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and song, which waste so much precious time, and give so much
disagreeable trouble to learn; and which also, when learned, are too
likely to be used in the service of idols; while the skills which our
modern gospel substitutes for both, of steam-whistle, namely, and
photograph, supply, with all that they need of terrestrial pleasure, the
ears which God has redeemed from spiritual deafness, and the eyes
which He has turned from darkness to light.
“Worldly books”? Yes; very certainly, when you know which they are;
for I will have you to abjure, with World, Flesh, and Devil, the
literature of all the three:—and your music and drawing,—that is to
say, all music and drawing which you have learned only for your own
glory or amusement, and respecting which you have no idea that it
may ever become, in a far truer sense, other people’s music and
drawing.
For all the arts of mankind, and womankind, are only rightly learned,
or practised, when they are so with the definite purpose of pleasing
or teaching others. A child dancing for its own delight,—a lamb
leaping,—or a fawn at play, are happy and holy creatures; but they
are not artists. An artist is—and recollect this definition, (put in
capitals for quick reference,)—a person who has submitted to a
law which it was painful to obey, that he may bestow a
delight which it is gracious to bestow. 2 [302]
“A painful law,” I say; yet full of pain, not in the sense of torture, but
of stringency, or constraint; and labour, increasing, it may be,
sometimes into aching of limbs, and panting of breasts: but these
stronger yet, for every ache, and broader for every pant; and farther
and farther strengthened from danger of rheumatic ache, and
consumptive pant.
And the two points had better at first be placed at the small distance
of an inch from each other, both because it is easy to draw so short a
line, and because it is well for us to know, early in life, the look of the
length of an inch. And when we have learned the look of our own
English inch, we will proceed to learn the look of that which will
probably be our currency measure of length, the French inch, for that
is a better standard than ours, for European acceptance.
But this, I beg my readers to observe, will be the seventh large book
I have actually at this time passing through the press; 5 besides
having written and published four volumes of university lectures 6 in
the [306]last six years; every word of them weighed with care. This is
what I observe the ‘Daily Telegraph’ calls giving ‘utterances few and
far between.’ But it is as much certainly as I am able at present to
manage; and I must beg my correspondents, therefore, to have
generally patience with me when I don’t answer their letters by return
of post; and above all things, to write them clear, and in a round
hand, with all the ms and ns well distinguished from us.
The woodcut, indeed, prepared for this Fors was to have been a
lesson in writing; but that must wait till next year, now; meantime you
may best prepare yourself for that, and all other lessons to be given
in my new edition of the Elements of Drawing, by beginning to form
your own cherished and orderly treasures of beautiful art. For
although the greatest treasury in that kind, belonging to St. George’s
Company, will be as often aforesaid public property, in our museums,
every householder of any standing whatever among us will also have
his own domestic treasury, becoming hereditary as accumulative;
and accurately catalogued, so that others may know what peculiar or
separate good things are to be found in his house, and have
graciously permitted use of them if true necessity be.
With the last we must at present class, and largely use, the more
perishable treasure of good photographs; these, however, I do not
doubt but that modern science will succeed, (if it has not already
done so,) in rendering permanent; and, at all events, permanent
copies of many may soon be placed in all our schools. Of such
domestic treasure we will begin with a photograph of the picture by
Fra Filippo Lippi, representing the Madonna; which picture last year
had its place over the door of the inner room of the Uffizii of
Florence, beyond the Tribune. This photograph can of course
eventually be procured in any numbers; and, assuming that my
readers will get one, I shall endeavour in this and future numbers of
Fors, to make it useful to them, and therefore a treasure. 7
The first thing you are to observe in it is that the figures are
represented as projecting in front of a frame or window-sill. The
picture belongs, therefore, to the class meant to be, as far as
possible, deceptively like reality; and is in this respect entirely
companionable with one long known in our picture-shops, and
greatly popular with the British innkeeper, of a smuggler on the look-
out, with his hand and pistol projecting [308]over the window-sill. The
only differences in purpose between the painter of this Anglican
subject and the Florentine’s, are, first, that the Florentine wishes to
give the impression, not of a smuggler’s being in the same room with
you, but of the Virgin and Child’s being so; and, secondly, that in this
representation he wishes not merely to attain deceptive reality; but to
concentrate all the skill and thought that his hand and mind possess,
in making that reality noble.
Next, you are to observe that with this unusually positive realism of
representation, there is also an unusually mystic spiritualism of
conception. Nearly all the Madonnas, even of the most strictly
devotional schools, themselves support the child, either on their
knees or in their arms. But here, the Christ is miraculously borne by
angels;—the Madonna, though seated on her throne, worships with
both hands lifted.
