11

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Estimation of Population Mean
and Population Proportion
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Estimation of Population Mean and Population
Proportion
First Edition, 2021

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 11

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Estimation of Population Mean
and Population Proportion
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home.
Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons
in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing
this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s
assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of
each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We
trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before
performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your
teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

ii
 Let Us Learn!

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you to understand the key concepts of estimation of population mean
and population proportion to be able to perform estimation of parameters
and make sound inferences in real-life problems in different disciplines. The
language and examples used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are also arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. Enjoy learning and do not hesitate to go back if you think you
are at a loss.
This module has three lessons;
Lesson 1: Illustrating the t- distribution

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. illustrates the t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-2); and

2. differentiate t-distribution from the z- distribution.

Lesson 2: Identifying Percentiles Using the T-Table

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. identify regions under the t-distribution corresponding to

different t values; and
2. identifies percentiles using the t-table (M11/12SP-IIIg-5).

Lesson 3: Computing for the Length of Confidence Interval and

Sample Size

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. define confidence level, confidence interval and margin of error;

2. determine the margin of error;
3. identifies the length of a confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-1);
4. computes for the length of the confidence interval (M11/12SP-
IIIj-2);
5. computes for an appropriate sample size using the length of the
interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-3); and
6. solves problems involving sample size determination (M11/12SP-
IIIj-4)

1
 Lesson
Illustrating the
1 t-Distribution
Welcome to the first lesson of Module 4. This lesson is all about
illustrating the t-distribution. In Module 3, you learned already about the z-
distribution and when to use it. But in this lesson, let’s take into a deeper
sense on how useful the t-distribution in statistical inference.

Let Us Try!

Before proceeding to Lesson 1, read and answer the activity below.

Choose the best answer and write the letter only on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which sampling distribution is used if the population variance is

unknown and/or if the sample size is small?
A. z-distribution C. t-distribution
B. p distribution D. chi distribution

2. Who formulated the t-distribution in 1908?

A. William S. Gosset
B. Wilhem G. Student
C. Ronald Fisher
D. Student T of Gosset Academy

3. When can we assume that the sample size is sufficiently large?

A. If 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 100. C. If 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 30 .
B. If 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 50. D. If 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 10.

4. In t-distribution, if the sample size is 27, what is the degree of

freedom?
A. 27 C. 22
B. 26 D. 20

5. How does t-distribution differ from a z-distribution?

A. The t-distribution has a thicker tail.
B. The t-distribution has a higher peak.
C. The t-distribution is centered at 0.
D. The t-distribution is symmetric in the middle.

2
 6. When do you use t-distribution?
A. When the sample size is less than 30.
B. If the sample standard deviation is unknown.
C. If the population standard deviation is known.
D. When the sample size is greater than or equal to 30.

𝑥𝑥̅ −𝜇𝜇
7. In the estimation of a parameter using the t statistic 𝑠𝑠 , why is the
�
√𝑛𝑛
sample standard deviation(s) is used instead of the population
standard deviation(𝜎𝜎)?
A. Because the given sample size is small.
B. Because the distribution is not normally distributed.
C. Because 𝜎𝜎 is unknown and s is a good estimator of 𝜎𝜎.
D. Because 𝜎𝜎 is equal to s when we are estimating parameters.

8. Which property of t-distribution is also a property of normal

distribution?
A. In t-distribution, the variance is always greater than 1.
B. In t-distribution, the standard deviation is always greater than 1.
C. The tails of the t-distribution curve are asymptotic to the
horizontal axis.
D. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the degrees of
freedom.

9. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the t-

distribution?
A. The variance of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
B. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal distribution.
C. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t distribution tends to
normal distribution.
D. The exact shape of the t-distribution depends on the number of
degrees of freedom.

10. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest
peak?
A. the standard normal distribution
B. a t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom
C. a t-distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
D. a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom

3
 Let Us Study

When performing a probability distribution of sample means using

the z-distribution, it is required that the sample size (𝑛𝑛) is sufficiently large
and the standard deviation (𝜎𝜎) of the population is already known. But in
real-life, it is almost always impossible for us to know the standard deviation
(𝜎𝜎) of the population from which our sample is drawn. When either of these
problems occurs, the solution is to use a different distribution. Fortunately,
the way to work out this type of problem was solved in 1908 by William S.
Gosset.

Math Trivia: “The Man Behind T”

William Gosset was an English

statistician who worked for the
brewery of Guiness. He developed
different methods for the selection of
the best yielding varieties of barley,
an important ingredient in making
beer.

Gosset found big samples tedious, so

he was trying to develop a way to
extract small samples but still come WILLIAM S. GOSSET
up with meaningful prediction. He
was a curious and productive researcher and published a number of
researches that are still relevant today. However, due to the Guiness
Company Policy, he was not allowed to sign the research papers with his
own name. So, all of his work is under the pen name “Student”.

Later on, a great mathematician theorist, Ronald Fisher, proved

rigorously that Gosset’s findings were correct. Fisher was able then to
generalize Gosset’s original work and introduced the t-statistics and
named it as Student’s t-distribution.

The Student’s T Distribution is one of the biggest breakthrough in

statistics as it allowed influence to small samples with an unknown
population variance.

4
T - distribution

The t-distribution also known as the Student’s t-distribution is a

probability distribution that is used to estimate population parameters when
the sample size is small (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 < 30) and/or when the population
standard deviation is unknown.

The t-distribution describes the standardized distances of sample

means to the population mean when the population standard deviation is
not known, and the observations come from a normally distributed
population.

The z-distribution and t-distribution are almost identical except for

different standard deviations used in the formula in converting sample mean
scores to z-scores and t-scores.

Degrees of Freedom(df)

The major difference between z-distribution and t-distribution is that each t-

distribution is distinguished by its degrees of freedom. Degrees of
freedom are defined as the number of "observations" (pieces of information)
in the data that are free to vary when estimating statistical parameters. In
situations where you have one population and your sample size is n,
the degrees of freedom(df) is calculated using the formula,

df = n-1

Note that the number of degrees of freedom is one less than the sample size.
So, if the sample size n is 25, the number of degrees of freedom is 24. Also,
at t-distribution having 16 degrees of freedom, the sample size is 17.

These degrees of freedom change how the probability distribution

looks. The exact shape of the t-distribution depends on the degrees of
freedom. The probability distribution of t has more dispersion than the
normal probability distribution associated with z.

5
 Shown above is the curve of standard normal distribution and t-
distributions with 10 and 20 degrees of freedom. The figure above tells you
that as the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution approaches to
standard normal distribution. At 20 degrees of freedom, the curve gets
closer to the z-distribution curve. But if you look very closely, you would see
that the t-distribution still has slightly heavier tails and slightly lower peak.
But if you let those degrees of freedom continue to increase, the t-
distribution is going to get closer and closer to the standard normal
distribution.

