reaction.
Refer to Ans. 32.
n t (Foreign)
e
Ans.
g C
98. Explain why carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bond. Explain in brief two
main reasons for carbon forminga large number of compounds. Why does carbon form
in
strong bonds with most other elements? [Delhi)
h
Ans. Carbon has atomic number 6. Its electronic configuration is 2, 4. It cannot lose four
c
electrons because very high energy is required to remove four electrons.
a
It cannot gain four electrons because 6 protons cannot hold 10 electrons.
o
.. Carbon can share four electrons forming four covalent bonds.
() Catenation: Carbon forms maximum number of compounds due to property of
a C 4 0
catenation (Self linking).
(ü) Tetra valency: Carbon can form four covalent bonds, therefore it forms a large
e t 8 6
number of compounds.
0somerism is aiso responsible for a large number of carbon compounds. Carbon is small
e 0
in size, therefore it forms strong bonds with most other elements. It can also form double
G 195
and triple bonds with some of elements which are very strong.
99. Both soap and detergent are same type of salts. What is the difference between them?
Describe in brief the cleansing action of soap. Why do soaps not form lather in hard
9 7
Ans.
water? List two problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.
Soaps Detergents
|All lndia]
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of Detergents are sodium or potassium salts
higher fatty acids. of sulphonic acids of benzene or alkene
type hydrocarbons.
Soaps have -COONa group. Detergents have -SO,Na or -S0, Na.
Soaps react with Ca'" and Mg²* ion present in hard water to form scum (calcium and
magnesium salt of fatty acids) and soap goes waste.
2 (i) Detergents are more expensive.
(iü) Some detergents are not biodegradable and create water pollution.
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88 Clhapterwise CBSE PYOs (Scicnce)-10
noble configuration by eithe
gaselectronic
100. Elements forming ionic compounds attain shells. Explain giving reason why carban
valence form its compounds. Name th
fromtheir manner to compounds
gaining or losing electrons
configuration in this the formed by carbon
cannot attain such a compounds andin are generally poor conductors at
type of bonds fornned in ionic carbon comnpounds
Also explain with reason
why
very high
amount of energy is [Foreign
required
clectricity. becaUSe
lose four clectrons cannol gain four elcctrons casily because
Ans. Carbon cannot clectrons. Carbon
r
to remove four
carbon can share four elo
e
clectrons.
cannothold 10
O protons electrovalent bonds, whereas
t
lonic compound form
bave :
n
to form covalent
bonds.
conductor of electricity because they do not
Carbon compounds are poorthe current.
in aqucous
solution to carry
2014
C e
Short Answer Type [] Questions
[3 Marks]
in gin a carbon compound. Write the functionsl
h
101. State the meaning of the functional group also draw their structpoe
group present in (i) ethanol and (ii) ethanoic acid and
ac atoms that is bonded to a carbon

(Delbi)
chain. :
o
Ans. Functional group is an atom or group of
defines the chemical property of the organic compound.
C 0 Group Structure
4
H H
e t a 8 6
(i) Ethanol = Hydroxy (-OH) H C -OH
e 0
H H
G 195
H
(ü) Ethanoic acid = Carboxylic acid (-COOH) H -OH
7
H
102. Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which an addition
9 reaction with hydrogen can take place. Stating the essential conditions required for
an addition reaction to occur write the
Ans. Name and general formula of the chains of

chemical equation giving the name of the
reactant and the product of such a reaction.
[Delhil
with hydrogen: hydrocarbons undergoing addition reaction
Alkene CH,
Alkyne CH.
Essential conditions required for an
(a) Multiple bonds must be present addition reaction to occur:
(b) Addition of between carbon atoms in the chain of
hydrogen hydrocarb
nickel or platinum. should be carried out in the presence of catalyst
sue
Chemical Equations:
Ni or P. CH,-CH,
CH,=CH, + H,
Ethane
Ethene
CH=CH + 2H, Nior Pl. CH,-CH,
Ethane
Ethyne
are they prepared? List two uses of esters. [Delhil
r
103 What are esters? How
e
Esters are organic
compounds (R- -CO0-R') formed by a reaction between an
t
Ans. and in the
acid
alcohol (R-OH) and an organic acid (R-COOH), i.e. carboxylic
n
conc. H,SO, with water as a by-product. Esters are used
presence of a catalyst like
e
products,
10 make perfumes and soap. They are als0 USed to produce pharmaceutical
C
cOsmetics. plasticizers and detergents.
Write the formula
g
14. State the meaning of the functional group in an organic compound.
of the functional group present in alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
hi n [Delhi]
Ans. Functional group is an atom or group of atoms or reactions part of the compound
c
which determines chemical properties of compound.
o a
Alcohol -OH
a C
Aldehyde
4 0 -C-H
e t 8 6
e 0
Carboxylic acid -OH
G 195 Ketones
7
molecular formula
105. What are homologous series of carbon compounds? Write the
9
State which part of
of two consecutive members of homologous series of aldehydes.
properties.
these compounds determines their (i) physical and (ii) chemical
[AII India]
Ans. A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for
hydrogen
They differ
in a carbon chain is called a homologous series of carbon compounds.chain.
from each other by the number of -CH, units in the main carbon
Molecular formula of two consecutive members of homologous series of aldehydes:
CH-CHO and CH,-CH,-CHO
Alkyl group -CH, and CH,CH, part determines physical properties while the
functional group CHO determines chemical properties.
90 (Science)-10
Chapterwise CBSE PYQs an
C,H,0,) reacts with
106. Apresence of an
carboxylic acidacid molecular
catalyst to formula
form a compound 'X. The alcohol alcohol
in th.
on oxidation
WIth alkaline KMn0,followed by acidification gives the same carboxylic acid
carboxylic acid. (ii)
the name and structure of () alcohol and
,H,0,. Write [AIl India)
(iii) the compound X.
Ans. Given:
H’ X
r
C,H,0, + RCH,OH
e
KMnO, ’ CH,0,
RCH,OH
t
H*
n
Chemical reactions involved:
CH,CO0C,H, + H,0
e
H+
CH,COOH + C,H,OH
(X)
C
(C,H,0.) (Alcohol)
Ethyl ethanoate
Ethanoic acid Ethanol
g
KMnO, ’ CH,COOH
C,H,OH
in
H Ethanoic acid
Ethanol
() The carboxylic acid involved the reaction is ethanoic acid (CH,COOH).
h
(i) The alcohol involved in the reactionis ethanol (CH,CH,OH),
c
(üi) X is the ester formed by the condensation of acetic acid and ethanol and i.
o a ethyl ethanoate (CH,CO0C,H,).

