A PROJECT REPORT

ON

„‟DESIGN OF LANDFILL SITE FOR JHANSI CITY‟‟

Submitted to the

GAUTAM BUDDH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

In the partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in

civil engineering

Submitted by

Amit Kumar Mall

Mahaveer Singh Krishna Kant Singh

Neeraj Gupta Rakesh Verma

Under the guidance of

Dr. AMITABH SRIVASTAVA

Department of Civil Engineering

BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

JHANSI-284128

2011-12
 Department of Civil Engineering

BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

JHANSI-284128

2011-12

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project entitled

“DESIGN OF LANDFILL SITE FOR JHANSI CITY”

Submitted by students mentioned below is in the partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of B.TECH in CIVIL
ENGINEERING.It is the record of work carried out by them under
my supervision and guidance.their performance was excellent and I
wish him good luck for their future endeavours.
Amit Kumar Mall

(0804300003)

Mahaveer Singh Neeraj Gupta

(0804300021) (0804300025)

Rakesh Verma Krishna Kant Singh

(0804300031) (2904300002)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
A work of this nature entailing a lot of personal effort can not be
completed without the help of some external sources we will be
failing in our duty if we don’t acknowledge with the gratitude the
invaluable contribution of these resources.

From the inner core of our heart we would like to express our
undying gratitude to Dr. AMITABH SRIVASTAVA (Project guide) was a
perennial source of invaluable guidance an instructions during the
course of the project.

We are also indebted to the Authorities of JHANSI NAGAR NIGAM and

JHANSI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.

We are highly obliged to Er. ASHISH KUMAR GUPTA who has been a
constant source of motivation and intellect in this project.

We would like to convey our regard to U.P SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT PVT. LTD. And A.P.R PROJECTS PVT. LTD. For their
cooperation and supports.

We are also indebted to Prof. A.K VERMA HEAD of DEPTT.OF CIVIL

ENGEERING and Dr. A.K NIGAM.

Amit Kumar Mall

(0804300003)

Mahaveer Singh Neeraj Gupta

(0804300021) (0804300025)

Rakesh Verma Krishna Kant Singh

(0804300031) (2904300002)

Project guide
DR. AMITABH SRIVASTAVA
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1-INTRODUCTION 1-7

2-OBJECTIVES 8

3-LITERATURE 8-9

4-STUDY AREA 9

5-DATA COLLECTION 10

6-ANALYSIS 11-15

7-CASE STUDY 15-16

8-SITE SELECTION 17-18

9-LANDFILLING METHOD OPERATION 18-21

10-REACTIONS OCCURING IN COMPLETED LANDFILL 21-24

11-DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL 24-38

12-ESTIMATION OF THE AMOUNT OF GASES PRODUCED IN A SANITARY

LANDFILL 39-42

13-LEACHATE IN LANDFILL 42-43

14-GAS AND LEACHATE MOVEMENT AND CONTROL 43-52

15-RECOMMENDATIONS 53

16-CONCLUSION 54

17-REFERENCES 55
 1. INTRODUCTION

There has been significant increase in

generation of Municipal solid waste in India for the last few
decades. This largely result of rapid population growth in India. The
daily per capita generation of Municipal solid waste in India ranges
from 250gm in small town to 650gm in large towns. Although the
national level data does not exist for the municipal solid waste
generation collection and disposal for the lack of nationwide
inventory, the growth of solid waste generation over the years can
be selected for a few urban centers. The population of Mumbai
increase from around 12.3 million in 1991 to 18.4million in 2001, a
growth of around 49%.the current population of Mumbai is around
21 million. The Municipal waste generation however increase from
5355 ton per day to 8942 ton per day in same period, growth of
around 67%.This clearly indicate that the growth in municipal
waste generation in our urban centers has out past the growth in
population in recent years. We are confining our study to city
JHANSI. According to Waste generation in present scenario is
approximately 200 ton per day which is not a big amount to worry.
But in future when JHANSI will be a developed city approximately
around in 2020.We will need to dump the waste properly the reason
for this could be our changing life style,food habbits and changes in
standard of living. MSW in cities is collected by municipalities and
transported to the designated disposal site normally a low lying area
on the otskirt of a city for disposal. The choice of disposal site is
more a matter of what is available then what is suitable.

(1)
2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT : An Overview
The overall objective of solid waste management is to minimize the
adverse environmental affect caused by the discriminate disposal of
solid waste specially hazardous waste. the problem assosciated with
the management of solid in todays society are complex because of
the quantity and diverse nature of the waste, the development of
sprawling urban areas, the funding limitations. For public services
in many large cities, the impact of technology and the emerging
limitations in both energy and raw materials. The activities
assosciated with the management of solid waste from the point of
generation to the final disposal have been grouped in six functional
elements.

(2)
(3)
WASTE GENERATION:

Waste generation encompasses those activities in which material

are identified as no longer being of value and either thrown away or
gathered together for disposal. General sources of Municipal solid
waste are---

1-Residential

2-Commercial

3-Open Area

4-Treatment Plant Sites

Factors that affects Municipal solid waste generation reactions,

1-Geographical Location

(4)
 2-Season of the year

3-Collection frequency

4-Extent of recycling

5-Public Attitudes

6-Legislation

On Site Storage:

The waste can not be tolerated for long on individual premises

because of their biodegradability and they must be moved within
reasonable time---usually less than 8 days. On site storage is of
primary importance because aesthetic consideration, public health
and economic involvement.

Collection:

Collection is provide under various management arrangement

such as

1-Municipal Services

2-Commercial---Industrial collection services.

In JHANSI earlier system of waste collection was by municipalites,

some NGO are also actives in waste collection from medical.They
use incineration for bio medical waste.

Collection of solid waste was the costliest phase of waste

management and it accounts for approximately 60% of the total
annual costs of urban solid management.

(5)
In JHANSI an advance system of waste collection has been recently
introduced in which collection is about to be done on public private
partnership. A private firm named A.P.R PROJECTS PRIVATE LIMITED
has hired to collect the MSW from individual households. The
company will charge a nominal amount of Rs 1 from each house on
daily basis.

Fig; Door to Door collection system in Taalpura, Nehru Park, Jhansi

Transfer and Transport

The functional element of the transfer and transport involve two

steps-

1-the transfer of waste from the smaller collection vehicles to the

longer transport equipment.

2-the subsequent transport of the waste usually over long distance.