Thirdly, you will at first be pained by the decision of line, and, in the
children at least, uncomeliness of feature, which are characteristic,
the first, of purely-descended Etruscan work; the second, of the
Florentine school headed afterwards by Donatello. But it is
absolutely necessary, for right progress in knowledge, that you begin
by observing and tracing decisive lines; and that you consider dignity
and simplicity of expression more than beauty of feature. Remember
also that a photograph necessarily loses the most subtle beauty
[309]of all things, because it cannot represent blue or grey colours, 8
and darkens red ones; so that all glowing and warm shadows
become too dark. Be assured, nevertheless, that you have in this
photograph, imperfect as it is, a most precious shadow and image of
one of the greatest works ever produced by hand of man: and begin
the study of it piece by piece. If you fancy yourself able to draw at all,
you may begin by practice over and over again the little angular
band on the forehead, with its studs, and the connected chain of
pearls. There are seven pearls and fourteen studs; the fifteenth, a
little larger, at the angle of the transparent cap; and four more,
retiring. They are to be drawn with a fine brush and sepia, measuring
the exact length of the band first; then marking its double curve,
depressed in the centre, and rising over the hair, and then the studs
and pearls in their various magnitudes. If you can’t manage these,
try the spiral of the chair; if not that, buy a penny’s worth of marbles
and draw them in a row, and pick up a snail shell, and meditate upon
it, if you have any time for meditation. And in my Christmas Fors I
will tell you something about marbles, and beads, and coral, and
pearls, and shells; and in time—it is quite possible—you may be able
to draw a boy’s marble and a snail’s shell; and a sea urchin; and a
Doric capital; and an Ionic capital; and a Parthenon, and a Virgin in
[310]it; and a Solomon’s Temple, and a Spirit of Wisdom in it; and a
Nehemiah’s Temple, and a Madonna in it.
Of public, or museum property in art, I have this month laid also the
minute foundation, by the purchase, for our schools, of the
engravings named in the annexed printseller’s account. 9
For these two principal reasons, (and not without further direction
from Fors of a very distinct nature,) I expressed, some time since,
my purpose to place the first museum of the St. George’s Company
at Sheffield.
Whereupon, I received a letter, very well and kindly meant, from Mr.
Bragge, offering me space in the existing Sheffield museum for
whatever I chose to put there: Mr. Bragge very naturally supposing
that this would be the simplest mode of operation for me; and the
most immediately advantageous to the town. To that (as I supposed
private) communication I replied, in what I meant to be a private
letter; which letter Mr. Bragge, without asking my permission, read at
a public dinner, with public comment on what he imagined to be the
state of my health.
Now, I never wrote a letter in my life which all the world are not
welcome to read, if they will: and as Fors would have it so, I am glad
this letter was read [312]aloud, and widely circulated: only, I beg Mr.
Bragge and the other gentlemen who have kindly interested
themselves in the existing Sheffield museum to understand that, had
I intended the letter for publicity, it would have been couched in more
courteous terms, and extended into clearer explanation of my
singular and apparently perverse conduct in what I observe the
Sheffield press, since it has had possession of the letter in question,
characterizes as “setting up an opposition museum at Walkley.”
The workmen who have leisure to enter on this course of study will
also, I believe, have leisure to walk to Walkley. The museum has
been set there, not by me, but by the second Fors, (Lachesis,) on
the top of a high and steep hill,—with only my most admiring
concurrence in her apparent intention that the approach to it may be
at once symbolically instructive, and practically sanitary. [315]
[Contents]
“In the English Prayer-book ‘set’ has the same meaning as in Psalm
lxxviii. ver. 9 ↗️ (sic: the writer means ver. 8 ↗️); and the context
shows the ‘rest and quietness’ desired, to be rest and quietness of
spirit.”
The ‘context’ cannot show anything of the sort, for the sentence is an
entirely independent one: and the MS. I use is not a Breviary, but the
most perfect Psalter and full service, including all the hymns quoted
by Dante, that I have seen in English thirteenth-century writing. The
omission of the word ‘dedita’ makes not the smallest difference to
the point at issue—which is not the mistranslation of a word, but the
breaking of a clause. The mistranslation nevertheless exists also;
precisely because, in the English Prayer-book, ‘set’ has the same
meaning as in Psalm lxxviii ↗️.; where the Latin word is ‘direxit,’ not
‘dedit’; and where discipline is meant, not surrender.
I must reserve my comments on the two most important letters next
following, for large type and more leisure. [316]
II. “I hope that you will live to see Fors and everything printed without
steam: it’s the very curse and unmaking of us. I can see it dreadfully
in every workman that I come across. Since I have been so happily
mixed up with you these eighteen years, great changes have taken
place in workmen. It was beginning fearfully when I last worked as a
journeyman. One instance among many:—The head foreman came
to me at Messrs. Bakers’, and threatened discharge if he caught me
using a hand bow-saw to cut a little circular disc, which I could have
done in ten minutes. I then had to go and wait my turn at the endless
steam saw—or, as commonly called, a band saw. I had to wait an
hour and a half to take my turn: the steam saw did it in perhaps three
minutes; but the head foreman said, ‘We’ve gone to great expense
for steam machinery, and what is the use if we don’t employ it?’ This
little occurrence was by no means uncommon. What workpeople
have been brought to is beyond conception, in tone of feeling and
character. Here, as I have told you, we do all we can ourselves,
indoors and out; have no servant, but make the children do: and
because we are living in a tidy-sized house, and a good piece of
ground, the labouring people make a dead set against us because
we are not dependent upon them, and have even combined to
defeat us in getting a charwoman now and then. We ought, I
suppose, to employ two servants, whether we can pay for them or
not, or even obtain them (which we couldn’t). They have been
picking hops here next our hedge: this is done by people in the
neighbourhood, not imported pickers; and their children called over
the hedge to ours, and said, ‘Your mother is not a lady; she don’t
keep a servant, but does the work herself.’ I name this little incident
because it seems so deep.”