107. What is meant by homologous series of carbon compounds? Write the general formula
C 0
of (i) alkenes, and (i)alkynes. Draw the structures of the first member of each series
a 4
to show the bonding between the two carbon atoms. [AIl India
t 6
Ans. The series of chemical compounds having same functional group and similar chemical
e 8
properties is called homologous series. Each member differs from successive member
e 0
by -CH,- group.
G 195
The general formula of
(i) alkenes is C,H,, and (ii)
alkynes is CH
First member of alkenes is C,H, (ethene) and alkyne is C,H,
(ethyne). Their structures
7
are shown below:
9
H H
H C-H
Ethene H-C=C-H
108. Define the term Ethyne
'structural isomerism'. Explain why propane
property. Draw the structures of possible isomers of cannot exhibit tns
Ans. The phenomenon in which butane, C,H.. [AII India)
compounds have
structures are called structural isomerism. same molecular formula but differeu
Lower alkanes till propane do
not show
chain structure to exhibit isomerism. They cannot have a branched
C,H are: isomerism. The structures of possible isomers of butas
H H H
H
H-H OR CH,-CH H, 3
H H
CH,
H- -H
CH-CH,-CH,-CH, 2-Methylpropane
H
Butane C,H,
Isobutane CH0
r
What are isomers? Why can't we have isomers of first three members of alkane
e
series? Draw the possible structures of isomers of butane, CH. (Foreign]
Refer to Ans. 108.
n t
e
Write the chemical equations to show what happens when
(i) an ester reacts with a base?
(i) methane is treated with chlorine in the presence of sunlight?
g C
(ii) ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of sulphuric acid? [Foreign]
(i) R
h
OR' + NaOH ’R
in
-ONa +R-HO
c
.
Ester Sodium Sodium (alcohol)
a
hydroxide carboxylate
o
Or
C 0
NaOH
CH,CO0C,H, CH,COONa + C,H,0H
t a 6
(i) CH, + CI,
4 Sunlight ’ CH,CI+ HCI
e 8
Reaction does not stop here and all the hydrogen in the methane can in turn
e 0
be replaced by chlorine atoms.
G 195
Sunlight
CH,Cl + CI, ’CH,CI, + HCI
CH,CI, + Cl, Sunlight’ CHCI, + HCI
9 7 CHCI, + CI,
Sunlight
(ii) C,H,OH + CH,COOH H,SO, ’ CH,CO0C,H, + H,0

CCI, + HCI
Ethanol Ethanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate

1. Write the respective chemical equations to show what happens when
() methane is burned in presence of oxygen?
(ii) ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K?
(iüi) ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid acting as a catalyst?
[Foreign]
S. (i) CH, + 20, ’ 2H,0 + CO,
CO, and water is formed.
(Science)-10
92 Chapterwise CBSE PYOs
CH,=CH, + H,O
Hot conc. H,SO,
Lon
Ethene
(ii) CH,CH,OH regarded as dehydrating agent whick 113
can be
sulphuric acid
The concentratcd
removCs water
from cthanol. CH,-C-0CH,CH, + H,0
Acid , Water
+ CH,CH,OH An
(m) CH,COOH Ethanol
r
Ethyl ethanoate
Ethanoic acid
e
substances. ethanol is heated
t
smelling
Esters are swect
explain what happens when with
chemical equation to permanganate. Mention two physical properties and
en
l12. Write the
potassium
alkaline solution of
cthanol. [Foreign
C
two uses of alkaline KMnO, CH,COOH + H,0
2/0]
g
Ans. C.H,OH +
Ethanoic acid
it is added to ethanol and heat.,
n
colour. So when
Alkaline KMnO, is dark pink in disappears. When excess of KMn0, is added k
h i
the pink colour of the solution indicating that all the ethanol has been converted
pink colour does not disappear,
1
c
to cthanoic acid.
a
in water in all proportions. As it is
Ethanol will evaporate quickly. It is also soluble make paints, coatings, adhesives
C
a
o
good solvent, it is used in medicines. It is uscd to
etc.
0 different oxidations of ethanol.
4
113. Write chemical equations to describe two examples of
a
A
t 6
List two uses of ethanol. [Foreignl
e 8
Ans. CH,CH,OH + (O] ’ CH,CHO + H,0
e 0
CH,CHO + [0] ’ CH,COOH
G 195
Uses of ethanol:
(i) Used as a solvent in the manufacture of varnishes and perfumes.
(i) Used as apreservative for biological specimens.
7
114. Write the chemical equations to show what happens when
9 (i) sodium hydroxide is added to ethanoic acid?

(ii) solid sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to
(iii) ethanol reacts with sodium?
ethanoic acid?
[Foreigdl
Ans. (i)) NaOH + CH,COOH
Sodium Acetic acid
CH,COONa + H,0
Sodium Water
hydroxide
acetate
(i) CH,COOH + NaHCO,
Ethanoic acid ’ CH,COONa + H,0 + CO,
Sodium hydrogen Sodium ethanoate Water Carbon dioxide
carbonate
(üi) 2Na + 2CH,CH,OH
Sodium Ethanol
’ 2CH,CH,0 Na + H,
Sodium ethoxide
Hydrogen
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Answer Type
Questions [5 Marks]
Long carbon can ncither form C* cations nor C anions, but forms
State the reason why
115. compounds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent compounds:
covalent electricity?
conductors of
() are bad boiling points?
i) have low melting and
[Delhi)
carbon is six. This means that it has four clectrons in its outermost
Atomic number of
Ans. lll and it necds four more clectrons to attain noble gas clectronic configuration.
form C+ cation, as the removal of four valence electrons will require a
r
It does not protons and two clectrons.
e
huoe amount of energy. The cation Tormed will have six
anion as its nucleus with
t
This makes it highly unstable. Carbon is unable to form Ch
iv nrotons will not be able to hold ten electrons. Thus, carbon achieves noble gas
e
electronic configuration by sharing its four clectrons with other elements,
covalent compounds. n i.e. it forms
C
lack of ions.
(i) Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity due to intermolecular
g
(ii) Covalent compounds are formed by covalent bonds and the
forces of attraction in these compounds are weak. Thus, their melting and
boiling points are quite low.
h
116. Elements forming ionic compounds attain noble gas in configuration by either gaining
c
reason to explain why carbon
or losing electrons from their outermost shells. Give
a
form its compounds. Name
cannot attain noble gas configuration in this manner to
o
the compounds formed by
the type of bonds formed in ionic compounds and in
C 0
generally p0or conductors of
carbon. Also give reason why carbon compounds are
4
[All India]
a
electricity. in its
is 6. This means that it has 4 electrons
t 6
Ans. The atomic number of carbon
to attain noble gas electronic
e 8
outermost shell and it needs 4 more electrons removal of 4 valence electrons
e 0
the
configuration. It cannot form C+ cation, as
cation formed has 6 protons and
G 195
huge amount of energy. The
requires a cannot form Ct anion, as its nucleus
This makes it highly unstable. Carbon
2electrons. electronic
protons cannot hold 10 electrons. Thus, carbon achieves noble gas
with 6 otherelements, i.e. it forms covalent compounds.
7 configuration bysharing its 4electronswith covalent