Properties of t-distribution

1. The t-distribution is symmetrical about 0. That

means if you draw a segment from the peak of
the curve down to the 0 mark on the horizontal
axis, the curve is divided into two equal parts or
areas. The t- scores on the horizontal axis will be
divided also with half of the t-scores being
positive and half negative.

2. The t-distribution is bell-shaped like the normal distribution but has

heavier tails. That means it is more prone to producing values that fall far
from the mean. The tails are asymptotic to the horizontal axis. Asymptotic
means each tail approaches the horizontal axis but never touches it.

6
3. The mean, median, and mode of the t-distribution are all equal to zero.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4. The variance is always greater than 1. It is equal to where df is the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑−2
number of degrees of freedom. As the number of degrees of freedom
increase and approaches infinity, the variance approaches 1. Using the
formula, if the number of degrees of freedom is 10, the variance is
10 10
= = 1.25.
10−2 8

5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve looks more

and more like the normal distribution curve. With infinite degrees of
freedom, t-distribution is the same as the normal distribution.

Source: https://worldsustainable.org/students-t-distribution

6. The standard deviation and variance of the t-distribution varies with the
sample size. It is always greater than 1. Unlike the normal distribution,
which has a standard deviation of 1.

7. The total area under a t-distribution curve is 1 or 100%. The area under
the t-distribution curve represents the probability or the percentage
associated with specific sets of t-values.

7
 Let Us Practice

You did great on your first day! Now, let’s try what you have learned.
Are you ready?

ACTIVITY: “Right or Wrong, Make A Decision?”

Read and analyze each statement carefully and decide if the statement
is right or wrong. Place a check mark ( ) if the statement is true about the
t-distribution and mark X if it’s not.

______1. The t-distribution is used to estimate population parameters

when the sample size is small and/or the population variance is
unknown.

______2. The mean, median and mode are all equal to zero.

______3. The variance is equal to 1.

______4. The t-distribution curve is bell-shaped.

______5. The standard deviation of t-distribution is always greater than 1.

______6. Half of the total area under the t-distribution curve is equal to 1.

______7. The curve is symmetrical about its zero.

______8. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the sample mean.

______9. The tails of the t-distribution curve approach the horizontal axis
but never touch it.

______10. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve looks

more and more like the normal distribution.

Let Us Practice More

Very good! You made it this far. Let us continue rolling!

Tell whether each of the following statements describes a t-distribution, a
normal distribution, or both.

____________1. The variance is equal to 1.

____________2. The probability distribution curve is bell-shaped.
____________3. The probability distribution curve symmetrical about zero.
____________4. The standard deviation is equal to 1.

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____________5. The shape of the distribution curve depends on the degrees of
freedom.
____________6. It has the total area under its curve equal to 1 or 100%.
____________7. It has lower peak and heavier tails.
____________8. Sample size is small and population variance is unknown.
____________9. It has tails that are asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
___________10. Its mean, median, and mode are equal to 0.

Let Us Remember

Awesome! Now, let us gather what we have learned.

Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.

1. The Student’s t-distribution is a probability distribution that is used to

estimate population parameters when the sample size is ____________
and/or when the_______________________ is unknown.

2. The t-distribution was developed by ___________________ in 1908.

3. Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution is ____________-shaped,

symmetrical about _________________ and has the total area under its
curve equal to ____________.

4. The t-distribution has tails that are asymptotic to the ___________ axis.

5. The mean, median and mode of t-distribution are equal to ___________.

6. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the number of _____.

7. The t-distribution has ___________ peak and __________ tails than the
normal curve.

8. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution approaches to

the ________________ distribution.

9. The variance and the standard deviation of the t-distribution is

always ___________ than 1.

10. To compute for the degree of freedom, use the formula ____________.

9
 Let Us Assess

It is amazing how you were able to study and answer the activities!
Now it is time to try the fruit of your journey by answering the assessment.

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the
best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is the probability distribution used when the population variance is

unknown and/or if the sample size is small.
A. chi distribution
B. z-distribution
C. t-distribution
D. p-distribution

2. William S. Gosset developed the t-distribution in 1908. Why was it

called “Student’s t-distribution”?
A. Because it was first introduced to the students in 1908.
B. Because he was still a college student when he developed the t-
distribution.
C. Because he used the pen name “Student” when he published his
paper about the t-distribution.
D. Because the students are the samples in his study about the t-
Distribution.

3. When do we consider that the sample size is small?

A. When sample size is less than 30.
B. When sample size is between 20 to 40.
C. When sample size is greater than 25 but less than 40.
D. When sample size is only 1% of the total population.

4. In Student’s t-distribution, what is the sample size if the degree of

freedom is 25?
A. 5
B. 24
C. 25
D. 26

5. What is the difference between the normal distribution and the t-

distribution?
A. The t-distribution has a lower peak.
B. The t-distribution is centered at 0.
C. The t-distribution is symmetric in the middle.
D. The t-distribution has tails that are asymptotic to the horizontal
axis.

10
6. In the estimation of a parameter using the t-distribution, is it possible
to replace the population standard deviation, 𝜎𝜎 by the sample
standard deviation, s?
A. No, because the given sample size is small.
B. No, because 𝜎𝜎 and s differ by a significant amount.
C. Yes, because 𝜎𝜎 is unknown and s is a good estimator of 𝜎𝜎.
D. Yes, because 𝜎𝜎 is equal to s when we are estimating parameters.

7. Which property of t-distribution is NOT a property of normal

distribution?
A. The t-distribution curve is bell-shaped.
B. The t-distribution curve is symmetrical about zero.
C. In t distribution, the variance is always greater than 1.
D. The total area under the t distribution curve equal to 1.

8. The following statements tell about the t-distribution EXCEPT ______

A. The standard deviation of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
B. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal distribution.
C. The exact shape of a t-distribution depends on the degrees of
freedom.
D. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution tends to
normal distribution.

9. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest

peak?
A. the standard normal distribution
B. a t-distribution with 5 degrees of freedom
C. a t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom
D. a t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom

10. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the thickest
tails?
A. a t-distribution with 25 degrees of freedom
B. a t-distribution with 23 degrees of freedom
C. a t-distribution with 21 degrees of freedom
D. a t-distribution with 19 degrees of freedom

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 Let Us Enhance

Make a Venn diagram showing the comparison of the t-distribution

and normal distribution. List down the characteristics or properties of the
two distributions on the spaces provided.

Let Us Reflect

In making inferences about a population mean, several

assumptions are required such as the data must come from a random
sample of size n from the population of interest, the sample size is equal or
more than 30 or the population is normally distributed if the sample size is
less than 30, and the population standard deviation is known. When all of
these assumptions are met, the z-distribution is employed to describe the
population.