(6)
Processing and Recovery;

The functional element of processing and recovery includes all the

techniques equipments and facilities used both to improve
efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable
material, conversion products or energy from solid wastes.

Disposal:

The final functional elements in the solid waste management

system is disposal. Thus the land used planning becomes a primary
determinant in the selection, design and operation of land used
planning determinant in the selection

design and operation of landfill operations. A modern sanitary

landfills not a dump, it is a method of disposition of solid waste on
land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health, such
of the breeding of rats and insects the contamination of ground
water of public safety.

(7)
 2 OBJECTIVE:

The main objective of our project is as below:

 Study of existing solid wastes management system.

 To identify the requirement of solid waste management on
the basis of case study of developed cities.
 To prepare landfill site.
 To prepare plan for landfill operation.
 To design sanitary landfill site with provision for leachate
collection and gas movement

In brief, the main aim of our project is to observe solid waste

management in Jhansi major problems related with it and to prepare
solution with design and recommendations. So our project is divided
in to following parts.

• Data collection

• Case Study

• Landfill site selection and design of landfill

• Recommendations.

• 3 LITERATURE:

Solid waste management may be defined as that

discipline associated with the control of generation, storage,
collection, transfer, transport, processing and disposal of solid
waste in the manner that is accord with the best principles of
public health , economic, engineering, concentration, aesthetic
and other environmental consideration and that also is
responsive to public attitudes.

(8)
In earlier days, the most common recognized methods for disposal
of solid waste at the form of the century were

• Dumping on land

• Dumping in water

• Plowing in to the soil

• Feeding to hogs

• Reduction

• Incineration

Not all these method were applicable to all types of waste. Plowing
in to the soil was used for food waste and street sweeping. Feeding
to hogs and redactor and present technologies can be summarized
as:

• Composting

• Land filling

• Incineration

• Bio-methanation

• Gasification

But we are concentrated on Land filling method only.

(9)
 5 DATA COLLECTION:

The factors that must be considered in evaluating potential

solid waste disposal sites include –

• Available land area

• Impact of processing and resources recovery

• Haul distance

• Soil condition and Topography

• Climatic condition

• Surface water hydrology

• Geologic and Hydrologic condition

• Local environment condition

• Potential ultimate uses for the completed site

And the factors on which sanitary land fill design depend on –

• Population

• Living standard of the people and waste generation

• Total waste produced and waste constituents

• Potential of waste recycling and recovery

For landfill site selection and sanitary landfill design for JHANSI
we will consider following data –

• Available land area

(10)
 • Potential of waste recycling and resources recovery

• Haul distance

• Soil condition

• Climatic condition

• Surface water hydrology

• Local environment condition

• Population

• Living standard of people and Waste generation

• Total waste produced

6 ANALYSIS:

Now we analyze the following data and determine the

required information for the landfill site selection and sanitary
design-

• Population

Population directly affects to the total quantity of the

waste generation which is to be disposed off safely for
healthy environment. The present population of city can be
determine by the conducting census- The government of all
countries generally carry the survey of interval of ten years
(called decennial census).however any project which going
to serve a purpose for a particular area should be designed
in such a way that it fulfills the requirement for the present
population plus increased population in its life span in
future.

(11)
 Hence we will do population forecasting and the future
population will be used for design.

• Population forecasting – Following methods are used for

population forecasting

• Arithmetical increase method

• Geometrical increase method

• Incremental increase method

• Decreasing rate method

• Logistic curve method

As Jhansi is the fast growing and we have got population of

three decades ( 2011 to 2041) . We will use the geometrical
increase method.

Population forcasting:

Present population=4,70,000

Growth rate for first decade20%

Growth rate for second decade=22%

Growth rate for third decade=24%

Geometric mean=(r1× r2×r3)^(1/3)

=(20×22×24)^(1/3)

=21.96%

(12)
Population after three decades P41=4,70,000(1+.2196)^3

P41= 851353

Living Standard of People:

The living standard of people in JHANSI is not much high. The use
packed food, mineral water etc, is not much here. So the waste
generated is not much. But in the coming years waste will increase
and we will need to properly manage it.

Waste Generation:

During the investigation it is found that JHANSI generate about 425

gm per person per day solid waste at present. Total waste generated
in tonnes per day

=4.98*10*385/10

=74.7

It is too less amount to design a land fill site so we will calculate

total waste generated for 2041.

Estimated population for year 2041 =13,44,608

The amount of waste generated per person will be different from

the present waste generated per head as the living standard will
change due to development so we will take average waste generated
per person per day from the table below.

Average waste for population------

= 425gm/person/day
Total waste in tonnes per day---
= 200 TPD

(13)
AVAILABLE LAND AREA:
In selecting potential land disposal site it is important to
ensure that sufficient land area is available. The available land area
on the proposed site 15.5 acre, on the JHANSI –LALIT PUR ROAD,
BIJAULI. The available land area should be more than the required
area by 20 to 40 % site preparation, access loads, utility access etc.

Population( range in lacs) Avearage Waste(gm/day/person )

1-5 210
5 -10 250
10- 20 270
20 -50 350
Above 50 Above 500

HAUL DISTANCE:

The haul distance is one of the important variable in the

selection of disposal site. It is obvious that the length of haul can
significantly affect the overall design and operation of the waste
management system. Although minimum haul distance is desirable,
other factor must also be considered. These include collection rout
location, local traffic pattern and characteristic of routs to and from
the disposal site ( condition of routs, traffic patterns and access
conditions)

SOIL CONDITIONS AND TOPOGRAPHY:

Characteristics of the soil is desired because soil is used

as the cover material. The soil in the JHANSI is moorum type.
Which is high strength and less permeability which is suited as a
cover material. The approximate permeability of the soil in JHANSI
region is 10^-6. Local topography of the proposed site is suitable for
landfill design.

There no need for any excavation and filling work.

(14)
CLIMATIC CONDITON:

JHANSI is hot region and the winter is of two month.

Hence the climatic conditions are suitable for landfill site design
and no extra provision is needed as the access to the site will not be
affected & cover material can also be easily excavated.

SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY:

There is no natural drain in the vicinity of proposed site &

there is no possibility of flood.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL CONDITION:

The geological &hydrological condition must be considered to

determine the impact of leachate movement on the ground water &
other gas. Subsurface & bed rock aquifers. The ground water level
in Jhansi is 80 to 100 feets.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:

While it has been possible to build & operate landfill site

in closed proximity to both residential & industrial development,
extreme care must be taken in the operation if they are to be
acceptable with respect to noise odour & dust, flying papers ,plastic
films must also be controlled.