formed; while in carbon compounds,
9
compounds, ionic bonds are conductors
In ionic are covalent in nature, they are bad
bonds are formed. Carbon compounds
of clectricity because they
lack free electrons and ions
for carbon forming a large number of compounds. Name the type of
117. List two reasons compounds. Why does carbon form compounds mainly
bonding found in mnost of its
by this kind of bonding: compounds
Give reason why the carbon
melting and boiling points,
(i) generally have low in molten state? JAIlIndia)
electricity
(ii) do not conduct are:
Ans. Two reasons for carbon
forming alarge number of compounds
(a) Tetravalency
(b) Property of catenation.
Sho.
OWe1
(Science)-10
94 CBSE PYOs
Chapterwisc contiguration bysharing itsfour
electrons with
other clement
Carbon attains nobel gas
compounds.
1.e. itforms covalent boiling points due to weak
compounds have low melting and van de:
() Carbon
attraction.
Waals' forces of clectricity as they are non-polar and do
do not conduct no
(n) Carbon compounds
ions in molten state.
118. What form
are hydrocarbons? Distinguish alkanes from alkenes and each of them from
r
structure of each compound
example of each. Draw the cited a
te
alkynes, giving one
Ans. example is your
to justify
Ahvdrocartbon answer.compound made of carbon and hydrogen atoms, only
an organic [Foreign
n
Saturated hydrocarbons have as many hydrogen atoms as possibly attached to ever
hydrocarbons have double and/or triple bonds between e

carbon. They have only single bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Unsaturated
C
some of the carbon at
joining the carbon at
g
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have single covalent bonds examal
in
Molecular formula, C,H,.,, Where n is the number of carbon atoms. For
propane (C,H).
h
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have one or more C==Cbonds. General formul.
c
CH,, which is two hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkane. For examnle
a
o
propene (CH).
Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have one or more-C=C bonds. Molecular
a C 4 0
formula- C,H,, which is four hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkane.
For example. propyne (C,H,).
e t 8 6 H H H H H H H
e
G 195
H
0 H
H HH
Propane Propene
H
H-C=C--H
H
Propyne
9 7
Short Answer Type [1]
2013
19.
Questions [3 Marks]
Write the name and the
is heated at 443 K structural formula of the compound formed when ethanol
with excess of conc.
reaction. Write H,SO,, State the role of conc. H,SO, inthi
Ans. Refer to Ans. 32. chemical equation for the reaction. (Delhi]
120. Why
of twohomologous series of carbon compounds are so called? Write
consecutive members of a chemical formuls
compounds that determines their (i) homologous series and state the part of these
physical , and (ii) chemical properties
properties, (Delhil
The series consists of members of same family with similar physical and chemical
homologous series.
Ans.
properties, therefore, called
() CH,0H
(i) CH,CH, 1,0H are two consecutive members of homologous series.
Alkyl group CH,- and CH,CH,- part determines physical properties.
Functional group -OH determines chemical propertics of the compounds.
the oxidising agent used for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid.
r
121. Name
Distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of () litmus test, (i)
reaction with sodium carbonate.
te
Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate may be used as
[Delhi]
n
Rs
e
oxidising agents for the conversion of ethanol to ethanojc acid.
C
() Ethanol will not afect litmus paper.
Ethanoic acid will turn blue litmus paper red.
(i) Ethanol will not react with sodium carbonate.
in g
Ethanoic acid will give brisk effervescence due to colourless, odourless carbon
h
dioxide gas.
c
122 (a) Differentiate between alkanes and alkenes. Name and draw the structure of one
a
member of each. (Delhi, AllIndia]
C o
(b) Alkanes generally burn with clean flame Why?
0
Ans. (a) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons and contain single bonds only,
e.g.
4
H
et a 8 6
H -H
e 0
H
G 195
Methane
bonds, e.g.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons having double or triple
H H
7
-H
9
Ethene
hydrogen and less percentage of carbon,
(b) Alkanes have higher percentage of
therefore, they burn with clear flame.
123. What happens when:
(a) ethanol is burnt in air,
conc. HH,SO, at 443 K,
(6) ethanol is heated with excess (Delhi]
dropped into ethanol?
(c) a piece of sodium is produced.
Heat and light is
Ans. (a) CO, and H,0 are formed.
C,H,OH + 30, ’ 2C0, + 3H,0
(b) Refer to Ans. 32.
ethoxide is formed.
(c) Hydrogen gas and sodium
2C,H,OH + 2Na ’ 2C,H,ONa + H,
Shot on OnePlus
(Science)-10
96 Chapterwise CBSE PYQs
presence of
an alcohol in the
C,H,0, reacts with
124. Acarboxylic acid alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMn0, followed by
HSO,
o forn
givesthe same
compound acidifical,
carboxylic acid, C,H,0,, Writethe name and. structure of (i) carbox
X. The
alcohol and (iii) the compound X.

