A vertical curve joining a -2.5% slope to a +0.5% slope is to be designed for a stopping sight distance of 220 m.

Determine the length of the curve, for a design speed of 80 kmph and the position of drain with respect to the starting point of curve.
Solution:
1. Calculate the stopping sight distance (SSD):
SSD = (V^2 / (2 * g * f)) + (0.278 * V * t)
where V = 80 kmph, g = 9.81 m/s², f = 0.35, t = 2.5 seconds.
Substituting the values:
SSD = (22.22)^2 / (2 * 9.81 * 0.35) + (0.278 * 80 * 2.5)
SSD = 71.91 + 55.56 127.47 meters
Given SSD is 220 meters, which is higher than our calculated SSD for standard conditions.
2. Determine the length of the vertical curve (L):
L = (SSD^2) / (A * K)
where A = 2.5% + 0.5% = 3%, K = 1.
L = (220^2) / 3
L = 48400 / 3 16133.33 meters
3. Position of drain:
The position of the drain would be at the lowest point of the curve.

Find VDF for a truck with the following data: front axle with single wheels carries a load of 5 t, middle axle is a single axle with dual wheels bearing 9.5 t load and rear axle is tandem axle carrying 16 t load. If traffic count of this truck was 100 vehicle per day what will be the design traffic in standard axle after 10 years for a two lane two way road.
Solution:
1. Axle load equivalency factors:
Standard axle load in India is typically 8.16 tonnes.
For the front axle:
EF_front = (5 / 8.16)^4 0.18
For the middle axle:
EF_middle = (9.5 / 8.16)^4 1.43
For the rear axle (tandem axle carrying 16 t):
EF_rear = (16 / 8.16)^4 8.49
2. Total VDF:
VDF = EF_front + EF_middle + EF_rear 0.18 + 1.43 + 8.49 10.10
3. Design traffic in standard axle after 10 years:
Design Traffic = Number of Trucks per day * VDF * Number of Days * Number of Lanes
For a two-lane, two-way road and 100 trucks per day:
Design Traffic = 100 * 10.10 * 365 * 10
Design Traffic = 100 * 10.10 * 3650
Design Traffic = 3686500 standard axles