But sometimes the sample sizes are small (less than 30), and we often
do not know the population's standard deviation. When either of these
problems occur, the t-distribution or the Student t distribution is used to
evaluate probabilities with the sample mean and describe the population of
interest. The t-distribution allows us to conduct statistical analyses on
certain data sets that are not appropriate for analysis, using the normal
distribution.

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 Lesson
Identifying Percentiles
2 Using the t-Table
Congrats and welcome to Lesson 2.

Let Us Try!

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of
the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. If the area of the shaded part of the t-distribution below is 0.38, what
is the area of the unshaded region?
A. 0.38
B. 0.72
C. 0.88
D. 0.62

2. Which t-distribution corresponds to t-value of 1.833 and whose

shaded area on the right tail of the t-distribution is 0.05?
A. a t distribution with 19 degrees of freedom
B. a t distribution with 9 degrees of freedom
C. a t distribution with 18 degrees of freedom
D. a t distribution with infinite degrees of freedom

3. What is the value of t, when the degree of freedom is 30 and the area
of the shaded region is 0.1 to the left tail of the t-distribution?
A. 1.310
B. 1.697
C. 2.457
D. 2.750

4. Using the t-table, find the area to the right of 2.15 under the t-
distribution with 10 degrees of freedom?
A. between 0.01 to 0.02
B. between 0.02 to 0.025
C. between 0.025 to 0.05
D. between 0.05 to 0.10

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5. In identifying a percentile using the t-table, what information should
be identified first?
A. degrees of freedom only
B. degrees of freedom and the given percentage
C. degrees of freedom and the area to the left tail of the t-distribution
D. degrees of freedom and the area to the right tail of the t-
distribution

6. Which of the following values is the 95th percentile of the t-

distribution if the sample size is 16?
A. 1.341
B. 1.753
C. 2.131
D. 2.602

7. If the sample size is 24, what is the 90th percentile of the t-distribution?
A. 1.319
B. 1.714
C 2.069
D. 2.500

8. If the 99th percentile of the t-distribution is 3.012, what is the degree

of freedom?
A. 10
B. 11
C. 12
D. 13

9. To what percentile of the t-distribution does 1.860 belong if the

sample size is 9?
A. 90th
B. 93rd
C. 95th
D. 99th

10. What is the 50th percentile of a t distribution with 45 degrees of

freedom?
A. 1.684
B. 0.50
C. 0
D. -1.684

14
 Let Us Study

The t-Distribution table

In finding the areas and percentiles for a t-distribution you need to

familiarize yourself with the t-table.

15
 Looking at the table below, the first column in the left-side is the degree
of freedom, the first-three rows in the top is the area under the distribution
while the rest of the entries in the body are the values of t (t-values).

One Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests

In statistical significance testing, a one-tailed test and a two-tailed

test are alternative ways of computing the statistical significance of
a parameter inferred from a data set, in terms of a test statistic.

Two tests at the same probability

A one-tailed test is also called
levels (95%)
directional test. It allows you to
determine if one mean is greater or One-tailed test
less than another mean, but not both.
A direction must be chosen prior to
testing. In other words, a one-tailed
test tells you the effect of a change in
one direction and not the other.

A two-tailed test is non-directional

test. It allows you to determine if two Two-tailed test
means are different from one another.
A direction does not have to be
specified prior to testing. In other
words, a two-tailed test will take into
account the possibility of both a
positive and a negative effect.

16
Finding the t-value in the table

Example 1: What is the value of t, given a degree of freedom 6 and an area

of 0.05 (one-tailed) to the right of the distribution?

Solution:
 In finding the t-value, look at the area to the right of the distribution
which is 0.05 (one-tailed) and the degree of freedom 6, intersect the
two points to determine the t-value.

 As shown, the intersection is at 1.943, therefore, the area 0.05 to the

right of the distribution has a t-value of 1.943.

Example 2: What is the value of t, with an area of 10% (two-tailed) of the

distribution with a sample size of 15?
Solution:
 Determine the degrees of freedom: d.f. = n – 1
d.f. =15 – 1 ; d.f. = 14
 Locate 10% or 0.1 in the two-tailed of the area, and intersect
this point to the degree of freedom 14.

 The t-value corresponds to the area 0.1 in the distribution is 1.761.

17
Identifying Percentiles Using the t-table

Percentiles represent the number of scores that fell below a given value. For
instance, a student with a summative test score of 50 is at 92nd percentile,
this means that their score is higher than 92 percent of the other scores.
Percentiles expresses the comparison of one value to the other.

In t-distribution, percentile is the value that is less than the probability in

the given percentage. Percentile is also known as t-value.

For example, the 85th percentile of the

t-distribution is the t-value whose left
tail probability is 85% or 0.85 and
whose right-tail probability is 15% or
0.15(1 – 0.85 =0.15, recalling that the
area of the t-distribution is 1).

Illustrative Examples 1: Find the 95th percentile of a t-distribution with 12

degrees of freedom.

Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the
From the definition, 95th percentile refers to the value
graph of the
of t that has an area of 95% to the left of the
distribution.
distribution.
 This is to
locate the
2.5th
percentile.

Note: 95% is more than half the area of the distribution,

therefore, 95th percentile is located to the right of the
mean.
2. Find the Area The area to the right of the 95th percentile is 5% or 0.05
to the right of (1 – 0.95 = 0.05, recalling the total area of the given
the distribution which is equal to 1).
distribution.

18
 3. Use t-table to
Looking at the graph above, we formed one tail
find the distribution, therefore, in the t-distribution table, we
percentile or
use one tailed with an area of 0.05 to the right.
the t-value.

As shown in table, the value that intersect between df

12 and area 0.05 is 1.782.
4. Write the
Therefore, the 95th percentile is 1.782. This means that
final answer.
the t-value of 1.782 has an area of 95% (0.95) to the left
of the distribution or has an area of 5% (0.05) to its right.

Illustrative Examples 2. Find the 2.5th percentile of a t-distribution with

sample size 15.

Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the From the definition, 2.5th percentile refers to the
graph of the value of t that has an area of 2.5% (0.025) to the left
distribution. of the distribution.

 This is to
locate the
2.5th
percentile.

Note: 2.5% is less than half the area of the distribution,

therefore, 2.5th percentile is located to the left of the
mean.

19
2. Find the Area The area to the right of the 2.5th percentile is 0.975 or
to the right of 0.05 (1 – 0.025 = 0.975, recalling the total area of the
the given distribution which is equal to 1).
distribution.

3. Use t-table to Looking at the graph above, we formed one tail

find the distribution, therefore, in the t-distribution table, we
percentile or use one tailed with an area of 0.025 to the left with
the t-value. df = n – 1 = 15 – 1 = 14

As shown in table, the value that intersect between df

14 and area 0.025 to the left is 2.145. Remember, one
of the properties of the t-distribution is that it is
symmetric about zero, meaning the area to the right
of the distribution is the same area to the left.
4. Write the final
Therefore, the 2.5th percentile is - 2.145. This means
answer.
that the t-value of - 2.145 has an area of 2.5% (0.025)
to the left of the distribution or has an area of 97.5%
(0.975) to its right.