7. CASE STUDY:

To plan effectively for solid waste management information and data

on the expected feature composition of the solid waste are
important. In addition technological changes in areas such as food
processing and packaging changes in the world economy has also
affected the composition of the solid waste.

(15)
 Although we have not done any physical and chemical analysis for
solid waste in JHANSI but as we have designing the land fill for
2021 and till then we assume that JHANSI will be a developed city
(population around 9 lacs) so that present waste characteristics will
change and we are assuming that if it can be obtained from the
study of waste characteristics for developed city. Here we are taking
example of DELHI and PUNE and also comparison from data NEERI
for cities with population ranges from 2 to 5 million people is given.
We will JHANSI in between these cities. Table showing percentage
of different constituents in MSW.

CONSTITUENTS GWALIOR KANPUR JHANSI NEERI

GLASS/CROCKERY 1.75 8.71 0.85 0.48
METAL 3.65 0.24 0.75 0.59
ORGANIC 49 52.92 50.0 56.67
PAPER 6.02 4.02 6.31 3.18
PLASTIC 5.75 7.09 7.5 ----
INERT MATERIAL 28.45 28.29 30.41 40.07
RAGS 8.42 7.09 7.76 -----
LEATHER&RUBBER --- 0.47 40 0.48

And we are evaluating values for JHANSI in between these values.

To avoid gross error we have taken consideration of data from
NEERI.

(16)
8. SITE SELECTION:

We already have done site selection. Here we are presenting the

required data design purpose of landfill site.

(17)
AREA OF SELECTED SITE:

The proposed site is located at BIJAULI,LALITPUR ROAD,

15 KILOMETERS in outskirts of JHANSI.The essential details are:

PROJECT AREA 25.8 acres

GARBAGE QTY. 230 tonnes/day

LANDFILL & GREEN BELT 19.8 acre

COMPOST PLANT AREA 6 acre

GREEN BELT 6 acre

PER DAY PER CAPITA GARBAGE 385 gram

COMPOST PRODUCTION CAPACITY 100 tonne/day

LAND FILLING METHOD & OPERATION:

To use the available land area at land fill site effectively

a plan of operation for placement of solid waste must be prepared.
Various operational methods developed primarily on basis of field
experience. The method used to fill the dry area substantially
different from those used to fill wet areas.

Conventional methods for dry areas:

1. Area method

2. Trench method

3.Depression method

(18)
 1. Area method:

Area method is used when the terrain is unsuitable

for excavation of the trenches in which to place the solid
waste. Operationally the waste are unloaded & long narrow
strips on surface of the land in the series of the layers that
vary in depth from 16 to 30 inches layer compacted as the
filling progress during the course of day until the thickness of
the compacted waste reaches the height varying from 6 to 10
feet . At that time and at the end of each days operation a 6 to
12 inches layer of cover material is placed over the compacted
field. The filling operation used started by building and
earthen liver against which waste are placed in thin layers and
compacted. The length of unloading areas varies with the site
condition and the size of the operation. The width over which
the waste are compacted varied from 8 to 20 feet again
depending on the drain. A computed lift, including the cover
material is called the cell successive lifts are placed on top of
one another until the final grade is reached that was called for
in the ultimate development plan. The length of the unloading
areas used reach each day should be such that the final
height of the fill is reach at the end of each day's operation.

(19)
2. Trench method:

The Trench Method of land filling is ideally

suited to areas where adequate depth of cover material is
available at the site and where water table near the surface
solid waste are placed in trenched varying from 100 to 400 ft
in lenth,3 to 6 ft depth and 15 to 25 ft in width. To start the
process a question of trench dug and the dirt is stock tiled to
form an embankment behind the first trench. Waste are
the placed in the trench. Spread into thin layer (usually 18 to
24 inches range) and compacted. the operation continued
until the desired height is reached. The length of the trench
used each day should be such that the final height is reached
at the end of each day's operation. The length also should be
sufficient top avoid costly data for collection vehicle waiting to
unload. Cover material is obtained by excavating in adjacent
trench or continuing the trench that is being filled.

3.Depression Method:

At location where natural or artificial depression

exists. It is often possible to use them effectively for land filling
operation. Canyons, ravines, dry borrowpits and queries have
been used for these purpose.

(20)
The techniques to place and compact solid waste in depression
land fills vary with the geometry of the site, the characteristics
of the cover material. the hydrology and geology of the site and
the axes in the site. If a canyon flowis reasonably flat, the first
fill in canyon site may be carried out using the trench method
operation. Once filling in the flat area has been completed,
filling start at the head end of the canyon and ends at the
mouth. This practice prevents the accumulation of water
behind the land fill. Waste usually are deposited on the
canyon flow and from there pushed up against the canyon face
at the slope of about 2 to 1.In this way a high degree of
compaction can be achieved compacted densities as weight 1.2
lb/yd3 have been reported. Even higher densities have been
recorded in the lower portion of the land fill as the height of
the land fill increases.

4.Conventional Method:

Swamps and marshes, tidal areas and ponds and pits or

queries are typical wet area that have been used as a land fill
site. Because of the problem associated with the
contamination of local ground waters , the developments of
odors and structural stabilities, the design of landfills in that
areas requires special attention. In the past, land filling in the
wet areas was considered acceptable if reasonably adequate
drainage work provided and if nuisance conditions did not
developed. The usual practice was to divide the area in to cells
or lagoons would be filled each year. Often, solid waste were
placed directly in water in the areas in the high ground water
levels. As an alternative, clean fill material was added up to or
slightly above the water level between the waste filling
operations were started.

(21)
10.Reactions occuring in completed landfills:

To plan and sanitary landfills effectively, it is important to

understand what they express with in land fill after filling operation
have been completed. Solid waste placed in sanitary landfill under
go a number of simulaneous biological, physical, chemical changes.
Among the more important these changes are the followings -

1. Biological decay of organic putrescible material, either aerobically

or anaerobically, with the evolution of gases and liquids.

2. The chemical oxidation of materials.

3. The escape of gases from the fill and lateral diffusion of gases
through the fill.

4. The movement of liquid caused by differantial heads.

5. The dissolved material by concentration gradient and osmosis.

6. The dissolving and leaching of organic and inorganic materials by

water and leachate moving through the fill.