acid, (ii)
ethanoic acid.
Ans. (i) CH,COOH is
Ethanoic acid
te r
(i) CH,CH,OH is ethanol.
(ii) 'X' is CH,CO0C,H,
(ethyl ethanoate).
e n
CH,
g
oc C
n
Ethyl ethanoate
i
have isomers of first three members of alle
125. What is meant by isomers? "We cannot
the structures of two isomer.
h
series." Give reason to justify this statement. Draw
c
[All Indi.
pentane, CH
a
which have same molecular formula and differer:
Ans. Isomers are those compounds
o
structural formula.
C 0
Two isomers of pentane are:
In first three members of alkane series, branching is not possible, therefore, isomer
t a 6 4
are not possible.
CH-CH,-CH,-CH-CH, H,-(H-H, CH,
e e 0 8 CH,
Pentane
G 195
2-methyl butane
126. (a) Distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of (i) litmus test.
(ü) reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate.
9 7
Ans. (a)
(b) Name the oxidising agents used in the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid.
JAll India
() Ethanol is neutral to blue litmus whereas ethanojc acid turns blue litmus
red.
(ü) Ethanol does not react with sodium hydrogen carbonate whereas whet
ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate, brisk effervescenct
is seen due to the production of carbon dioxide gas.
(b) The oxidising agents used in the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid are alkalin:
KMnO, or acidified K,Cr,0,.
127. What is meant by functional group in an organic compound? State in tab,
form the structural formula and the functional groups present in (i) ethanol and
(ii) ethanoic acid. |Foreignl
128. Tivo carbon compounds Pand Qhave thei molecular formula C,H, and CH, respectively.
Which one of the two is most likely to show addition reaction? Justify your answer.
chemical equation to explain the process of addition reaction in this
Also give the
Case. [Foreign|
C,H, is likely to show addition rcaction because it has double bond.
Ans.
Addition Reaction:
Ni
CH,=CH-CH, + H, Heat CH,-CH,-CH,
Propene Propane
20 What are functional groups? write the formula of the functional group present in
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
Ans. Refer to Ans,
104.
te
130 Write the structural formula of ethanol and list its two physical properties. Whatr
[Foreign]
conc. H,S0, in the reaction.

e n
happens when it is heated with excess of conc. H,sO, at 433 K? State the role of
[Foreign]
C
Ans. CH-CH,-0H is structural formula of ethanol.
g
Physical properties:
o t is aliquid with specific smell. (i) It is soluble in water.
in
Refer to Ans. 32.
h
(i) It is a liquid with specific smell. (i) It is soluble water.
ac
-ong Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]
131. (a) Define the term 'isomers'.
C o
(b) Draw two possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C,H,0 and
0
write their names.
a 4
(c) Give the electron-dot structures of the above two compounds. [Delhi)
e t 8 6
ans. (a) somers are those compounds which have same molecular formula and different
structural formula.
G e 5 0
(b) CH,-CH,- -H and CH,--CH,
(=) (==719
Propanal Propanone
H :0: H
9
H :0:
H
(c) (HC (:)H H
H H
Propanal Propanone
. An organic compound X' on heating with conc. H,SO, forms a compound Y which
on addition of one molecule of hydrogen in the presence of nickel forms a compound
Z. One molecule of compound 2 on combustion forms two molecules of CO, and
three molecules of H,0. Identify giving reasons the compounds X, Y and Z. Write
the chemical equations for all the chemical reactions involved. [AllIndia]
(Science)-10
98 CBSE PYQs
Chapterwise Yis
ethene(CH.=CH,) and Z is ethane.
Ans. X* isethanol(C.H-OH),
133. AcarbonAns.
compoundX
74. turns blue litmus to red and has a molecular formula CHO,
Kefer to
Write chemical equation for the reaction and name
structure.
Identify Nand draw its each case when X reacts with
formed in
of the product conc. H,SO,
(a) ethanol in the presence of
Ans.
(b) sodium carbonate.
X is ethanoic acid.
te r (Foreiga
Its structure is CH,
(a) CH,COOH + C,H,OH
-OH.
e
conc. H,S0,. CHCOOCH, + H,0
n
C
Ethyl ethanoate water
Ethanoic acid Ethanol
2CH,COONa + H,0 + CO,
g
+ Na,CO,
(b) 2CH,COOH Sodium Sodium ethanoate Water Carbon
in
carbonate
Ethanoic acid dioxide
hydrogen carbonate a salt X is fores
h
ethanoic acid reacts with sodium
134. When activity and draw the diagram ot
c
along with a gas Y. Name X and Y. Describe an wit.
Y is one which you have named. Also
a
the apparatus used to prove that the gasinvolved.
o
the chemical equation for the
reactions [Foreiga)
Ans. X* is sodium ethanoate. Y' is carbon dioxide gas.
a C 4 0
Aim: To demonstrate the reaction of carboxylic acid with sodium carbonate and
sodium hydrogen carbonate.
e t 8 6
Materials Required: Ethanoic acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate,
lime water
e
G 195 0
Cork
Stand
Carbon Lime water
7
dioxide
9
gas
Ethanoic acid
Sodium
carbonate
Evolution of carbon
of ethanoic acid with dioxide gas by reaction
sodium hydrogen carbonate
Procedure:
1. Set the apparatus as
2. Take 1g of
shown in diagram.
3. Pass the gas
NaHCO, and add 2 ml of ethanoic acid into it.
formed through lime water and note down
4. Repeat the same the observations.
procedure for sodium carbonate and record your observatio
effervescence due to carbon dioxide formed which turns lime

Observation: Brisk
water milky.
Chemical Reaction:
CH,COONa + H,0 + CO,
CH,COOH () + NaHCO, ’
+ H,0 + CO,
CH,COOH () + Na,CO, (s) ’ 2CH,COONa H,0
+
Ca(OH), (aq) + CO, (g) ’ CaCO, (s) Water
r
Carbon dioxide (White ppt.)
e
Lime water
with sodium hydrogen carbonate to liberate Co,
t
Carboxylic acid reacts
Conclusion: C
n
water milky.
gas which turns limne
e
forms covalent
why carbon neither forms C* cations nor C anions, but
E Give reason electricity and have low melting and low
C
omnounds which are bad conductors of
[Foreign]
g
boiling points.
n
Ans. 115.
i
Ans. Refer to
h
2012
ac
Very Short Answer Type
Questions [1 Mark]
o
following organic compounds:
136. Name the functional group present in each of the
C 0
[Delhi]
) C,H,CI (i) C,H,0H
Ans.
t a 64
(i) (-CI) Halogen (Chloro)
(i) (-OH) Alcohol
e e 0 8
137. Name the functional group present in each of the
(iü) C,H,CHO
following compounds:
[Delhi]
G 195
(i) HCOOH
Ans. (i) -COOH (Carboxylic acid)
(ü) -CHO (Aldehyde)
7
compounds:
138. Name the functional group present in each of the following organic
9 () CH,COCH,
(i) C,H,COOH [Delhi)
Ans. () Ketone (-C-)

(ii) Carboxylic acid (-COOH)
139, Write the name and formula of the second member of the carbon compounds having
functional groupOH. [(All India]
Ans. CH,-CH,-OH, H-CC OH