III. “My dear Mr. Ruskin,—I write to ask leave to come and enter my
name on the Roll of Companions of the Company of [317]St.
George. 10 I have seen enough and read enough of the pace at which
we are going, more especially in business matters, to make me long
to see some effort made to win back some of the honesty and
simplicity of our fathers. And although I am afraid I can be but of very
little use to the Company, I would gladly do anything that lay within
my power; and it would be a great help to feel oneself associated
with others, however feebly, in a practical work.
“And this brings me to the point I want to put to you about the
permitted use of the sewing machine (see Fors XXXIV., p. 30 ↗️). 11 It
may seem unreasonable, when our firm employs so many. But it
seems to me that the admission of machinery at all is unwise in
principle. Machinery, especially the sewing machine, has
demoralized the shoe trade,—the same I think you would find in all
other trades,—notably in piece-goods for ladies’ dresses—which,
owing to the cheapness with which they can be made up, are far
more in number than they could have been if no sewing machine
had been used. And a manufacturer told me, only the other day, that
common piece-goods, both woollen and others, take as much and
generally more labour in making than the best. If all work required to
supply clothing to the race were to be done by hand, it would be
worth no one’s while to make rubbish of any kind,—the work would
be done by fewer people, and all raw material would be cheapened.
“In your advice to a young lady, printed at page 29, Letter XXXIV ↗️.,
in the third volume of Fors Clavigera, you give her permission to use
a sewing machine. I hope that, on fuller consideration of the subject,
you will advise all who set the weal of their country above their own
convenience, to discontinue its use wherever it can possibly be
dispensed with. [319]
“For the effect of the sewing machine upon the great industries
connected with clothing has been most disastrous.
“But with the introduction of the sewing machine a great change took
place. It would be impossible within the limits of a letter to follow it
out in every trade which has felt its influence. But briefly,—when it
was found that the stitching process could be got through, though
less solidly, at a very much reduced cost, it became possible for all
classes to have dresses, clothes, and shoes in far greater number,
and to embody in all kinds of clothing a larger amount of useless and
elaborate work.
“It may be said that the customer is not cheated; since he knows,
when he buys what is called a cheap thing, that it is not the best. I
reply that the consumer never knows to the full what bad value, or
unvalue, the common article is. And whose fault is it that he buys
any but the best value?
“Now the use of the sewing machine has been all in favour of the
‘three-coat’ system, indefinitely multiplied and variously
recommended; and the consequent absorption, year by year, of
larger numbers of persons in mechanical toil; toil of the hands only—
numbing to the brain, and blighting to the heart, or maddening to
both.
“So far as the question of clothing is concerned, I would venture to
sum up our duty under present circumstances, broadly, as follows.”
[It can’t possibly be done better.—J. R.]
“Always demand the best materials, and use no more of them than is
necessary to dress yourselves neatly or handsomely, according to
your station in society. Then have these materials made up by hand,
if possible under your own supervision, paying a just price for the
labour. For such ornament as you need to add, remember that it
must be the expression, first of your delight in some work of God’s,
and then, of the human skill that wrought it. This will save you from
ever tampering with the lifeless machine-work; and though you have
little ornament, it will soon be lovely and right.
(“I use the word ‘value’ for the strength or ‘availing of a thing towards
life.’ See Munera Pulveris, p. 10.”)
“Dear Mr. Ruskin,—We have only just read the September number
of Fors Clavigera. My husband is the Ned G—— referred to in the
letter you quote from E. L. Said he, ‘It (i.e., the letter) is not worth
notice.’ I replied, ‘In itself perhaps not; but I have known Mr. Ruskin
in his writings many years, and I shall write him to put before him the
actual facts, and request him to withdraw these misstatements.’ The
whole letter is written on the supposition that Mr. Green is an iron
king, or iron lord. No such thing: he is an engineer—quite a different
affair; the maker of a patent which is known all over the world as the
‘Fuel Economiser.’ He consequently never had a forge, and is
indebted to the use of his intellect and the very clever mechanical
genius of his father for their rise in life, and not merely to toiling half-
naked Britons, as stated. The picture of the forge, with its foul smoke
and sweltering heat and din, is drawn from some other place, and is
utterly unlike the real workshops of E. Green and Son—costly, airy,
convenient, and erected to ensure the comfort of the workpeople,
having a handsome front and lofty interior.
“As to the Scotch estate, Mr. Green does not possess one.
“No squire has lived here for a century and a quarter; and the
[325]last descendant of the venerated Lady B——, (Dame Mary
Bolles, that is,) utterly refused to reside near so dull a town as
Wakefield—preferring Bath, then at the height of its glory and Beau