7. The uneven settlement caused by consolidation of material in to

voids. The decomposition and stablisation in a landfill depend on
many factors, such as the composition of the wastes, the degree of
compaction, the amount of moisture present, the presence of
inhibiting materials, the rate of water movement, and temperature .

Decomposition in landfills:

The organic biodegradable components in solid wastes begin

to undergo bacterial decomposition as soon as they are placed in a
land fill. Initiallty, bacterially decomposition occurs under aerobic
condition because a certain amount of air is trapped within the
landfiil.

(22)
However, the oxigen in the trapped air is soon exhausted, and the
long term decomposition occurs under an aerobic condition.

the principal source of both the aerobic and the anaerobic organism
responsible for decomoposition if the soil material that is used as a
daily and final cover.

The overall rate at which the organic material decompose

depends on their characteristics and, to a large extent, on the
moisture content. In general the organic material present in solid
wastes can be divided in to major classification

1. Those that content cellulose or derivatives of cellulose.

2. Those that do not content cellulose or cellulose derivatives

3. Plastics, rubber and leather

Cellulose is a major constituent of a organic wastes such as

paper, rags, string, straw, and plant tissues. with the exceptions of
plastic , the principal noncelulose organics are proteins,
corbohydrates ,&fats. minerals salts in very limited quantities &
moisture are almost always associated with theses materials.

with the above wastes, the principal end products of

anarobic decomposition are parially stabilised organic materials,
intermidiate volatile organic acids, various gases,(including
CO2,CH4,N2,H2,HS).under normal conditions the rate of
decomposition as measured by gas production, the reaches apeak
in the first two years & then slowly tapers off ,continuing in may
cases for periods up to 25 years or more. if moisture is not added to
the wastes in a well compacted landfill, it is not a uncommon to
find materials in their originally from years afters they were buried.

(23)
Gases in landfill:

Gases found in landfills include air, NH₃, CO₂, CO,

H₂,H₂S,CH4 N₂&O₂. CO₂&CH4, nitrogen, and oxygen. Carbon
dioxide and methane are the principal gases produced from the
anaerobic decomposition of the organic solid waste component. The
initially percentage of carbon dioxide is the result of aerobic
decomposition .Aerobic decomposition continues to occur until the
oxygen in the air initially present in the compacted wastes is
depleted. Thereafter, decomposition will proceed anaerobically.

DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL:

Once a limited number of potential sites have been selected on the

basis of a review of the available preliminary information , it will
usually be necessary to prepare an engineering design repeat for
each sites to assess the cost associated with preparation of the sites
for filling , placement of solid waste and completing the site once
filling operation ceased. But we have proposed only sites so our
design is preliminary in nature, there may be some other potential
landfill sites .The engineering consist of following important steps:

1.Land requirement

2.Types of waste that must be handled

3.Evaluation of seepage control facilities

4.Design of drainage

Landfill Design Criteria :

Design considerations for sanitary landfill development are

primarily guided by the characteristics of the proposed site and the
guidelines framed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India. Part II, Section 3, Sub-Section (ii), Rule 6(1), 6
(3) and 7 (2) of these guidelines indicate that the sanitary landfill
shall comply with the following conditions:
(24)
 • The minimum bottom liner specifications shall be a composite
barrier having 1.5 mm High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
geomembrane overlying 900 mm of soil(clay/amended soil) having
permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. The
surface below amended soil layer should be well compacted
• Waste shall be compacted adequately and provided with daily
cover of minimum 10cm of soil inert debris

• Prior to commencement of monsoon, intermediate cover of

thickness of about 45 cm has to be provided with proper
compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon.
Proper drainage berms shall be provided to divert runoff from the
active cell of the landfill

• The final cover shall have a barrier layer comprising of 60 cm

of clay/amended soil with permeability coefficient not greater than
1 x 10-7 cm/sec., on the top of the barrier soil layer there shall be a
composite barrier having 1.5 mm High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
sheet. Over that there shall be a drainage layer of15 cm and on the
top of drainage layer there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm thick

• The post closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at

least fifteen years and long-term monitoring
plan shall be prepared.

• In order to prevent the pollution problems storm water

diversion drains, leachate collection and treatment system and
preventive measures for runoff from landfill area entering any
stream, lake, river or pond shall be provided.

• Buffer zone around the landfill site and a vegetative cover over
the completed site shall be provided.

• Leachate monitoring well has to be provided.

(25)
Preparation of Liner System :

• Liner system within a landfill involves prevention of percolation

of leachate from waste in landfill to the subsoil by a suitable
protective system (liner system), which comprises of a combination
of barrier material such as natural clay and amended soil and a
flexible geo-membrane. The liner system will be of low permeability
and will be robust, durable and to resist the chemical attack,
puncture, rupture etc.
• The liner system is designed in compliance with Municipal
Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules2000 and, will
comprise, a 90cm thick compacted clay or amended soil of
permeability not greater than
1x10-7, a HDPE geo-membrane liner of thickness 1.5mm and a
drainage layer of 15cm thick granular material of permeability not
greater than 1x10-2 cm/sec.

• Preparation of Amended Soil Liner. The permeability of local soil

varies depending upon the soil condition. To reduce the
permeability to 1x10-7, the soil will be amended with bentonite,
which is known to have permeability of the order 1 x 10 -7 cm/sec.

• Based on the soil characteristics, it is recommended to

maintain the soil and bentonite proportion as 80:20and mix the
additives on site, before it is placed at the base of the landfill site,
as a barrier layer.

• After the preparation of the amended soil liner, the liner should
be constructed in series of lifts each of 25cmcompacted to about
15cm by four to five passes of sheep foot roller. The finished
thickness of the liner should be 90 cm and the final permeability of
the amended soil should also be checked for the desired
permeability of 1 x 10 -7.

(26)
 • Geo-Membrane Liner: Geo-membrane is relatively a thin sheet
of flexible thermoplastic or thermo polymeric material. Because of
their inherent impermeability, geo-membranes are proposed as
barrier layer in landfillsite. Even though geo-membranes are highly
impermeable, their safety against manufacturing, installation ,
handling and other defects is essential criteria in design of liner
system. The effectiveness of barrier layers basically depends on the
hydraulic conductivity of the day / amended clay liner and densit of
geomembrane. The clay liner is effective only if it is compacted
properly and geomembrane liner is effective only if it has a density
or mass per unit area is sufficient enough against puncture.