Ethanol
(Science)-10
first member of the series of carbon compound
formula of the
140. Write the name and [AIl India
having functional group -CH0.
Ans.
HCHO, H- H
Methanal member of the carbon compounds
141. Write the name and
formula
functional group -COOH.
of the first
having
IAII India, Foreign
H-C-OH
te r
n
Ans. HCOOH.
e
Methanoic acid
member of the series of carbon compoun4.
142, Write the name and formula of the 2nd
whose general formula is C,H,. ,OH.
Ans. Ethanol, C,H,OH or
CH,CH,OH
g C (Foreign)
in
series of carbon compounds
143. Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of the
h
whose general formula is CH,,. [Foreign)
c
Ans. CH,, H,C=CH--CH,
a
Propane is second member of series whose general formula is C,H,..
C o
Short Answer Type [ll] Questions [3 Marks]
0
a 4
144. What are isomers? Draw the structures of two isomers of butane, CH,, Why can't
t 6
we have isomers of first three members of alkane series? (Delhil
e 8
e
G 195
Ans.
0
145. Define homologous series of organic compounds. List its two characteristics. Write
the name and formula of the first member of the series of alkenes.
Refer to Ans. 4.
[Delhi]
7
C,H. CH,=CH,, Ethene is first member of alkene series.
9 Each member differs from successive member by-CH,- group. The

molecular weight between two successive members is 14 u.
146. Complete the following equations:
difference n
(i) CH, + 0,
Hot Conc. H,S0,
(i) C,H,OH
(ii) CH,COOH + NaOH
[Delhi)
Ans. (i) CH,(g) + 20,(g) ’
CO,(g) + 2H,0(/)
Hot Conc.
(ü) C,H,OH
(ii) CH,COOH + H,SO4, CH,=CH, + H,0
NaOH’ CH,COONa + H,0
Rowel
by homologous series of organic compounds? Write the
chemical
Whatis ofmeant
formula two connsecutive members of a homologous series and state the part of
147.
compounds that determines their (i) physical properties, and (ii) chemical
these
properties. |AlIndia)
to Ans. 120.
Ans. Reler
Name the oxidising agent used for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid.
148. and ethanoic acid on the basis of (i) litmus test, (üi)
Distinguish between ethanol
hydrogencarbonate. [AIl India]
reaction with sodium
r
Ans. 121.
e
Ans. Refer to
between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds
t
Distinguish esters and (ii)
with the help of the chemical equation for each. What is the use of ()
149.
saponification process?
Ans. Refer to Ans. 9
(a) and 33.
e n
[Foreign]
C
chemical reaction
How are esters most commonly prepared? Write the equation for the
g
150.
involved. What are the two uses of esters? [Foreign]
in
alcohol in the presence of
Ans. Esters are prepared by reaction of carboxylic acid and
conc. H,SO,.
c h CH,COOH + C,H,0H
Conc. H,SO,
’ CH,COOC,H, + H,0
a
Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate Water
C o
Esters are used in cold drinks, ice creams and perfumes.
0
a 4
151. What is the difference between the chemical composition of
t 6
soaps and detergents?
8
from a shirt. Why are
e
State in brief the action of soaps in removing an oily spot
e 0
is hard? [Delhi]
soaps not considered suitable for washing where water
G 195
List in tabular form three physical and two chemical properties on the basis of which
152. differentiated. [Delhi]
7
ethanol and ethanoic acid can be
9
Ans. Physical properties:
Ethanol
1. It has specific smell.

Ethanoic acid
1. It has vinegar like smell.

2. It is sour in taste.
2. It has burning taste.
winters. 3. It freezes in winters.
3. Itdoes not freeze in
Chemical properties:
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
NaHCO,. 1. It gives CO, with NaHCO,.
1. It does not react with
2. It burns with blue flame. 2. It does not burn with blue flame.
litmus.
It does not affect blue 3. It turns blue litmus red.
ho n nel.
DwerL. ple
102 Chapterwise CBSE PYOs(Science)10
and general formula of (i))
153. What are Write the name
structuresaturate,
hydrocarbons?
unsaturated hydrocarbons, and draw the of one
hydrocarbons, (i) type. How can an unsaturated hydrocarbon be made saturate
hydrocarbon of f each
called hydrocarbons.
[AII India
Ans. carbon and hydrogen atoms only are
Compounds of
Alkanes, C,H,. are saturated
hydrocarbons.
() H
H-C-H
H
te r
Methane
(Saturated hydrocarbon)
e
are unsaturated hydrocarbons. n
C
(i) Alkenes, C_H, and Alkynes, C_H,,
g
H H
in
H-=-H H-C=C-H
h
Ethene Ethyne
(Unsaturated hydrocarbon)
c
(Unsaturated hydrocarbon)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be made saturated by hydrogenation.
o a H H H H
C 0
H- =-H + H, NH
Heat
-H
a 4
Ethene
H H
t 6
(Unsaturated hydrocarbon) Ethane
e 8
(Saturated hydrocarbon)
e 0
154. What are detergents chemically? List twO merits and two demerits of using detergents
G 195
for cleansing. State the reason for the suitability of detergents for washing, even in
the case of water having calcium and magnesium ions. [All India]
Ans. Detergents chemically are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acid of benzene or
7
alkene.
9
Merits:
(i) They work well with hard water.
(iü) They are more effective than soaps.
Demerits:
(i) They are expensive.
(ii) Some of them having branching are non-biodegradable, therefore create water
pollution.
Detergents are suitable for hard water having Ca? and Mg+ jons because they do
not form insoluble salts with Mg and Ca²* ions.
155. (a) With the help of a suitable example,
explain the
mentioning the conditions of the reaction and anyprocess
one
of hydrogenatiou
change in phystca
property with the formation of the product.
(b) How does asaturated hydrocarbon react with chlorine? Write chemical equation
and why?
for it. What type of reaction is it called (Foreign|
86.
(a) Refer to Ans,
Ans.
(6) Saturated hydrocarbon reacts with chlorine in presence of sunlight to form
haloalkanes.
CH, + CI, Sunligh, CH,CI + HCI
Methane Chlorine Chloromethane Hydrogen
r
chloride
e
It is called substitution reaction because one atom is replaced by another atom.
t
by soaps.
What are soaps and detergents chemically? Explain the action of cleaning
n
156. detergents.
State the reason why we can waslh our clothes even in hard water using
e
(Foreign]
C

2011
in g
c h
157. How many covalent bonds are there in a molecule of ethane (C,H)? (Delhi]
a
Ans. There are 7 covalent bonds in a molecule of ethane.
o
158, Write the electron dot structure of ethene molecule (C,H). (Delhi]
Ans.
a C 4 0 CH, =CH,
t 6
H H) H H
e 8
Ethene
e 0
159. Write the electron dot structure of ethane molecule (C,H). (Delhi)
G 195
H
Ans. (HCOCO H) H-C-¢H CH,-CH,
7
H H
9
Ethane
160. Draw the structure of butanone molecule, CH,COC,H, |AlI India)
H O H H
Ans. -H
-H H H
Butanone
161. Draw the structure for ethanoic acid molecule, CH,C0OH. |AIl lndia]
Ans. CH-OH is structural formula of ethanoic acid.