Note: The t-value is negative because as you can see on the

graph, 2.5th percentile is at the negative side of the
distribution.

20
Illustrative Examples 3. Find the t-values that bound in the middle 95%
with df = 8.

Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the From the problem, it is said that it is in the middle
graph of the of 95% (0.95), meaning that the area is located at
distribution. the middle of the distribution.

 This is to
locate the area
in the middle
of 95%.

As shown in the graph, it contains two-tail, thus,

there are two (2) values of t (positive and negative).
2. Find the area to The area of both tails of the distribution is 5% (0.05).
the right of the
distribution.

Since we are looking the area to the right side of the

distribution. Just simply divide 0.05 by 2, and we
get 0.025.

Always remember that the t-distribution is

symmetrical about 0, then the area to the left is also
0.025.
3. Use t-table to In this situation there are two ways to determine the
find the t-value.
percentile or
the t-value. 1. Using two tailed distribution with a degree of
freedom 8 and the area of both tails 0.05.

21
 2. Using one tailed distribution with degree of
freedom 8 and area to the right of the
distribution 0.025.

Either of the two ways in determining the t-value,

you still come up with the same answer.
Thus, the t-value is at 2.306.

4. Write the final Therefore, the t-value that bound in the middle of 95%
answer. (0.95) is - 2.306 and 2.306.

-2.306 2.306

Illustrative Example 4: What is the area to the right of 1.8 under a t-

distribution with 10 degrees of freedom?

22
 Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the In the illustration the t-value of 1.8 is somewhere
graph of the between 1 and 2, and we are going to find the area to
distribution. the right of it.
 This is to
determine at
what point in
the
distribution
the t-value
1.8 is located.

2. Find the area Looking at the table, you need to focus on the degrees
to the right of of freedom 10.
the
distribution
using the t-
table.

You will observe that the t-value 1.8 is not found in

this row but as you can see 1.8 is between 1.372 and
1.812.

The table tells you that the area to the right of 1.372
is 0.10 (one-tail, as shown in the graph) and the area
to the right of 1.812 is 0.05. Thus, the t-value 1.8
falls between two values 1.372 and 1.812.
3. Write the final Therefore, the area to the right of 1.8 is between 0.10
answer. and 0.05.

23
 Let Us Practice

Guided Practice: “BLACK-PINK in your Area”

Use the t-table to identify what is ask in the given items. Draw a t-
distribution for each number then choose from BLACK or PINK to shade the
required area and fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. The first one is
done for your guide.

Example:
1. Find the 95th percentile in the t-distribution with 17 as the degree of
freedom.
Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the The 95 percentile is located at above (below,
th

graph of the middle, above) the area of 50% of the distribution.

distribution.

2. Find the area to The area to the left of 95th percentile is 95% or 0.95
the right of the and the area to the right is 1 - 0.95 = 0.05 or 5%.
distribution.

3. Use t-table to The t-table shows that, the value that intersect
find the between df 17 and area 0.05 to the right is
percentile or 1.740 .
the t-value.
4. Write the final Therefore, the 95th percentile is 1.740 . This means
answer. that the t-value 1.740 has an area of 95% (0.95)
to the left of the distribution or has an area of 0.05
to its right.

24
It’s your TURN!

2. Find the 2nd percentile of the t-distribution with a degree of freedom

25.
Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the The 2nd percentile is located at __________ (below,
graph of the middle, above) the area of 50% of the distribution.
distribution.

2. Find the area The area to the left of 2nd percentile is _______ and the
to the right of area to the right is 1 - _______ = ________.
the
distribution.

3. Use t-table to The t-table shows that, the value that intersect
find the between df ________ and area _________ to the left is
percentile or _________.
the t-value.
4. Write the Therefore, the 2nd percentile is _________. This means
final answer. that the t-value _________ has an area of _______ to the
left of the distribution or has an area of _________ to its
right.

3. Find the t-value that bound in the middle of 80% with sample size 12.

Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the 80% is located at ______________ (below, middle, above)
graph of the the area of the distribution. In this case there are _____
distribution. (one, two) t-values

25
2. Find the Area The area of in the middle of the distribution is
to the right of _________, and the area of the two tails of the
the distribution is 1 – _______ = __________. Thus, the area
distribution. to the right of the distribution is ______ ÷ 2 = _________.

3. Use t-table to Using two-tailed distribution, the t-value that intersect

find the between df = ______ - 1 = ______ and area of both tails
percentile or _________ is ____________.
the t-value.
4. Write the Therefore, the t-value that bound in the middle of 80%
final answer. (0.80) is __________ and _________.

4. Find the area to the left of 2.821 under a t-distribution with 9 degrees
of freedom.
Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the The t-value is located _____________ (below, middle,
graph of the above) the area of 50% of the t-distribution, and the
distribution. shaded part is at the __________ (left, right) of the
distribution.

26
2. Find the area In the t-table, we need to look at the
to the right of ____________________ to find which area is 2.821
the belongs.
distribution
using the t- The table tells us that the area to the right of 2.821 is
table.
__________________ and the area to the right of 2.821 is
___________. Thus, the t-value 2.821 falls to the area of
__________________.
3. Write the Therefore, the area to the left of 2.821 is
final answer. _________________.

5. Find area between -2.179 and 2.179 under a t-distribution with 12

degrees of freedom
Steps Solutions
1. Sketch the The t-value is located _____________ (below, middle,
graph of the above) the area of 50% of the t-distribution.
distribution.

2. Find the area In the t-table, we need to look at the

to the right of
____________________ to find which area is -2.179 or
the
distribution 2.179 belongs.
using the t-
table. The table tells us that the area to the right of 2.179 is
__________________ and the area to the left of -2.179 is
___________.
3. Write the Therefore, the area in the middle of -2.179 and 2.179 is
final answer. _________________.

27
 Let Us Practice More

Percen-TILES: Use the table and the given degrees of freedom to

identify each percentile or area.

75th Percentile 20TH Percentile

df = 61 df = 11 Area to the
right of 1.25
df = 25

BAMBOO WOOD SANDSTONES

h l / h l /k h l /

Let Us Remember

Fill in the blanks.

(1) _____________________ represents the number of scores that fell

below the given value. It is also known as (2) __________________.
For us to determine the percentile of the given distribution, first,
(3) __________________ the graph of the t-distribution. Second, find
the (4 )______________ to the right and use (5)_______________, to
locate the t-value of the distribution.