• In order to strengthen the base to avoid any seepage of

generated leachate, a layer of 1.5 mm thickness Geomembrane
(HDPE liner) is laid over the clay liner. This liner is laid with the
help of double wedge hot shoe welder to prevent leakage and testing
is done for the same. The liner shall be anchored at the top of
landfill side wall and side cutting beyond the stipulated area of the
fill.
• Granular Soil Material with 6 mm stone aggregate. At the
bottom of the liner, coarse sand would be spread.
The thickness of the sand would be 300mm thick.

Settling Process in a Landfill :

• Primary consolidation: During this stage, a substantial

amount of settling occurs. This settlement is caused by the weight
of the waste layers. The movement of trucks, bulldozers or
mechanical compactors will also enhance this process. After this
primary consolidation, or short-term deformation stage, aerobic
degradation processes occur.

• Secondary compression: During this stage, the rate of settling

is much lower than that in the primary consolidation stage, as the
settling occurs through compression, which cannot be enhanced.

(27)
• Decomposition: During the degradation processes, organic
material is converted into gas and leachate. The settling rate during
this stage increases compared to the secondary compression stage
and continues until all decomposable organic matter is degraded.
The microbial degradation process is the most important biological
process occurring in a landfill. These processes induce changes in
the chemical and physical environment within the waste body,
which determines the quality of leachate and both the quality and
quantity of landfill gas. Since, landfills mostly receive organic
wastes microbial
processes will dominate the stabilization of the waste and therefore
govern landfill gas generation and leachate composition. Soon after
disposal, the predominant part of the wastes becomes anaerobic,
and the bacteria will start degrading the solid organic carbon,
eventually to produce carbon dioxide and methane. The biotic
factors that affect methane formation in the landfill are pH,
alkalinity, nutrients, temperature, oxygen and moisture content.

ESTIMATION OF LANDFILL CAPACITY, LANDFILL HEIGHT,

LANDFILL AREA :

1. Current Waste generation per year = W (tons per year)

= 43.28× 365= 15797.2

(tons per year)

2. Estimated rate of increase (or decrease)of waste generation per

year = 4.5 (percent)
(use rate of population growth where waste
generation growth rate estimates not available)

3. Proposed life of landfill (in years) = 30 (years)

(28)
 4. Waste generation after n years = W (1 + x )n (tons per year)

= 15797.2 (1 + .045 )˄30 (tons/year)

= 59165.53

5. Total waste generation in n years (T) in tons

T = 1/2 [W + W (1 + x )n] n (tons)

T = 1/2 [73000 + 73000 (1 + .045 )^30] 30 (tons)

= 1124441.096 (tons)

6. Total volume of waste in n years (Vw) (on the assumption of 0.85

t/cm.m
density of waste)
Vw = T/0.85 (cu.m.)

=
1124441.096/0.85 (cu.m.)

= 1322871.876 (cu.m)

7. Total volume of daily cover in n years (Vdc) (on the basis of 15 cm

soil
cover on top and sides for lift height of 1.5 to 2 m)

Vdc = 0.1 × Vw (cu.m.)

= 0.1×1322871.876

= 132287.188 (cu.m.)

(29)
8. Total volume required for components of liner system and of
cover system
(on the assumption of 1.5m thick liner system (including leachate
collection
layer) and 1.0 m thick cover system (including gas collection layer)

Vc = k Vw (cu.m.)

= .25×1322871.876

= 330717.969 (cu.m.)

(k = 0.25 for 10 m high landfill, 0.125 for 20 m high landfill and

0.08 for
30 m high landfill. This is valid for landfills where width of landfill is
significantly larger than the height)

9. Volume likely to become available within 10 years due to

settlement /
biodegradation of waste

Vs = m Vw
= .10×1322871.876
= 132287.188
(m = 0.10 for biodegradable waste; m will for less than 0.05 for
incinerated/inert waste)

10. First estimate of landfill capacity (Ci)

Ci = Vw + Vdc + Vc - Vs (cu.m.)

= 1322871.876 + 132287.188 +
330717.969 – 132287.188
= 1653589.845 (cu.m.)

(30)
11. Likely shape of landfill in plan and section (To be based on
topography of
area, depth to ground water table and other factors) :
(Area type, trench type, slope type, valley type, combination)

12.Estimate of landfill height and area

Required landfill Area

Assume height of landfill = 11m

Possible maximum average landfill = Hi (typically between height

,10 to 20 m, rarely above 30 m.)

Area required for landfilling seperations

Ai = CI / Hi (sq.m.) (valid for area type landfill)

= 1653589.845/11
= 150326.31( sq.m.)
= 37.15 Acers

Total area required (including infrastructural facilities) (first

estimate)

Ai = 1.15 Ai
= 1.15×37.15

= 42.73 Acers

Approximate Plan Dimensions = 280 m x 140 m

(31)
LANDFILL SECTION AND PLAN :

(a) Landfill Section and Plan is evaluated on the basis of

(i) 4:1 side slope for the above -ground portion of the
landfill.
(ii) 2:1 side slope for the below-ground portion of the
landfill.
(iii) Material balance for daily cover, liner and final cover
material through excavation at site.
(iv) Extra space around the waste filling area for
infrastructural
facilities.
(b) The final plan and section adopted

(c) Additional 30m land is acquired around the landfill to place

infrastructure facilities. Final size of landfill = 310 m x 170 m.

Facilities:

(a) Temporary Holding Area: Excavated portion of half phase to be

use

(b) Surface water drain: Adjacent to arterial road along periphery

(c) Leachate collection pipe: Adjacent to arterial road along

periphery

(d) Leachate holding tank: 20x10x3m

(e) Leachate treatment facility: 40mx20m (in plan) (tentative)

(f) Gas Flaring facility: 20m x 10m (in plan) (tentative)

(g) Surface water sedimentation tank : 40 x 10 x 1.5m

(32)
LINER AND LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM

(a) Liner System

The liner system will comprise of the following layers
below the waste:
(i) 0.30 m thick drainage layer comprising of sand
(coarse sand) or gravel (stone dust with no fines)
(ii) 0.2m thick protective layer of sandy silt
(iii) 1.50mm thick HDPE geomembrane
(iv) 1.0 m thick clay layer/amended soil layer (sinceis not
easily availabllayer comprising of
local soil + bentonite is to be designed)

(b) Amended Soil Layer Design Through Laboratory Testing Sandy

silt mixed with bentonite in proportions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%
in laboratory and permeability determined. Minimum bentonite
content determined for achieving permeability of less than 10-
9m/sec. 5% Bentonite + sandy silt assumed in preliminary design.