(Scicnce)-10
|All India, Foreign
molecule,
C,H,CHO.
hexanal
162. Draw the structure ofthe
H
H H H
HH
H O CH-CH,-CH-CH-CH,--H
Ans.
H
H H H H
Hexanal (CH,CHO) Name the functional group
molecule compound.
r
carbon per
a four
|Foreign)
e
165. Butanone is
t
present in it.
n [Foreign|
Ans. Ketone
e
following compound:
164. Name the H H H H
g C
in
H H H H
name of the compound.

Ans. 1-Hexyne is 1UPAC
c h
Slhort Answer Type []
Questions [3 Marks]
a 'esterification' reaction? Describe an activity to show esterification.[Delbil
o
165. What is an
Ans. Refer to Ans. 9 (b).
C 0
weak acid and why? Describe an activity
166. Out of HCl and CH,COOH, which one is a
4
[Delbi]
a
to support your answer.
t 6
Acetic acid (CH,COOH) is a weaker acid because it does not dissociate
completely
e 8
Ans.
into its ions in aqueous solution.
e
G 195 0
Activity: Add zinc metal in HCl and CH,COOH respectively. The hydrogen gas will
be evolved faster in HCI and slowly in CH,COOH. It shows acetic acid is a weak
acid.
7
Alternative Method:
9
If we use pHpaper, the colour of pH paper will be dark red in HCI and light red in
CH,COOH which shows HCl is a strong acid and CH,COOH is a weak acid.
167. Write one chemical equation to represent each of the following types of reactions of
organic substances:
(i) Esterification (üi) Saponification (iii) Substitution (Delhi)
Ans. () Esterification:
Conc. HSO
CH,COOH + CH,OH ’
ü)
CH,COOCH, + H.0
Saponification: CH,COOC,H, + NaOH ’ CH,COONa + C,H,OH
(iii) Substitution: CH, + CI Sunlight
’ CH,CI+ HCI
Writechemical equations for what happens when
added to ethanoic acid.
I68. ià sodium metal is to ethanoic acid.
solid sodium carbonate is added
dilute
acid reacts with a solution of sodium hydroxide. |AIl India)
(ii) etthanoic evolved.
(i) H. gas is ’ 2CH,COONa + H,
Ans. 2CH,COOH + 2Na
Ethanoic acid Sodium ethanoate Hydrogen
carbon dioxide gas is formed.
() Brisk effervescence due to
2CH,CO0H + Na,C0,
Ethanoic acid Sodium
’ 2CH,COONa + Co,‘ + H0
Sodium Carbon
t
dioxide
e r Water
n
carbonate ethanoate
e
and water are formed.
(iüi) Sodium ethanoate CH,COONa + H,0
CH,COOH + NaOH(il.) ’
Ethanoic acid Sodium
bydroxide
Sodium
g
ethanoate
C
Water
in
different oxidations of ethanol. Name the products obtained
169. Describe two examples of [AlI India]
h
in each case.
copper at 573 K, ethanal is formed.
c
(i) When ethanol is heated with
a
Ans.
o
CH,CH,0H
Cu
+ CH,- H+ H,
0
573K
C
Ethanal
Ethanol
4
(Acetr'dehyde)
potassium permanganate solution,
a
alkaline
6
oxidised with
t
(ü) When ethanol is
e 8
ethanoic acid is formed.
e 0
Alkaline CH,--OH + H0
G 195
CH,CH,0H + 2[0] KMnO4 Ethanoic acid
Ethanol
to represent the following types of chemical
equation in each case
170. Write a chemical
9 7reactions of organic compounds:

(i) Oxidation reactions
(ii) Addition reactions
(iii) Substitution reactions
[Foreign]
characteristics.
Ans. Refer to Ans. 46 (a). compounds? List any two of its
homologous series of and what
171, (a) What is a homologue of C,H,OH? What its formula
(b) Whatis the next higher [Foreign]
is it called?
Ans. (a) Refer to Ans. 4. homologue of C,H,OH.
(b) C,H,OH is next formula.
CH,CH,CH,CH,0H is structural
1-Butanol.
Its IUPAC name
106 (Science)-10
Chapterwise CBSE PYOs
Long Answer Questions (5 Marks]