Let Us Assess

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of
the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a value in the t-distribution that is less than the probability of the

given percentage.
A. degrees of freedom C. t-value
B. percentile D. right-tailed value

2. If the area of the unshaded part of the t-distribution is 0.85, what is

the area of the shaded region?
A. 0.15 B. 0.75 C. 0.85 D. 85%

3. If the given t-value is 2.056 and the shaded region is to the right of the
t-distribution with 26 degrees of freedom, what is the area of the
unshaded region?
A. 0.025 B. 0.15 C. 0.95 D. 0.975

28
 4. What is the area on the left tail of the t-distribution with 14 degrees of
freedom corresponding to t-value of 3.787?
A. 0.001 B. 0.01 C. 0.975 D. 0.999

5. Which t distribution has an area of 0.10 to the right of 1.333?

A. A t-distribution with 5 degrees of freedom
B. A t-distribution with 11 degrees of freedom
C. A t-distribution with 17 degrees of freedom
D. A t-distribution with 23 degrees of freedom

6. The shaded region is to the right tail of the t-distribution. If the degree
of freedom is 22 and the area of the shaded region is 0.005, what is
the value of t?
A. -2.819 B. -2.831 C. 2.819 D. 2.831

7. The shaded region is the the left tail of the t-distribution. If the degree
of freedom is 16 and the area of the shaded region is 0.01, what is the
value of t?
A. 2.583 B. 2.120 C.-2. 120 D. -2. 583

8. What is the area to the right of 1.8 under the t-distribution with 5
degrees of freedom?
A. between 0.20 and 0.15 C. between 0.15 and 0.10
B. between 0.10 and 0.05 D. between 0.05 and 0.025

9. Which of the following values is the 90th percentile of the t-

distribution with 15 degrees of freedom?
A. 1.341 B. 1.345 C. 1.753 D. 1.837

10. What is the 95th percentile of the t-distribution when the sample size
is 23?
A. 1.721 B. 1.717 C. 1.714 D. 1.703

11. If the degree of freedom is 29, what is the 95th percentile of the t-
distribution?
A. 2.048 B. 1.701 C 1.699 D. 1.547

12. If the 99th percentile of the t-distribution is 2.650, what is the degree
of freedom?
A. 16 B. 15 C. 14 D. 13 292

13. To what percentile of the t-distribution does 1.397 belong if the

sample size is 9?
A. 90th B. 95th C. 97th D. 99th

29
 14. What is needed in order to identify a percentile using the t table?
A. degrees of freedom only
B. degrees of freedom and the given percentage
C. degrees of freedom and the area to the left tail of the t-distribution
D. degrees of freedom and the area to the right tail of the t-
distribution

15. Why does the right-tailed t-table display only positive values of t?
A. Because the area cannot be negative.
B. Because t-values are always positive.
C. Because t-values on the left tail are positive
D. Because t-values on the right tail are positive

Let Us Enhance

Browse the internet and look for a site, a program or software that
easily computes for t-values and areas under the t-distribution. Answer the
following questions using the t-table then compare your answer using the
software.

1. What is the area to the right of 1.5 under the t-distribution with 14
degrees of freedom?
2. What is the area to the right of 2.75 under the t-distribution with 28
degrees of freedom?
3. What is the area to the left of 2.8 under the t-distribution with 5
degrees of freedom?
4. If the degree of freedom is 20, what is the 96th percentile of the t-
distribution?
5. In a t-distribution with 13 degrees of freedom, what is the 38th
percentile?

Let Us Reflect

Percentiles are used to understand and interpret data. They show the
values below which a certain percentage of the data in a data set is found. In
everyday life, percentiles are used to understand values such as test scores,
health indicators, and other measurements (Taylor, 2019).
In statistics, identifying the percentile or t-value of the t-distribution is
necessary for us to compare the score of a particular score and the scores of
the rest of a group. To determine the percentile or t-value, we must consider
the degree of freedom and the area to the right of the distribution. We must
familiarize also with the t-table.
30
 Lesson Computing for the Length of
3 Confidence Interval and
Sample size
Are you planning to put up your own business? How are you going to
determine whether you are gaining or losing in your desired business? How
important is the margin of error in the business sector or in some real-life
conditions? Are you familiar with the length of confidence interval and how
it is applied in true to life situations? Well, this lesson will help you to make
a sound decision in life.

Let Us Try!

Hello, I hope you are having a good day. Before proceeding to Lesson
3, let us check what you know by answering the following.

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write the correct letter
on the separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is the formula for the margin of error for a
sample mean?
𝜎𝜎 𝑥𝑥
A. E = zc ( ) C. E = zc( )
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛
𝑡𝑡 𝜎𝜎
B. E = zc( ) D. E = zc( )
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑠𝑠

2. Given: n=60, 𝜎𝜎 =0.7, level of confidence is 96%. What is the margin of

error of the given data?
A. 0.118 B. 0.151 C. 0.185 D. 0.158

3. Calculate the sample size of the given data: E = 5, 𝛿𝛿 = 20, with a 95%
confidence level.
A. 60 B. 61 C. 62 D. 63

4. Compute for the length of the confidence interval with a sample size of
50 and has a sample mean of 20 with standard deviation 18 having a
98% confidence level.
A. [ 25.93 , 14.07 ] C. [ 24.30 , 13.57 ]
B. [ 26.85 , 13.15 ] D. [ 24.26, 15.74 ]

5. A random sample of 150 stores from Abrizo Mall have mean average
daily income of ₱25,000 and a standard deviation of ₱12,000. Find the
95% confidence interval for the mean average daily income of all stores
in Abrizo Mall.

31
 A. [ ₱26,800 , ₱23,200] C. [ ₱26,900.60 , ₱23,099.40]
B. [ ₱26,750.50 , ₱23,249.50] D. [ ₱26,920.40, ₱23,079.60]

6. How does the level of confidence affect the sample size? (Consider that
other factors are constant)
A. The higher the level of confidence, the smaller the sample size
required.
B. The lower the level of confidence, the larger the sample size
required.
C. The lower the level of confidence, the smaller the sample size
required.
D. The sample size remains constant in every level of confidence.

7. A researcher wants his/her estimate with a minimum margin of error.

Which of the following is suggested?
A. Reduce the sample size. C. Increase the sample size.
B. Use a sample size of 30. D. Use a sample size of less than 25.

8. What is the sample size needed if the margin of error is 30 and the
standard deviation of 45 with a 98% confidence level?
A. 10 B. 11 C.12 D.13

Let Us Study

We are enjoying many things at present because of the past. Gadgets,

foods, cars, medicines, computers and other things came up into reality
because of research which plays an important role in our life.

Computing for the length of the confidence interval is an important

part of the research. As much as possible, we should use a high level of
confidence in estimating our parameters to give us correct information that
helps us build stronger tomorrow.