(c) Leachate Collection Pipes

Dia of HDPE pipes (perforated) = 15 cm
Spacing of pipe required (hydraulic analysis) = 22m
(d) Leachate Holding Tank
Size of holding 3 days of leachate = 20 x 10 x 3 m

(33)
COVER SYSTEM DESIGN

(a) Cover System

The cover system will comprise of the following layer above
the waste.
(i) 0.45 m thick gas collection layer comprising of gravel
(stone dust with no fines)
(ii) 0.6 m thick barrier layer (sandy silt + 5% bentonite)
(iii) 0.3m thick surface layer of local top soil for vegetative
growth

(b) Passive Gas Vents

Passive gas vents 1m high (above ground surface) will be
provided at a spacing of 75mx75m.

Type of waste: Hazardous waste should be disposed on separate

site as they require special treatment and in JHANSI they will be
handled by NGOs . Demolition waste is also excluded waste to be
disposed.Demolition waste may be used as a embankment
stabilization so only municipal solid waste will be disposed in the
sanitary land fill.

Evaluation of seepage

potential:

Core sample must be obtained to evaluate the seepage

potential of a site strategic formulation under the proposed site can
be established from the surface to the upper portion of the bed rock
or other confining layer. The resulting information is used –

• To determine the general direction of ground water

movement under site.

(34)
 • To determine weather any unconsolidated or bed rock
aquifer are indirect hydraulic collection with landfill.

• To estimate the vertical seepage that might occur under

the landfill site.

But we do not have boring data, so we will need this computation.

Drainage and seepage control:

In addition to seepage analysis it is also necessary to develop

an over all drainage plan for the area that shows the location of
storm drains ,culverts ,ditches and subsurface drain as the filling
operation proceeds In some cases it may also be necessary to stall
seepage control facilities . To ensure the rapid removal of drain of
rain fall from the completed land fill and to avoid formation of
puddles ,the final cover should have a slop about 1% .Where
relatively impervious cover material such as clay is used ,lesser
slope values may be feasible .if it will assumed that-

1-Cover material is saturated.

2-A thin layer of water is maintained on the surface.

3-There is no resistance to flow below the cover layers.

Then the theoretical amount of water that could enter the

land fill per unit area in an 24 hours period for various material.

(35)
Clearly these data are only theoretical values but they can be used
in assessing the adverse possible situation. Among the method to
control the seepage in to and out of land- fills are –

1.The use of impermeable cover material.

2.The interception of high ground water before it reaches the fills.

3.Equlisation of water levels within & outside the landfills.

4.The use of an impervious layer of clay material or other sea lands.

(36)
The nessesary computation for the use of an impermeable clay layer
are as below.

Let us determine the thickness of clay layers that

must be placed in the bottom of the landfills if the seepage flow rate
is to be limited to about 0.05meter cube per day. then as we know
that

Analysis for clay liner thickness:

Lets us assume the seepage flow rate is limited to

about 2.36*10^-10 assuming the water table is located at 5 meter
below the bottom of the landfill & the leachate level in the landfill
above the clay levels is to be maintaind at 60cm by pumping. The k
value for clay material is to be limited at about 9.46*10^-11. So we
know that

Q=K*A*dh/dl

Or Q/A=K*dh/dl

Lc=thickness of clay layers in cm.

Types of waste:

Knowledge of type of waste to be handled is important in the

design & layout of a landfill, specially is hazards waste are involved.
It is usually waste to develop separate disposal site for hazards
waste because under most condition special treatment of the site
will be necessary before hazards waste can be landfill. The
associated cost are often significant & is wasteful to use this landfill
capacity for waste that do not required special precaution. If significant
quantities of demolition waste are to be handled it may be possible to use
them for embankment stabilization. In some cases it may not be necessary
to cover demolition waste on daily basis.

(37)
LANDFILL OPERATION PLAN:

The layout of side & the development of a workable

operating schedule are the main features of a landfill operation
plan.

SITE LAYOUT:

In planning the layout the of landfill site, the location of the

following must be determined

1-Access roads

2-Equipment centers

3-Scale if used

4-Storage site for special wastes

5-Top soil stock pills site

6-The landfill areas

7-Planting

OPERATING SCHEDULE:

Factors the must be considered in developing operating

schedules includes

1-Arriavals sequences for collection vehicles

2-Traffic pattern at the site

3-The time sequences to be followed in the filling operations

4-the effect of wind & other climatic conditions

5-Commercial public access

(38)
Solid waste filling plan:

Solid waste should be filled by trench method. When 2 years is

completed (6 to 6m) for an area then use an additional area & is
used for 30 years once the general layout of a landfill site has been
stabilised, it may be necessary to select the placement method to be
used & to layout & design the indivisal solid waste cells. The spatial
methods of filling will depend of characteristics of the site such as
amount of available cover material, the topographic & the local
hydrology & geology & at last calculation for gas production &
leachate have done earlier.

12. ESTIMATION OF THE AMOUNT OF GASES PRODUCED IN A

SANITARY LANDFILL:

STEP 1:

Assume that the initial moisture content of the wastes=20%

Total quantity of solid waste = 197tpd

Organic wastes =82.68 tpd (42%)

Recyclable wastes =15.75 tpd (8%)

Drain Silt and street sweeping waste = 19.69 tpd(10%)

Mixed wastes= 19.69 tpd (10%)

Construction Wastes = 59.06 tpd (30%)

Organic material on dry basis

=82.68-0.20*197 =43.28 tpd

(39)
STEP 2:

Derive an empirical formula the decomposable organic material.

Assume that the organic material can be describe with a formula of
form CaHbOcNd, then the coefficients are estimated from the data in
table given below

Mole of organic material would be

Element Percent Mole Result

C 49 (0.49×197)/12 9.1875
H 6 (.06×197)/1 11.82
O 44 (.44×197)/16 5.4175
N 1 (.01×197)/14 0.1407

When the value of Nitrogen is set equal to 1.