Type form,
(a) In tabular differentiate between ethanol and ethanoic acid under the
172.
following heads:
(ii) Taste
(i) Physical state
(iv) Ester test
(ii) NaHCO, test
ethanol.
a chemical reaction to show the dehydration of [Delhi)
(b) Write
r
Ethanol
Ethanoic acid
e
Ans. (a) Properties
t
with specific smell. It is also liquid with vinegar
() Physical state It is liquid
n
|like smell.
e
It has burning taste. It has sour taste.
(i) Taste
C
|It gives brisk effervescence due
(ü) NaHCO, test It does not react with sodium hy to CO,
g
drogen carbonate.
in
() Ester test Add acetic acid and conc. H,SO,, Add ethyl alcohol and conc.
pleasant fruity smelling compound, H,SO, pleasant fruity smelling
h
ester is formed. compound, ester is formed.
ac
(b) CH,CH,0H
Conc. H,SO,
CH,=CH, + H,0
o
443 K
Ethanol Ethene
C 0
173. (a) What is a soap? Why are soaps not suitable for washing clothes when the water
t a 64
is hard?
(b) Explain the action of soap in removing an oily spot from a piece of cloth.
e e 0 8
(a) Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids.
[Delhil
G 195
Ans.
Soap reacts with Ca?* and Mg' present in hard water to form scum.
(b) Soap has hydrophobic part which attracts dirt, oil and greese whereas hydrophillic
7
part attracts water and dirt, greese, oil is washed away.
9
174. (a) State two properties of carbon which lead to a very large number of carbon
compounds.
(b) Why does micelle formation take place when soap is
added to water? Why art
micelles not formed when soap is added to ethanol? [AIl Indial
Ans. (u) (i) Catenation (ü) Tetravalency
(b) It is because a large number of molecular
ions of soaps get aggregated and torl
colloidal solution. Soap has hydrophobic tail (hydrocarbon) which
hydrocarbon part and hydrophilic part dissolves in water. Ethanol is dissolves
solvent therefore micelles are not non-pod
formed because
towards ethanol and ionic end will not dissolve inhydrocarbon part gets attract
alcohol.
State any four characteristics of isomers. Draw the structures
Explainisomerism. (AII India)
175. possible isomers of butane, C,H,,
of phenomenon due to which some compounds have same molecular
Isomerismis a
structural formulae.
formula but different
Ans.
Characteristics:
structural formula.
(i) They differ in melting point.
r
(ii) They differ
point.
e
(iii) They differ in boiling
t
in same solvent.
(i) They differ in solubility
n
butane, C,H..
There are two isomers of
e
(i) CH-CH,-CH, CH,
C
n-Butane
g
(ii) CHÇH-CH,
in
H,
2-Methylpropane
c h
176. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Element carbon forms compounds mainly by
covalent bonding.
o a
(ii) Diamond has a high melting point.
(iii) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
C 0
(iv) Acetylene burns with a sooty flame.
while cooking oils do. (Foreign]
4
(v) Kerosene does not decolourise bromine water
Ans.
e t a 6
it cannot gain or lose four
(i) It is because carbon has four valence electrons,only share four electrons.
8
electrons because high energy is needed. It can structure of diamond.
e 0
compact
(ii) It is due to strong covalent bonds and carbon is linked
graphite because each
G 195
(ii) It is due to presence of free electrons in
to three more carbon atoms.
it burns with sooty or smoky flame.
(iv) It is due to high percentage of carbon,
hydrocarbons therefore does not decolourise
7
(v) Kerosene oil is mixture of saturated
9
bromine water.
177. (a) What is a detergent? Name one detergent.
using detergents over soaps.
(b) Write two advantages and two disadvantages of
clothes even in hard water? |Foreign)
(c) Why, by using a detergent, can we wash acids of benzene or
Ans, (a) Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic
hydrocarbons of alkene type. Sodium lauryl sulphate.
(b) Advantage: (i)) They are more ctfective than soaps.
(ii) They can work well even with hard water.
Disadvantages: (i) They are expensive.
(ii) Some of them are non-biodegradable and create water
pollution.
(c) Detergents do not form insoluble compound with Ca'* and Mg'* present in hard
water.
(Science)-10
108 PYOs
Chapterwise C CBSE
2010
Questions [1 Mark] when put together give rise to large

Very Short Answer Type features of carbonwhich
178. State two
characteristic |Delhij
number of carbon
compounds. Tetravalency of carbon
(ü) (Foreign|
Ans. (i) Catenation chloroethane.
formula of
r
structural
1/9, Write the
e
HH
Ans. CH,CHClor Hc a
n t
e
H H
[U] Questions [2 Marks] compound having its name
C
Short Answer Type an organic
formula of
name and molecular
180. Write the molecule. With the help of a
carbon atoms in the
g
having two excess of
suffixed with -ol' and happens when it is heated with
in
indicate what
balanced chemical equation [AIl India)
conc. H,SO,. structural formula is CH,CH,OH
h
molecular formula is C,H,0
Ans. It is ethanol, its
c
heated with conc. HSO,.
Ethanol forms ethene, when
o a
CH,CH,0H
Conc. H,SO. CH,=CH, + H,0
heat
C 0
Ethene
Ethanol
compounds having functional
4
and molecular formula of two organic
a
181. Write the names
balanced chemical equation and
6
group suffixed as -oic acid'. With the help of a
e t 8
explain what happens when any one of them reacts with
sodium hydroxide. [AlI
e 0
India]
formula is HCOOH.
Ans. Methanoic acid, its molecular formula is CH,0,. Structural
G 195
Ethanoic acid, its molecular formula is C,H,0,. Structural formula is CH,COOH.
When acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, its sodium salt and water is formed.
7
CH,COOH + NaOH CH,CO0Na + H,0
9
Ethanoic acid Sodium ethanoate Water
182. What is a homologous series? Which two of the following organic compounds belong
to the same homologous series? [AIl India)
c,H, C,H,0, C,H,0, CH,0.
Ans. Homologous series is a series of organic compounds which have same
functional
group and similar chemical properties. Each member of this series differs by
-CH, in its molecular formula and 14 u in its molecular mass.
C,H,0(C,H,OH) and CH,0
183. With the help of a suitable (CH,OH) belong to same homologous series.
example explain in brief the process of
mentioning the conditions for the reaction
of substances which and also state any one hydrogenatou
changes due to physical proper
Ans. Refer to Ans, 86. hydrogenation. [Foreiga]
Answer Type [1] Questions (3 Marks]
Short
Nanethe functional
group of organic compounds that can be hydrogenated. With the
I84. ofsuitable.example explain the process of hydrogenation mentioningthe conditions
help renction
and any one change in physical property with the formation of the
ofthe
product. Name any one natural source of organic compounds that are hydrogenated.
[Delhi)
bond = arc functional groups (reactive part of compounds)
Double bond=, triple
which can be hydrogenated.
Ans.
Refer to Ans. 86.