For you to be guided in this lesson, these are the following topics to be
discussed:
1. Confidence Level vs Confidence Interval
2. Computing Margin of Error
3. Computing Confidence Interval
4. Computing Length of Confidence Interval
5. Computing Appropriate Sample Size Using the Length of the
Confidence Interval
6. Factors Affecting Sample Size Determination

32
CONFIDENCE LEVEL VS CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Confidence level is the likelihood measure of the confidence interval

that is represented by a percentage that refers to all possible samples that
can be estimated to contain the true population parameter. However, the
level of confidence can be any quantity or number, but the most common
values are shown in the table.

Table 1. Confidence Level of Zc Table

Confidence 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
Level 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.70
Zc 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04

Confidence intervals (also called the interval estimates) are intervals

which contain the actual values for our estimates, they are one way to
represent how "good" an estimate is. They are important reminder of the
limitations of the estimates.

We must get the confidence interval when we estimate of something,

for example the mean with known and unknown standard deviation. We
compute for it to know how close we are to the actual value of parameter.
However, this approximate may or may not contain the correct or true
parameter value.

COMPUTING MARGIN OF ERROR

Margin of error is the range of values above and below the given
statistical number or sample in a confidence interval. To compute for the
margin of error, use the formula
𝝈𝝈 𝝈𝝈
𝑬𝑬 = 𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄 � � or 𝑬𝑬 = 𝒛𝒛∝� � �
√ 𝒏𝒏 𝟐𝟐 √𝒏𝒏
Where, 𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄 or 𝒛𝒛∝� means the critical values or confidence coefficients,
𝟐𝟐
𝜎𝜎 is a symbol for standard deviation
n as the sample size

EXAMPLE 1

Martha owns a shoe store. She used 160 pairs of shoes as her samples with
a price standard deviation of ₱75. Suppose that Martha wants a 95% level
of confidence, what is the margin of error?

Solution:

Step 1: Write the given n = 160

data. 𝜎𝜎 = ₱75 At 95% confidence level, zc = 1.96 (refer
Confidence Level of Zc Table)

33
Step 2: Apply the 𝝈𝝈
E = zc( )
formula and substitute √𝒏𝒏
75
the given data, E = (1.96)( )
√160
E = (1.96)(5.929) (use three decimal
places for partial answer)
E = 11.62 round off the final answer in
two decimal places)

COMPUTING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Since you are already familiar on how to compute for the margin of
error, you are now ready to compute for the confidence interval.

The confidence interval can be written in the form of

Lower limit < 𝒙𝒙

� < Upper limit
or
[Lower limit, Upper Limit]

The lower limit is obtained by using the formula,

LL = 𝒙𝒙
� – 𝑬𝑬

and the upper limit is obtained by using the formula,

UL = 𝒙𝒙� + 𝑬𝑬

where E is the Margin of Error and 𝒙𝒙

� is the sample mean.

There are two formulas to consider as shown below:

a. If standard deviation (σ) is given:

𝝈𝝈
L = 𝒙𝒙
� ± zc( ) or 𝒙𝒙
�±E
√𝒏𝒏

b. If standard deviation (σ) is not given:

𝒔𝒔
L = 𝒙𝒙
� ± 𝒕𝒕𝒄𝒄 ( ) or 𝒙𝒙
�±E
√𝒏𝒏

Example 1 will be used as our example 2 to see the connection of the two
formula. Study and analyze the given example.

34
 EXAMPLE 2

a.) If standard deviation (σ) is given

Martha wanted to know the average income of shoe store that opens
at 8 a.m. – 5 p.m. She found out that the mean average price of 160 pairs of
shoes as her sample is ₱800 with a standard deviation of ₱75. Construct a
95% confidence interval for the mean income of her shoe store.

Solution:

Step 1: Write the given n = 160

data. 𝑥𝑥̅ = ₱800
𝜎𝜎 = ₱75
At 95% confidence level, zc = 1.96 (refer
Confidence Level of Zc Table)
𝜎𝜎
Step 2: Apply the formula L = 𝑥𝑥̅ ± zc( )
√𝑛𝑛
and substitute the given 75
L = 800 ± (1.96)( )
data. √160
L = 800 ± (1.96)(5.929)
L = 800 ± 11.62

Lower Limit:
LL= 𝑥𝑥̅ - 𝑬𝑬
LL = 800 – 11.62
LL = ₱788.38

Step 3: Conclusion
Upper Limit:
UL= 𝑥𝑥̅ + 𝑬𝑬
UL = 800 + 11.62
UL = ₱811.62
Therefore, Martha is 95% confident that the
true mean income of her shoe store that
opens 8a.m. – 5p.m. is between the interval of
₱788.38 and ₱811.62.

EXAMPLE 3

b.) If standard deviation (𝜎𝜎) is NOT given

January-to-March 2013 returns of Philippine stocks was outstanding. The

top 10 stocks among 237 that registered the highest quarterly gain were
taken as a sample. Find the 95% confidence interval. (Note: Use a two-tailed
t-distribution table)

35
 Touch Solutions 19.20
Araneta Properties 1.84
Filipino Fund 23.45
Bankard Inc. 1.23
Trans-Asia Oil 2.29
Sta Lucia Land 1.11
MEDCO Holdings 0.60
DNL Industries 6.99
Makati Finance 3.50
Mabuhay Holdings 0.59
Total 60.8
Solution:

Step 1: Compute for the Using the formula for the sample means:
sample mean, 𝑥𝑥̅ . 𝜮𝜮 𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊
𝒙𝒙𝒙 =
𝒏𝒏

� = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒙𝒙
•Online sites have online calculator for sample
mean. (ex. https://miniwebtool.com/sample-
mean-calculator/
Step 2: Compute for the Using the formula for the sample standard deviation:
sample standard
deviation � )𝟐𝟐
(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙
𝒔𝒔 = �
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏

𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒔𝒔 = � = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟗𝟗
• Online sites have online calculator for sample
standard deviation. (ex. https://www.mathsis
fun.com/data/standard-deviation-calculator.html)
Step 3: Find the critical degree of freedom (d.f.) = n-1
value, 𝒕𝒕𝒄𝒄 = 10 -1
d.f. = 9
At d.f.= 9 and 95% confidence level,
𝒕𝒕𝒄𝒄 = 2.262 (refer to t-distribution Table)

Step 4: Compute for 𝒔𝒔

E = 𝒕𝒕𝒄𝒄 ( )
Margin of Error, E √𝒏𝒏
8.31
E = 2.262 ( )
√10
E = 5.944

36
Step 5: Compute for L = 𝑥𝑥̅ ± 𝐸𝐸
Upper Limit
Confidence Interval L = 6.08 ± 5.944
UL= x� + 𝑬𝑬
(Lower and Upper limit)
Lower Limit UL = 6.08 + 5.944
UL = 12.12
LL= x� - 𝑬𝑬
LL = 6.08 – 5.944
LL = 0.14

Step 6: Conclusion Therefore, the 95% confidence interval of the sample

mean is between [0.14, 12.12].

