Signals and Systems (neso)

Video1:
Signal: Dependent variable or function of one or more independent vari-
ables.
AC is signal because it is changing while DC (constant) isn't.(time is indepen-
dent variable)
Classification of signals based on the number of variables:
1. Single variable signal: e.g:f(x),g(x)
2. Multi variable signal :e.g:f(x1,x2,……),g(x1,x2,x3……)
Systems: The meaningful interconnection of physical devices and compo-
nents. i/p signal o/p signal
system

The number and the type of variables of the i/p signal is the same as the o/p

There are two types of problems

1. Analysis problems 2. Synthesis problems
input signal (given) Input signal (given)
system (given) System ( not given)
output signal (not given) Output signal (given)
Video2:
Continuous & Discrete Time Signals
Continuous Time signals: specified Discrete Time Signals: specified at
for every value of time (t) discrete time intervals
How to represent the discrete signal:

Video3:
Addition of continuous time signals(CTS)

Video4:
Multiplication of CTS
Video5:
Time scaling of CTS
There are two types of scaling: time and amplitude scaling
Time scaling: is the compression or expanding of a signal in time.
Case1:(compression)

Case2: (expansion)

Notes:
 the amplitude stays the same in time scaling.
 The new function signal (x(αt))can be obtained by replacing the t in the
(x(t)) with αt and dividing the function condition (0≤t≤2) by the scale α
Video 6:
Amplitude scaling of CTS
Case1: (amplification)

Case2: (Reduction)

Notes:
 the time stays the same in amplitude scaling.
 The new function signal (βx(t))can be obtained by multiplying the ampli-
tude of the signal time function by the scale (β)

Video 7:
Shifting of CTS
There are two types of shifting time and amplitude shifting.
Time shifting: Case1: (left shifting or time advance)
Case2: (right shifting or time delay)

Notes:
 time advance is not real (only in recorded signals).
 Shape of the signal doesn't change by shifting.
Video 8:
Amplitude shifting

Video9:
Reversal of CTS
There are two types of reversal time and amplitude reversal
1. Time reversal: special case of time scaling with α = -1.
 2. Amplitude reversal: special case of amplitude scaling with β=-1.

Video 10:
Multiple transformations of CTS
When a signal is gone through 2 or more of the transformation.

Note: amplitude scaling can be done at any time.

Video 11:
Multiple transformations (important points and shortcuts)

Note: method 3 is used for graph only.

Method 3 in short take the term 2t+3 = 3 and -1 solve the equations to graph.
Video 12:
Multiple transformation for CTS (solved problems)
Video 13:
Multiple transformation for CTS (solved problems 2)
Video14:
Even and odd signals
Even signals: remains identical un- Odd signals: doesn't remain identi-
der folding operation. cal under folding operation.
Condition: (Ɐ: all values) Condition:

Note: the signal must equal 0 at t=0

Mirror to x then y or vice versa.

Few properties of odd signals:

Any continuous time signal can be represented using the sum of even and
odd signal.

Video 15:
Even and odd components of a signal
 any CTS can be represented as sum of even and odd components.
 A general signal is neither odd nor even but have both even and odd com-
ponents.
X(t)→general signal / Xe(t)→even comp. / Xo(t)→odd comp.
Video 16: very important
Properties of Even & odd signal

Note: no.7 is not true in case of dc

values. No.3 is proof of general sig.
Video 17:
Even & odd signals (solved example 1)

Method1:

method2:

Video 18:
Even & odd signals (solved example 2)
video 19:
Even & odd signals (solved example 3)

Note: Dc + linear note important

Video 19:
Even & odd signals (solved example 4)
Video 20:
Periodic & non-periodic signals
A periodic signal: is a signal that repeats itself at regular interval of time.

Where n is integer and T0: fundamental time period (FTP): is the smallest pos-
itive value (fixed) of time for which signal is periodic.

In other words the smallest period of time with the same repeating wave.
Try imagining blocks that should be the same.

DTS periodic cond. the N must be integer while T0 may or may not be integer

Focus on the T0 and the f0

Video 21:
Periodic & non-periodic signals (important point)

The signal is periodic when the signal repeats the pattern from – to + ∞ oth-
erwise it is non-periodic or Aperodic.
Video 22:
Calculation of fundamental period

The example was a non composed signal the composed signal are two or
more signal equations(harder to calculate its fundamental period)