An ester has
the
te r
molecular formula C,H,0,, Write its structural formula. What
n
I8$.
bonnens when this ester is heated in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution?
is a saponification
reaction?
e
Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and name the products. What
C
[AII India]
g
ns There are three possible structural formulae of ester with molecular formula C,H,0.
in
CH,CH,CO0CH, HCO0CH,CH,CH, CH,CO0C,H,
CH,CH,COOCH, + NaOH
h
’ CH,CH,COONa + CH,OH
c
Methyl propanoate Sodium propanoate Methanol
a
(CH,0,)
o
Or
0
HCOOCH,CH,CH, + NaOH ’ HCOONa + CH,CH,CH,OH
C
1-Propanol
4
Propyl methanoate Sodium methanoate
e t a 8 6
(CH0,) Or
e
C,H,OH
0
CH,CO0C,H, + NaOH ’ CH,COONa
Ethanol
G 195
Ethyl ethanoate Sodium ethanoate
(C,H0) with sodium hydroxide to

Saponification is the process in which an ester is treated
7
formed.
form sodium salt of acid and alcohol is
9 organic compound 'A' is an essential constituent of wine and beer. Oxidation of

186. An
yields an organic acid B which is present in vinegar. Name the compounds A'
'A' What happens when A' and B react in
and B' and write their structural formula.
chemical equation for the reaction.
the presence of an acid catalyst? Write the [AIl India)
constituent of wine and beer and Bis
Ans. 'A' is ethanol (C,H,OH) which is essential vinegar.
acetic acid (CH,COOH) which is present in
Alkaline KMnO,
CH,CH,OH + 2(0] Oxidation
-- CH,COOH H0
(Present in wine Acetic acid
and beer) (Present in vincgar)
B
A
(Science)-10
110 PYOs ethyl
Chapterwise CBSE
react in the
presence of an acid
catalyst, ethanoate is formed
Aand B + C,H,OH)
When CHCOOH() Conc. IH,SO CH,CO0C,H,() + H,0()
A happens when it is heated with
B
properties. What play in this
187.
State its two
What is ethanol?H,S0, at 443 K? What role
does conc. H,S0, reaction?
formula of
involved and the structural the
excess of conc. equation of the reaction [AIIIndial
Write chemical
r
main product formed.
e
C,H,OH.
t
Ans. Ethanol is (ü) It is soluble in water. uet
(i) It has specific
smell. ethene is formed along
n
conc. H,SO,,
with exceSs of
When ethanol is heated
water.
CH,CH,OH
Ethanol
Conc.443 H,SO,
K
CH.=CH, + HO
Ethene
C e Water
g
agent.
Conc. H,SO, acts as dehydrating
h
Structural formula of ethene is
H- == -H.
in
equations explain what happens when
ethanol is
c
the help of balanced chemical
I88. With permanganate, (ii) excess concentrated
o a
heated with (i) alkaline solution of potassium
sulphuric acid at 443 K. Mention any two
uses of ethanol. [Foreign)
0
acid.
(i) Ethanol gets oxidised to ethanoic
C
Ans.
4
Alkaline KMnO, - CH,COOH + H,0
a
CH,CH,0H + 2(0]
t 6
Ethanoic acid
Ethanol
e e 0 8
(ii) Ethene will be formed.
CH,=CH, Cone. H,SO. + HO
G 195
CH,CH,OH 443 K
Ethanol Ethene
Uses:
7
() It is used in tonics and cough syrups. (i) It is used as fuel.
(iv) It is used in wine, beer and whisky.
9
(iüi) It is used as solvent.
(any wo)
189. What is a homologous series? Write the molecular formula of the fourth and fith
member of the homologous series of carbon compounds represented by the general
formula C,H,,. OH. Mention any two characteristics of the compounds of a homologous
series. [Foreigo)
Ans. Homologous series is series of organic compound having same functional group and
similar chemical properties.
General formula: CH,.OH
C,H,0H is molecular formula of fourth member.
CH,,OH is molecular formula of fifth member.
Characteristics: 1. They are soluble in water.
2. They have specific smell and burning taste.

Carbon and Its Compounds

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Carbon and Its Compounds

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7

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Alkaline KMnO acts as oxidisin g agent.

CllJ, CHc=CH,. Ethcnc is first member or alkene series.

type of reaction is Y to 'Z'?

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Carbon and its Compounds 67

0 ©©0 0 Froo posillvo Na' ,ons

fabri c is washing in hard water.

~ (ii•) CH,COOH is Ethanoic acid.

(b) Write the structural formula or Benz

c h10) Orfinr 1hr H•nn isom rr.

o a rompounds and their structurJI formula.

Carbon and its Compound~ 69

, · ,~ CH,CH20H (Et hyl alcohol). Its IUPAC numc is Ethanol.

in g not dissociate fo form ions

9 7 Tt has 18 single bonds.

hort Answer Type [I] Questions [2 Marks]

Carbon and its Compounds 71

e 0 (i) CH3 COOC2H 5 + NaOH - ---+

(ii) CH., + 0 2 [Delhi]

flT' ,,·11111 h111>Pl'IIS wh,·11

:\n~. (,1) CO , :,ml 11:0 an: fnrmcd .

a C 4 0 Ethanol Efhanoic acid

Ans. C"H,, is molecul ar formula of benzeneH. Its structure is as

\\'ri ll• rhc gc,u•ru

\\l1 ac art' hHi 11

Short Answer Type (II] Questions [3 Marks]

Ans. Refer to Ans. 4.

compound. d to which this compound belong.

"43 K? Write the role of cone. H1SO~ in this reactit.n .

Ans. (a) Ethano l (b) Ethanal

Ans. C) l 11r Butane.

Short Answer Type [II] Questions [3 Marks]

0 agent is add ed to propanal, propanoic acid is formed.

CH3C8iCH 0 H + 2[0] Alk. KMnO/ H 2SOJ

ti l. ,iit h fruity smell is produced. Answer the following: d b W.

C!HfOOH + C:H~OH Cone. Hiso4 CH COOC!H + H20

Ans. yl alcohol (C~H~OH) and 'Q ' is

Cone. H:S 0 - CH, = CH_, + !--L_O

G 195 0 C/ l" + 2o, -➔

water and hydrocarbon

Very Short Answer Type Ques

Ans. Soc1ps are ~odium or pot ·issi ·L . f .

9 7comb ustio n which can be used for welding purposes.

C H4 , C3H6, C4H6, C4 H8, C5H8, C5H10

C/1~ HC= C-CH, Propyne

Cll~ HD= C- CH1- CH 2- CH3 1-Pentyne

st r uclU res: (,·,·1·) Ethyne [Foreionl

Ci) Ethanol (ii) Ethanoic acid

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

in gin a carbon compound. Write the functionsl

ac atoms that is bonded to a carbon

Ans. Name and general formula of the chains of

are they prepared? List two uses of esters. [Delhil

o a ethyl ethanoate (CH,CO0C,H,).

Ester Sodium Sodium (alcohol)

CH,CI, + Cl, Sunlight’ CHCI, + HCI

(ii) C,H,OH + CH,COOH H,SO, ’ CH,CO0C,H, + H,0

Ethanol Ethanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate

0 different oxidations of ethanol.

9 (i) sodium hydroxide is added to ethanoic acid?

7 configuration bysharing its 4electronswith covalent

hydrocarbons have double and/or triple bonds between e