COMPUTING THE LENGTH OF CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

The length of the confidence interval is simply the difference in the two
endpoints. That is:
Length = 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 − 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳
� + 𝑬𝑬 − (𝒙𝒙
= 𝒙𝒙 � − 𝑬𝑬)
So, Length = 𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬
or
𝝈𝝈
Length = 2 zc ( ) (for known standard deviation)
√𝒏𝒏

𝒔𝒔
Length = 2 𝒕𝒕𝒄𝒄 ( ) (for unknown standard deviation)
√𝒏𝒏

Using Example 2 for a given standard deviation, the length of confidence

interval is:
𝒔𝒔
Length = UL — LL (given the computed Length = 2E = 2 𝒁𝒁𝒄𝒄 ( )
√𝒏𝒏
upper and lower limit of
75
the confidence interval) or = 2(1.96)( )
√160
= ₱811.62 - ₱788.38 =
= 23.24
= ₱23.24

Using Example 3 for an unknown standard deviation, the length of confidence

interval is:
𝒔𝒔
Length = UL — LL (given the computed Length = 2E = 2 𝒕𝒕𝒄𝒄 ( )
√𝒏𝒏
upper and lower limit of
8.31
the confidence interval) or = 2 (2.262)( )
√10
= 12.02 - 0.14
= 11.88 = 11.88

37
COMPUTING APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE USING THE LENGTH OF THE
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Using the length interval, you will learn in this part how to compute for
an appropriate sample size.

Your knowledge in determining the sample size is essential particularly

in conducting a research study. A researcher does not just declare a number
to represent the number of respondents he/she wants to include in the
investigation. An appropriate sample size and sampling techniques must be
implemented to come up with the best estimate of the parameter. Therefore,
it is one of the requirements so that the findings of the study can be
generalized to every member of the population.

Using the formula for Margin of Error, E, the formula in determining

the sample size is:
𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄 𝜎𝜎 𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏 = ( )
𝑬𝑬
The sample size when the desired length of an interval is given:
𝟐𝟐𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄 𝜎𝜎 𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏 = ( )
𝑳𝑳
where, n = sample size 𝑧𝑧𝑐𝑐 = level of confidence
𝜎𝜎 = standard deviation E = margin of error
L = length of a confidence interval

EXAMPLE 4

Compute for the sample size if the margin of error is 6, with a sample
standard deviation of 25 and a 92% level of confidence.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the E=6
given data. 𝜎𝜎 = 25
92% confidence level where zc = 1.75 (refer to Confidence
Level of Zc Table)

Step 2: Solve for Given the Margin of Error, E and the standard deviation, we
the sample size. 𝒁𝒁𝒄𝒄 𝝈𝝈 𝟐𝟐
will use this formula, 𝒏𝒏 = � �
𝑬𝑬
(𝟏𝟏.𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) 𝟐𝟐
Substituting the values, 𝒏𝒏 = � �
𝟔𝟔
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏 = � � = (7.292)2
𝟔𝟔

38
 n = 53.17
n = 54
*Rule: When the calculated sample size is not a
whole number, it should be rounded up to the next higher
whole number. Rounding up a sample size calculation for
conservativeness ensures that your sample size will
always be representative of the population.
Step 3: Therefore, the sample size is 54.
Conclusion

EXAMPLE 5

You are planning to have a Thanksgiving Party in your company. You

want to get the average number of people coming in each department for the
preparation of food. Assuming that you have a population standard
deviation of 𝜎𝜎 =18.19, what is the sample size needed if you want to be 95%
confident about the mean number of employees coming with an interval
length of 6.25?

Solution:
Step 1: Write the given n=?
data. L = 6.25
𝜎𝜎 =18.19
95% confidence level where zc = 1.96 (refer to
Confidence Level of Zc Table)
Step 2: Solve for the Given the length of confidence interval and the
sample size. standard deviation, we will use the formula,
𝟐𝟐𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄 𝝈𝝈 𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏 = ( )
𝑳𝑳

2(1.96)(18.19) 2
Substituting the values, 𝑛𝑛 = ( )
6.25
71.3048 2
𝑛𝑛 = ( )
6.25
𝑛𝑛 = 130.16
𝑛𝑛 = 131
Step 3: Conclusion Therefore, the sample size is 131.

39
FACTORS AFFECTING SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

There are three factors that influence the sample size determination:
(1) the level of confidence (also known as confidence level), (2) the population
standard deviation, and (3) the margin of error. Among these factors, only
two are under the researcher’s control.

These are:
• Level of Confidence. This determines how certain you want to be that
the parameter falls within your confidence interval. Most common
confidence intervals are 90%, 95% or 99%. The more confident you want
to be, the bigger the sample size needs to be.

• Margin of Error. Since no sample will be perfect, you need to decide

how much error to allow. The confidence interval determines this. The
less error you’re willing to accept, the bigger the sample size needs to be.

Let Us Practice

LET’S GO ONLINE
In the following activities, read each situation carefully to solve each
problem. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

A. Online Schooling

You are planning to buy a cellphone with a good quality in order to

attend the online class. The average price of 50 cellphones is Php13,500
with a margin of error of Php 273.65 and a confidence level of 99%. Find
the confidence interval.

Step 1: Write the given 𝑥𝑥̅ = Php13,500

data. n = 50
𝑬𝑬 = Php 273.65
confidence level of 99% where zc = 2.58 (refer
to Confidence Level of Zc Table)
Step 2: Solve for the Lower Limit Upper Limit
confidence interval. LL= x� – 𝑬𝑬 UL= x� + 𝑬𝑬
LL = ____________ UL = ____________
LL = ____________ UL = ____________

Confidence Interval = [LL , UL]

= [ _______ , _______ ]

Step 3: Conclusion Therefore, the confidence interval is

[ _______ , _______ ].

40
 B. Online Selling

You are an entrepreneur who want to sell your product online. A

random sample of entrepreneurs online advertising cost has a population
standard deviation of 𝜎𝜎 = 0.706 and a mean of 𝑥𝑥̅ = ₱7.02. The maximal
error of estimate for the mean cost of advertising a product online is E=0.3
at 90% confidence level. Find the necessary sample size to be determined
for the survey.
Step 1: Write the given 𝜎𝜎 = 0.706
data. 𝑥𝑥̅ = ₱7.02
E = 0.3
confidence level of 90% where zc = 1.645 (refer
to Confidence Level of Zc Table)

Step 2: Solve for the 𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄 𝜎𝜎 𝟐𝟐

𝒏𝒏 = ( )
necessary sample size 𝑬𝑬
for the 90% confidence (1.645)(0.706 2
level. Substituting the values, 𝑛𝑛 = � 0.3
�
( ) 2
𝑛𝑛 = � 0.3
�
𝑛𝑛 = ( )2
n = ______
n = ______

Therefore, the sample size is ______.

Let us Practice More

HAVE CONFIDENCE AND BE THE BEST!