C (9.1875/o.1407)=65.29

H (11.82/0.1407)=84.00

O (5.4175/0.1407)=38.50

N (0.1407/0.1407)=1.00

Step3:Estimate the amount of CH4 and CO₂ using equatoin

CaHbOcNd+(4a-b+2c+3d)/4H₂O→(4a+b-2c-3d)/8 CH4 +(4a-

b+2c+3d)/8 CO2+d NH3

(40)
From step 2

a=65.29

b=84.00

c=38.50

d=1.00

the resulting equation is

C65.29 H84 O38.50N+25.79 H2O→33.145CH4+32.145 CO2+NH3

Step 4:

Determine the weight of CH4 and CO2 from the equation derived in
step 2

Methen=(530.32/1399.2)×43.28

=16.40TPD

Corbon di oxide=(1414.38/1399.20)×43.28

=43.75TPD

Step 5:

Convert the weight of gases to volume assuming that the densities

of methane an carbon di oxide are 0.7167 kg/m3 and 1.9768 kg/m3
respectively .

Methane=16.4×103/0.7167

=22,882.65 m3

Carbon di oxide =43.75×103/1.9768

= 22,131.728 m3
(41)
STEP 6:

Determine the percentage composition of the resulting as

mixture

CH4 % =(22,882.65)/(22,882.65+22,131.728)×100

=50.83%

CO2 % =(22,131.728)/(22,882.62+22,131.728)×100

=49.17%

13.Leachate in Landfills

Leachate may be defined as liquid that has percolated through the

solid waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended material from
it. In most landfills the liquid portion of the leachate is composed of
the liquid produced from the decomposition of the waste and liquid
that has entered the landfill from the external sources, such as
surface drainage, rainfall ground water and water from the
underground springs when the leachate percolates through the
solid waste that are undergoing decomposition both biological
material and chemical constituents are picked up. In general it has
been found that the quantity of leachate is a direct function of the
amount of external water entering the landfill. In fact if a landfill is
constructed properly, the production of miserable quantities of
leachate can be eliminated.

(42)
Settlement and structural characteristics of landfills:

Before a decision is reached on the final use to be made of a

complited landfill, the settlement and structural characteristics of
landfill must be considered. The settlement depends on the initial
compaction, characteristics of wasted, degree of decomposition, and
effect of consolidation when water and air are formed out of the
compacted material. The height of the compacted fill with also
influence the initial compaction and degree of consolidation.

14.GAS AND LEACHATE MOVEMENT AND CONTROL

Under ideal conditions, the gasses generated from a landfill should

be either vented to the atmosphere collected for the production of
energy. The leachate should be either contained within be landfill or
removed for treatment. Unfortunately, these conditions are found
only in a few modern landfills, and so the movement of gasses and
leachate from landfills, and so the movement of gasses and leachate
from landfills is an important aspect of solid best disposal.

Gas movement

In most cases, over 90% of the gas volume produced from the
decompositions of solid wastes consists of methane and carbon
dioxide. when methane is present in the air in concentrations
between 5 and 15 percents, it is explosive. however there is no
oxygen in a landfill when methane concentrations in it reach this
critical level, and so there is no danger that the fill will exploade.
Although most of the methane escapes to the atmosphere both
methane and carbondioxide have been found in concentration of
upto 40% at lateral distances of upto 400-120 meter feet from the
edges of landfills. If methane is vented into the atmosphere in an
uncontrolled manner, it can accumulate below building or in other
enclosed spaces on, or closed to, a sanitary landfill.

(43)
With proper venting , methane should not pose a problem. Carbon
dioxide, on the other hand, is troublesome because of its density.
Carbon dioxide is about 1.5 times as dense as air and 2.8 times as
dense as methane; thus it tends to move toward the bottom of the
landfill. As a result, the concentration of carbondioxide in the lower
portions of a landfill may be high for years.

Ultimtely, because of its density, carbon dioxide will also move

downward through the underlying formation untill it reaches the
ground water. Because carbon dioxide is readily soluable in water
,it usually lowers the pH , which in turn can increase the hardness
and mineral content of the ground water through solubilization.

The reaction of carbon dioxide with water, which results in the

formation of carbonic acid, is

CO₂ + H₂O ------> H₂CO₃

If solid calcium carbonate is present in the soil structure, the

carbonic acid will react with it to form soluble calcium
carbonate,a/to be following reaction :

CaCO₃ + H₂CO₃ ---- --> Ca²+ + 2HCO₃ -

similar reactions occur with magnesium carbonates. If a given free

carbon dioxide concentration is present.

H₂O + CO₂

CaCO₃ + H₂CO₃ --> Ca²+ + 2HCO3-

(44)
thus, any process that increase the free carbon dioxide available the
solution will cause more calcium carbonate to dissolve.

GAS COLLECTION SYSTEM

(45)
DATA ON THE ABSORTION COEFFICIENTS FOR THE GASES
FOUND IN SANITERY LANDFILL

GAS FORMU MOLECULE TEMPERATUR

LA R WEIGHT E C(degree)
0 10 20
Air 29.18 22.84 18.68
Carbon CO₂ 44 17.13 11.94 08.78
dioxide
Carbon Co 28 35.40 28.3 23.2
monoxide
Hydrogen H₂ 2.016 21.5 19.6 18.2
Hydrogen H₂S 34.08 46.7 33.9 25.82
Sulfide
Methane CH₄ 16.03 55.60 41.80 33.1
Nitrogen N₂ 28.02 23.5 18.60 15.
50
Oxygen O₂ 32 48 38 31

Vapor - - 4.58 9.21 17.

pressure 5
of
water,m
m of Hg

Corresponding concentration of a gas in solution can be computed

by Henry law:

CS = kS p

Where

CS = Saturation concentration of gas in water

KS = Coefficient of absorption ml/l

(46)
 P = Partial pressure of gas in the gas phase expressed as a fraction

Let us determine the concentration of Carbon dioxide gas in the

upper layer of the ground water in contact with Landfill gasses at
760mm of Hg at 10⁰C. We assume that composition of gas is 50% of
CO₂ and 50% of CH₄ and the gases is saturated with water vapour.

For that

1. Let’s determine the partial pressure of CO₂ for correcting

vapour of water.

Partial pressure of CO₂ = .5*(760-9.21)mm/760mm Hg

= 0.49

2. Now determine the value of Cs by using the equation

CS = KS p

= 1.194*0.49

= 585.1 ml/l

3. Convert the Carbon dioxide saturation concentration

determine in step 2 in mg/l

Carbon dioxide = 585.1*44*10³/22.412

= 1.149mg/l

=1.15kg/m³

(47)
Control of gas movement by permeable methods:

The lateral movement of gases produce in a landfill can be

controlled by installing vents made of material that of more
permeable than the surrounding soil. Typically gas bends are
constructed by gravels. The spacing of sell vents depends on the
width of the waste cells but usually varies from 60 to200 ft. the
thickness of the gravel layer should be such that it will remain
continuous even thought there may be differential settling: 12 to 18
in is recommended. Barrier vents or well vents also can be used to
control the lateral movement of gases.

Control of the downward movement of the gases can be

accomplished by installing perforated pipes in the gravel layer at
the bottom of the landfill. If wells and to vent the pumped gas to
the atmosphere. A gravel layer is often used in conjunction with one
or more of the impermeable method of control.

Leachate movement (seepage):

Under normal conditions, leachate is found in the bottom of

landfills. From there its movement is through the underlying strata,
although some lateral movement may also occur, depending on the
characteristics of the surrounding material. Because of the
importance of the vertical seepage in the contamination of ground
water, this subject is consider further in the following discussion.

(48)
 Remark
Sealant
Classification Representative type
Compacted soil Should contain some
clay or fine silt
Compacted clay Bentonite, kaolinites Most commonly used
sealant for landfill
,layer thickness
values from 6 to 48
inches, layer must be
continuous and not
allowed to dry out
and crack
Inorganic chemicals Sodium carbonate Use depend on local
,silicate soil characteristics
Synthetics chemicals Polymer ,rubber latex Experimental use not
well established
Synthetic membrane Polyvinyl, chloride , Expansive may be
liner butyl rubber, nylon justified where gas is
reinforced liners be recovered
Asphalt Modified asphalt, Layer must be thick
rubber impregnated enough to maintain
asphalt to continuity under
settling conditions
Others Gunite concrete, soil
cement, plastic soil
cement

(49)
Darcy‟s law:

The rate of seepage of leachate from the bottom of

landfill can be estimated by darcy’s law, which can be expressed as

Q=-KA dh/dl

Where,

Q=leachate discharge per unit time

K=coefficient of permeability

A=cross-sectional area through which the leachate flows

The mines sign in Darcy’s formula arises from the fact that the
head loss dh is always negative. The coefficient of permeability is
also known as the hydraulic conductivity, the effective permeability,
or the seepage coefficient.

The permeability of a soil is influenced by particle size,

void ratio, composition degree of saturation, & temperature. From
empirical observation, it has been found that the coefficient of
permeability can be defined in terms of some characteristics size of
the porous medium & the properties of the fluid. The relation is

K=Cd²*ɣ/μ

Where

C= dimensionless constant

d=diameter of pores

ϒ=specific weight of water

μ=viscosity of water

(50)
the term cd² is known as the specific (or intrinsic) permeability k &
is thought to be a characteristics of the medium alone. Neglecting
the effect of temperature on density, we find that

Ks/Kt=μṭ/μ₆ₒ

Where,

Ks=laboratory standard coefficient of permeability

defined as the flow

Of water at 60 in gallons per day through medium having a cross

sectional area of one feet square under a hydraulic gradient of one
feet per feet.

Kt=coefficient of permeability at temperature t.

μ₆ₒ=viscosity at 60

μṭ=viscosity at temperature at t

(51)
Typical permeability coefficients for various soil:

Material Coefficient of
permeability,Ks
meter/ day Liter/day/mt²
Uniform coarse sand .439 4.1
Uniform medium 1.098 1.026
sand
Clean, well graded 1.098 1.026
sand & gravel
Uniform fine sand 4.389 16.98
Well graded silty .429 4.00
sand & gravel
Silty sand .099 .90
Uniform silt 0.048 .95
Sandy clay 0.0048 0.0049
Silty clay 0.00099 0.009
Clay(30 to 50 % clay .000099 .0009
size)
Colloidal clay .0000009 0.000009

In meter per second units, the coefficient of permeability is

expressed in liter per day per square meter, or meter per day.

Control of leachate movement:

A leachate percolates through underlying

strata , many of chemical & biological constituents originally
contained in it will be removed by the filtering & adsorptive action
of the material composing the strata. In general, the extent of this
action depends on the characteristics of the soil, especially the clay
content. Because of the potential risk involved in allowing leachate
to percolate to the ground water, best practice calls for its
elimination of containment.

(52)
When gas is to be recovered, it is especially important to content the
leachate because the initial moisture content must be significantly
higher than normal (50 to 60 ).

RECOMMENDATION:

1. For economical landfill site some other potential site should be

considered in preliminary design.Considered parameters and
the site which require lesser cost, should be considered in
final design.
2. Proper boring should be done to obtain seepage potential ,so
that ground water can be protected against contamination by
leachate.
3. Soil testing must be done ,tp get the hydraulic conductivity of
the soil ,and to hence control the leachate control
,requirement of lining material .
4. Resources recovery must be done to reduce the discard
material volume and also to use scrap.
5. Hazardous waste must be disposed of separately .
6. For solid waste collection,handling,transportation and final
disposal,supreme court must be followed.
7. The solid waste must be tested for physical and chemical
property .
8. Proper construction plan and operation plan for sanitary
landfill must be documented .
9. Potential for most use of landfill site must be considered
,requisite provision must be provided before using completely
filled landfill site .
10. Required non development zone around the landfill site
must be provided.
11. Proper safety measures must be taken.

(53)
CONCLUSION:

Following conclusions are drawn from the analysis of

the available data-

1. Presently there is no need for solid waste disposal but there

will be great demand for proper solid waste management in
near future.
2. The environmental & climatic conditions are suitable for
effective sanitary landfill.
3. As for as present hygienic conditions are considered there is
no need of solid waste management, but it should be adopted
soon because prevention is better than cure against any
degradation.

(54)
 REFERENCE
1.Municipal solid waste management rules 2000
2.American public works association: municipal refuse
disposal, 3d ed, public administration service,
Chicago,1970
3.Environmental engineering howard s. peavey, Donald r.
rowe, George tchobanoglous
4.Noble,g: Sanitary landfill design handbook, technomic,
west port, conn 1976
5.G. tchobanoglous, h.theisen ‘Integrated solid waste
management; engineering principles and management
6.Jhansi Nagar Nigam
7. NEERI
8. A.P.R PROJECTS PVT. LTD.

(55)