Study and analyze each case. Apply the formula necessary to solve
the stated problem. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

CASE 1:

Mr. V wanted to know the average weight (in kilos) of students in LAO
University. He took a random sample of 300 students and discovered that
their average weight is 55kg with a standard deviation of 0.8kg and the
margin of error is 1.32kg. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean
weight of students in the University.

41
Step 1: Write the given
data.

Step 2: Solve for the

confidence interval.

Step 3: Conclusion

CASE 2:

Compute for the sample size needed if the margin of error is 15, with sample
standard deviation of 43 and a 98% level of confidence.
Step 1: Write the given
data.

Step 2: Solve for the

necessary sample size
for the 90% confidence
level.

Step 3: Conclusion

42
 Let us Remember

Complete the following statements by writing the correct word or

words and formulas.

1. The likelihood measure of the confidence interval that is represented by a

percentage that refers to all possible samples that can be estimated to
contain the true population parameter is called _____________________.

2. Confidence coefficient or ___________________ is expressed as zc.

3. A range of values that is used to estimate a parameter is known as

___________________.

4. n is the symbol used for the __________________________.

5. To compute the length of confidence interval given the standard deviation,

there are two formulas to consider. These are: _______________________
and _________________________.

6. To compute for the sample size, the formula to be used are _____________
and _________________.

7. Complete the Level of Confidence and zc Table on the second row.

Confidence
99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
Level
Zc 2.58 2.05 1.75 1.44 1.04

Let us Assess

Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Which of the following coefficients are the 95% confidence coefficients?

a. ±1.65
b. ±1.96
c. ±2.40
d. ±2.58

43
2. Confidence interval is also knowns as _____________________.
a. Interval estimate
b. confidence coefficient
c. interval coefficient
d. alpha

3. Which of the following formulas is used to get the sample size of the
population?
𝑧𝑧𝑐𝑐 𝜎𝜎 2
a. 𝑛𝑛 = ( )
𝐸𝐸
𝑧𝑧𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸 2
b. 𝑛𝑛 = ( )
𝜎𝜎
𝐸𝐸𝜎𝜎 2
c. 𝑛𝑛 = ( )
𝑧𝑧𝑐𝑐

𝐸𝐸𝜎𝜎 𝑧𝑧
d. 𝑛𝑛 = ( ) 𝑐𝑐
2

4. Given: n=130, 𝜎𝜎 = 25, level of confidence is 92%. What is the margin of

error of the given data?
a. 3.73 c. 3.99
b. 3.84 d. 4.25

5. Calculate the sample size of the given data: E = 13, 𝜎𝜎 = 55, with an 85%
confidence level.
a. 37.11 c. 39.15
b. 38.21 d. 40.12

6. Compute for the length of the confidence interval with a sample size of
200 and has sample mean of 80 with standard deviation 35 having a 96%
confidence level.
a. [ 83.10 , 76.90 ]
b. [ 82.50 , 77.50 ]
c. [ 81.85 , 78.15 ]
d. [ 84.14, 75.86 ]

7. The average purchase of products of 255 customer in JYEL store is

₱150. If the standard deviation is ₱65, find the 96% confidence interval
for the average purchase of products.
a. [₱152.50 , ₱147.50]
b. [₱155.20, ₱149.80]
c. [₱158.30 , ₱141.70]
d. [₱159.60, ₱140.40]

44
 Let us Enhance
Read the following problem carefully. Apply your skills in solving the
following case.

A researcher found that the IQ scores of the ALS

students in the Division of Tagum are normally distributed
with a mean of 110 and a standard deviation of 10.

1. How many ALS students are needed to test so that the estimate will
not be more than 5 from the population mean with a 99% level of
confidence? (Show your solution on a separate sheet of paper)
________________________________________________________________

2. Due to limited contact with ALS students, the researcher tested a small
number of ALS students. Explain the effect of this small sample on the
estimate of the parameter?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Let us Reflect

In research, computing for the length of the confidence interval is an

important part. It will help us decide which confidence level will give us a
more precise interval. It is also useful in determining appropriate sample
size. Reducing the sample size increases the error of our estimate.
Estimation based on facts helps us in making right decisions.

45
 46
Lesson 1:
Let Us Try Let Us Assess
1. C 6. A 1. C 6. C
2. A 7. C 2. C 7. C
3. C 8. C 3. A 8. A
4. B 9. A 4. D 9. B
5. A 10. D 5. A 10. D
Lesson 2:
Let Us Try Let Us Assess
1. D 6. B 1. B 6. C 11. C
2. B 7. A 2. A 7. D 12. D
3. A 8. D 3. D 8. B 13. A
4. C 9. C 4. D 9. A 14. D
5. D 10. C 5. C 10. B 15. D
Lesson 3:
Let Us Try Let Us Assess
1. a 1. b
2. c 2. a
3. b 3. a
4. a 4. b
5. d 5. a
6. c 6. d
7. c 7. c
8. d
Answer key to Activities
 References

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Accessed January 20, 2021.
https://commons.deped.gov.ph/categories/4caf2fa6-8773-47fb-b6c6-
0bf3609870e8

Malate, Jose S. Statistics and Probability. Vicarish Publications and Trading,

Inc., 2017.

Delfina, G. (2020). “Illustrating the t-Distribution. DepEd Commons.

Accessed January 20, 2021.
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0bf3609870e8

Delfina, G. (2020). “Identifying Percentiles Using the t-Table”. DepEd

Commons. Accessed January 20, 2021.
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0bf3609870e8

Yanto , D., Jolo, J. and Velasco, R.(2020). “Computing Appropriate Sample

Size Using the Length of the Interval”. DepEd Commons. Accessed
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https://commons.deped.gov.ph/categories/4caf2fa6-8773-47fb-
b6c6-0bf3609870e8

Potes, C., Suaverdez, R. and Velasco, R. (2020). “Solving Problems

Involving Sample Size Determination”. DepEd Commons. Accessed
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https://commons.deped.gov.ph/categories/4caf2fa6-8773-47fb-
b6c6-0bf3609870e8

Velasco, R. (2020). “Computing for the Length of the Confidence Interval”.

DepEd Commons. Accessed January 20, 2021.
https://commons.deped.gov.ph/categories/4caf2fa6-8773-47fb-
b6c6-0bf3609870e8

Ke!san Online Calculator.

https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1180573204

Taylor, c. (2019). Definition of a Percentile in Statistics and How to

Calculate It. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-percentile-
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Frost, J. (n.d.). “Percentiles: Interpretations and Calculations”.
https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/percentiles/

Bluman, Allan G. Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step

Approach with MathZone. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education, 2006.

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/t-
distribution/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32CuxWdOlow

Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education – Region XI (DepEd- XI)

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax: (082) 291-1665; (082) 221-6147

Email Address: regionxi@deped.gov.ph * lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph