Periodic Properties 3.

Chapter 3 Periodic Properties

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. Li, Na, K were found to be triads. 6. Li, Na, K were triads suggested by Dobereines not
Mendeleev
2. 2 and 3 periods were called short periods. 1
nd rd st

period is very short period and not short period. 7. 3rd Period of group IV(A) ⇒ Si.
3. Previously valency of Be was thought to be 3 but 8. Mendeleev did not give any reason for the periodicity
Mendeleev corrected the valency as 2 and atomic in properties. So, both statements are true but they
weight was corrected from 13.5 to 9. are independent.
4. Eka-Silicon ⇒ Germanium and Eka-Aluminum ⇒ 9. Refer Periodic Table.
Gallium
10. Refer Periodic Table.
5. Factual. Mendeleev corrected the atomic weights of
Be and In.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. Chemical properties are similar due to similar 6. Only Lanthanoids are referred to as Rare Earth
valence shell configuration. Elements.
2. Modern P.T. has 7 periods and 18 groups. 7. He has 1s2 configuration. Others have ns2 np6
configuration.
3. By definition
8. All non-metals are present in the p-block. Also all
4. Representative elements constitute groups 1, 2 and
the matalloids are in the p-block.
13 to 17. They may gain, lose or share electrons to
attain noble gas configuration. 9. By definition.
5. Transition elements are d-block elements except 10. Fe : [Ar] 4s2 3d6 ⇒ [Fe3+] : [Ar] 3d5
group 12 (Zn, Cd, Hg).
Mn : [Ar] 4s2 3d5 ⇒ [Mn2+] : [Ar] 3d5
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
-
1. More the number of bonds, stronger the bonds and 4. Ionic Radii order N3- > O2- >F . (Isoelectronic)
hence shorter the bond length.
5. Fe3+ should be smaller than Fe2+.
We know that
-
Vand. Radius > Met. Radius > Cov. Radius. 6. Order : S2- > O2- > Cl > Na+
Greater the positive charge on the ion, smaller is the 7. Covalent radius should be smaller than metallic
ion and greater the negative charge on the ion, larger radius.
is the ion.
8. Lanthanoid contraction causes similarity in
2. By definition, Vanderwaal’s radius is estimated in properties of La and Hf.
the solid state.
9. Anion is larger than neutral atom and cation is
3. Covalent Radius should be much smaller than smaller.
Vanderwaal’s Radius.
10. Lanthanoid Contraction causes reduction in size.
3.2 Chemistry
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. Since K is below Na in the same group of the period
table therefore I.P. of K < I.P. of Na.
2. For a sudden jumb between 2nd and 3rd I.P., the element
should be attaining a noble gas configuration after 2
electrons. Thus, outermost configuration should be
ns2.
3. I.E. increases from Group 1 to Group 2 in the same
period.
4. By the same logic of Q.2 above, this element should
have ns2np1 configuration in the valence shell.
5. I.E. increases from Group 1 to Group 2 in the same
period.
6. Ca, Al and Si belong to the same period and their
I.E. order is Al < Ca < Si. Now Mg belongs to the 2nd
period and hence will have higher I.E. value than Ca.
The order of I.E. is Al < Ca < Mg < Si: Remember
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. 1 and 3 processes are exothermic while the other
st rd
two processes are endothermic.
Since (EA)S > (EA) O, Therefore maximum energy
- -
released for S + e → S .
-
2. | I.E. (F ) | = EA of F |
3. Adding the 1st electron is endothermic for noble
gases alkaline earth metals and nitrogen.
4. The EA of group 16 follows the order S > Se > Te > O.
+
5. | IP (X) | = | EA of (X ) |
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
1. According to Pauling
D l = 0.208 ! AB - ! AA . ! BB
2. More the D l greater the polarity bonds.
3. l P = 1.35 l M - 1.37
or, 1.35 l M = l P + 1.37
or, l M = b
l P + 1.37 l2
1.35
4. F and H are the two elements used as reference to
calculate EN values in Pauling Scale.
5. By definition of Mullikan’s Scale Electronegativity.
7. N has 2s2 2p3 configuration and is extra stable due to
half filled p orbitals.
8. Iron is the largest of the given atoms having high
electropositive character. Thus, Fe has the lowest
I.E.
9. O+ : 1s2 2s2 2p3
F+ : 1s2 2s2 2p4.
Thus I.E.2 of O will be higher than IE2 of F, as O+
attains half filled configuration.
Note: I.E.2 of O is greater than I.E.2 of N although
I.E.1 of N > I.E. 1 of O.
10. Z = 9 ⇒ 1s2 2s2 2p5 ⇒ F (A)
Z = 10 ⇒ 1s2 2s2 2p6 ⇒ Ne (B)
Z = 11 ⇒ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 ⇒ Na (C)
Z = 12 ⇒ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 ⇒ Mg (D)
\ I.E.1 order is B > A > D > C.
6. Adding first electron to a neutral atom is generally
an exothermic process while adding subsequent
electrons or removing electron from neutral atom is
endothermic.
7. EA is general decreases down the group except from
2nd period to 3rd period.
8. By definition of electron affinity.
9. EA by definition is at absolute zero temperature and
hence cannot be measured directly.
10. EA has units of energy per mole.
6. The relation given in Q.3 above is approximated as
l M = 2.8 l P
7. Mullikan’s scale only accounts for the first I.E. and
E.G.E. or E.A.
I+E
8. l M = 2 when I and E are taken in eV. If these
I+E
are taken in kJ/mol then l M = 544
9. As we more across a period EN increases.
10. Highly electronegative elements (eg F, Cl, O etc)
easily get reduced and form anions. Hence, they are
good oxidants.

INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
1. The oxide is CO2 and the elements is C.
2. Acidic character of oxides increases from left to
right across a period.
3. Oxide of Al is amphoteric while N2O5 on dissolving
in water forms HNO3.
4. Basic character decreases across a period and
increasess down a group.
5. Only 2nd period elements of first 3 groups show
diagonal relationship with 3rd period elements of
subsequent groups.
6. Li and Mg are diagonally related, hence Li+ and
Mg2+ have similar polarizing powers.
7. N has half filled configuration. Thus I.P.1 of N is
greater than that of oxygen.
8. X = K, Y = Rb, Z = Cs, IE1 decreases as we move
down group 1.
EXERCISE - 1
1. Ce-58 is an f-block element (lanthanide).
2. Modern Periodic Table contains 7 Horizontal and 18
vertical series.
3. It does not help to predict the stable valency states of
the elements.
4. Elements (a), (b) and (d) belong to the same group
since each one of them has two electrons in the valence
shell. In contrast, element (c) has seven electrons in
the valence shell and hence does not lie in the same
group in which elements (a) (b) and (d) lie.
5. Germanium is a metalloid.
6. The element with Z = 43 lies in the 5th period.
Therefore, the atomic number of the element which
lies just above it in the 4th period should be 43 – 18
= 25. As such, its electronic configuration is (a).
7. For transition elements, d-sub shells are not filled
with electrons monotonically (one at a time ) because
of extra stability of d5 and d10 configurations. Besides
these, there are many other exceptions, e.g. Nb, Mo,
Ru, Rh, Pd etc.
8. Element with Z= 33 lies in VA or 15th group.
9. Within a period from left to right, atomic volume
first decreases and then increases for noble gases.
10. Cerium is the most common lanthanide.
Periodic Properties 3.3
1
9. Moles of Mg = 24 = 0.04166
Mg —→ Mg+ + e- 740 kJ/mol.
1
\ Energy required for this step = 24 # 740 kJ
= 30.833 kJ.
Amount of energy left = 50 - 30.83 = 19.16 kJ
M g+ $ Mg 2+ + e - 1540 kJ/mol .
\ Number of moles of Mg+ that can be ionized by
19.16
the remaining energy = 1540 = 0.0124.
\ Moles of Mg2+ formed = 0.0124
0.0124
\ % of Mg 2+ = 0.04166 # 100 = 29.76%
\ % of Mg+ = 70 %
10. Factual.
11. The atomic number of the element with electronic
configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 is 15. It belongs to
the 3rd period. Therefore, the atomic number of the
element which lies just below it in the 4th period is
15+ 18 = 33
12. If the configuration of a transition element X is [Ar]
d4 in its +3 oxidation state, then the configuration
of the neutral metal X is [Ar] 3d5 4s2 and hence its
atomic number must be 18 + 5 + 2 = 25.
13. [Ar]4s23d4 ⇒ Element with Z = 24, i.e. Chromium.
Its correct electronic configuration is [Ar]4s13d5.
14. In accordance with aufbau principle, gadolinium
with Z = 64 must have configuration (c).
15. Both As and Bi belongs to group 15 of the periodic
table and therefore, posses five electrons in the
outermost orbit.
16. Anion is larger than parent atom and that of cation is
smaller than parent atom.
17. Atomic radius of neon being Vanderwaal’s radius
is much higher than that of fluorine which is its
covalent radius.
18. Atomic size decreases along a period, but noble
gases have much larger size than other elements of
the same period.
19. Amongst isoelectronic ions, cations are smaller than
anions.
3.4 Chemistry
- -
20. Na+ and F ions are isoelectronic, therefore, F has
the largest and Na+ has the lowest size. Further, Al
with higher nuclear charge has lower size than Mg.
Thus the overall order is : Na+ < Al < Mg < F-.
21. Na- > Na > Na+. Refer Q.16 above.
22. Amongst isoelectronic ions, the size of the cation
decreases as the magnitude of the charge increases.
23. The atomic radii of C, O, F which lie in the second
period increase in the order: F, O, C. Further, the
atomic radii of F, Cl, Br which lie in the same group
(group17) increase in the order : F, Cl, Br. Thus, the
overall increasing order is F, O, C, Cl, Br.
24. Since atomic radii increase down a group, therefore,
the atomic radii of Na, K and Rb follow the sequence
Na < K < Rb.
Further, the atomic radii decrease along a period.
Since the atomic number of Mg is 12 and that of Na
is 11, therefore, the atomic radius of Mg is lower
than that of Na because of increased nuclear charge.
Thus, the over all sequence is : Mg < Na < K < Rb.
25. K+, Ca2+ and Ti4+ have all argon gas configuration i.e.
they have three shells. On the other hand, Al3+ has
neon gas configuration, i.e. it has only two shells.
Since the increase in size due to the addition of an
extra shell is not compensated by the contractive
effect of an additional positive charge, therefore, the
ionic radius of Al3+ (0.51Ǻ) is smaller than that of
Ti4+ (0.68Å).
-
26. C1 and S are isoelectronic with Ar while Na and
2- +
F- are isoelectronic with Ne. Therefore, S2- has the
largest size.
-
27. Na+, Mg2+, F are isoelectronic ions. Amongst
isoelectronic ions,the ion with the highest positive
charge has the smallest size, i.e. Mg2+.
28. H belongs to first period while Li belongs to second
period. Therefore, size of Li+ > H+. Both Li+ and H
- 40. Metallic character decreases in a period and
are isoelectronic. Thus the sequence of decreasing
-
order of the size is H > Li+ > H+.
29. P5+ has more effective nuclear charge than P3+ and is
smaller in size than P3+.
30. Atomic radius decreases on going from left to right
in a period.
-
Thus, size of O > F. As O2- and F are isoelectronic,
-
therefore, size of O2- > F .
31. Among the isoelectronic species, the size increases
as the negative charge increases.
32. Like covalent radii, Vanderwaal’s radii also
decreases along a period from left to right due to
increasing nuclear charge. Now N, O, F and Ne
belong to the same (2nd) period. Therefore, their
Vanderwaal’s radii will increase in the order: Ne,
F, O, N, Further, since Cl lies in third period, its
Vanderwaal’s radius would be largest. Thus the
overall increasing sequence is: Ne, F, O, N, Cl.
33. Rb (2.11Å) is much larger than O(0.73Å). since the
size of cation is smaller while that of the anion is
larger than the parent atom, therefore, the sizes of
Rb+(1.48Å) and O2- (1.45Å) coincidently match
each other.
The sizes of Li+ (0.68Å) and Mg2+ (0.65Å) being
diagonally related are nearly the same. The sizes
of Fe (1.17Å) and Co (1.16Å) are nearly the same
because the contractive effect of the increased
nuclear charge is counter balanced by increase in
size due to increased shielding effect of the inner
electrons.
34. Amongst halogens the outermost electron of I is
most loosely bound and hence can be lost most
readily.
35. Extra stability of the exactly half-filled p-orbitals.
36. Just sufficient to cause an electron to escape from
isolated gaseous atom.
37. With increase in atomic number, the atomic size
increases both in 1st (group 1) and VII group (group
17).
38. IE1 of N is higher than that of O.
39. IE1 of Mg is higher than that of Na because of
increased nuclear charge and also that of Al because
in Mg a 3s-electron has to be removed while in
Al it is the 3p-electron. The IE1 of Si is, however,
higher than those of Mg and Al because of increased
nuclear charge, Thus, the overall order is Na < Mg >
Al < Si.
increases in a group.
41. H (g)
IE
H + (g) + e - . H+ nothing but a proton.
42. IE of element with electronic configuration (d)
is lowest because of its biggest size. Among the
remaining three elements of the same period (3rd),
IE of element with electronic configuration (b) is the
highest due to greater stability of the exactly half-
filled 3p- subshell.
43. Bigger the size of the atom smaller will be its IE.
44. Within a group, IE decreases from top to bottom.
45. IE3 > IE2 > IE1.

46. IE2 of K is much higher than those of Ca and Ba
because in case of K, the second electron has to be
removed from noble gas (argon) core while this is
not so in case of Ca and Ba. Out of Ca and Ba the IE2
of Ca is higher than that of Ba due to smaller size.
The overall sequence is K > Ca > Ba.
47. The four elements (Li, Be, B and C) belong to the
2nd period. As we go form Li → Be, IE1 increases
due to smaller size and increased nuclear charge.
The IE1 of B is, however, lower than that of Be
because in B a 2p-electron is to be removed while
in Be a 2s-electron is to be removed. The IE1 of C
is however, higher than those of B and Be due to
increased nuclear charge. Thus, the overall order is :
C > Be > B > Li.
48. Argon has the highest ionization potential as it is a
noble gas.
49. After the removal of an electron from C, N, O and F,
their electronic configurations are:
C + (1s 2 2s 2 2p1), N + (1s 2 2s 2 2p1x 2p1y)
+
O (1s 2s 2p 2p 2p ) and
2 2 1
x
1
y
1
z 59. Ionization energy decreases, all others increase.
+ 2 2 2 1 1
F (1s 2s 2p 2p p ) x y z
Since O gives a stable electronic configuration with
+
exactly half- filled 2p-subshell, therefore, IE2 of O
is higher than that of F. The IE2 of C because of the
larger size is lower than that of N. Thus, the overall
order is O >F > N > C.
50. Argon (3s2 3p6 ) is most stable and has least tendency
to add on electron.
-
51. Molecules F2, Cl2 and anion F (due to inert gas Ne
configuration) have almost zero electron affinity.
52. Cl has the highest E.A. value among halogens. EA
is general decreases down the group except for 2nd to
3rd periods in the p-Block.
53. Amongst O, S and Te the EA of O is the smallest due
to inter-electronic repulsions present in its relatively
compact 2p-subshell. EA of Te is,however, smaller
than S due to its greater size. Thus, the overall
sequence is S > Te > O.
EXERCISE - 2
1. The highest principal quantum number of an element
is its period number.
2. The d-block has 10 columns, because a maximum
of 10 electrons can occupy all the orbitals (5) in a
d-subshell.
3. Three complete subshells ( 1s2 2s2 2p6).
Periodic Properties 3.5
+
54. O(g) -
$ O(g)
Z=8 Z=8
- -
e =7 e =9
55. Elements (a) and (b) are alkali metals whereas (c)
and (d) are alkaline earth metals. Amongst alkali and
alkaline earth metals, alkali metal with the biggest
size is the most electropositive element.
56. ns2 np5 i.e. halogens are most electronegative in
respective periods.
57. Pauling Scale is based on bond energies and
Mullikan Scale is based on Ionization Potential and
electron Affinity.
58. 9 = EC - H - E H - H × EC - C
1
= 98.8 - (104.2) ×83.1) 2
= 5.75 k cal.
1
X C - X H = 0.18 9 = 0.18 (5.75) 2 = 0.43.
\ X C = 0.43 + X H = 0.43 + 2.1 = 2.53
60. Ionic radius increases.
61. Same number of electrons in the outermost shell of
their atoms.
62. Transition elements generally show atleast 2
valencies.
63. Ionic radius of Fe3+ (0.64Å) is < that of Mn3+ (0.66Å).
Other properties vary as indicated.
64. On descending a group, valence electrons remain
the same.
65. Size of an anion is larger than the corresponding
atom and the ionization energy generally increases
as the size decreases with increasing atomic number
in a period. EN is tendency to attract a shared pair of
electrons.
66. IE1 of Li < Be > B < C or IE1 of Li < B < Be < C.
4. 4f orbitals are filled for Lanthanoids and 5f for
actinoids.
5. Due to stability of the [Rn] core, the filling of 5f
orbitals does not begin until there are two electrons
in the 6d-orbital and similarly, due to stability of the
[Xe] core, the filling of 4f-orbitals does not occur
until there is one electron in the 5 d-orbital. As such,
the only true d-block element is (d).
3.6 Chemistry
6. Yes, hydrogen can be placed in 1st group on the basis
of its valency +1 (H+).
7. The exceptional outer electronic configuration of Pd
suggests that, in principle its configuration should
have been 4d8 5s2. As such it lies in 5th period and
group 10.
8. Silver belongs to Vth period. So the atomic number
of elements placed above and below will be 47 – 18
= 29 and 47 + 32 = 79 respectively.
9. Une stands for unnilennium which is the IUPAC
name for 109.
10. Z = 118 [Rn]86 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 ; as last electron
enters in p-subshell, it belongs to p-block. Thus its
group number will be 10 + 2 + 6 = 18. Hence the
element is a noble gas.
11. More compact an orbital greater is its screening
effect.
12. For isoelectronic species, as Z increases, Zeff
increases (and vice versa).
13. The atomic sizes of Li Na, Ca, S and Xe are 1.34Å,
1.54Å, 1.74Å, 1.02Å and 2.09Å respectively Thus,
the atomic size of S (1.02Å) is approx. half than that
of Xe (2.09Å). (Factual)
14. Sn4+ > In+ > Sn > In. Higher cationic charge ⇒ more
Zeff.
15. For isoelectronic species, as Z increases, Zeff
increases (and vice versa).
16. For a given element rcovalent < rmetallic < rvanderwaal
17. The size of K will be higher than that of K+ while
-
size of F will be lower than that of F .
18. On moving left to right in a period, atomic radii
decreases due to increase in Zeff and addition of
electrons to the same outermost shell.
V >S Cl -3 > W
19. Br - 2-
N 3-
14444>
24444
4th period 3rd period 2nd period
(isoelectronic)
20. Vanderwaal’s radius is considered in case of neon,
which normally has a large value. So, atomic radii
of neon is greater than that of fluorine.
21. Ionic radii in aqueous solution is equal to size of
hydrated ion.
Hydration is highest in smaller ion if charge is same.
22. Isoelectronic species how the same valence principal
quantum number. for such species more the Z,
smaller the size.
- - -
23. I > Se2- > Br > O2- > F . I is in 5th period and Se is
in 4th period.
24. Atomic radius increases on moving top to bottom in
a group due to increasing number of shells. However,
it decreasing on moving left to right in a period due to
increasing Zeff and addition of electrons to the same
shell. Nb (4d) ≈ Ta (5d) (Lanthanoid Contraction).
For isoelectronic species, ionic radius
1
\ nuclear charge
So correct order is Y3+ < Sr2+ < Rb+.
25. Orbitals bearing lower value of n will be more closer
to the nucleus and thus electrons will experience
greater attraction from nucleus and so its removal
will be difficult, not easier.
7
26. No. of moles of Li = 1000×7 = 10-3
23
No. of moles of Na = 1000×23 = 10-3
\ The amounts of energies required for 10-3 mole each Li
and Na are 520 kJ × 10-3 or 520 J and 495 J respectively.
27. Due to stable half filled electronic configuration of
outer most shell of N, it has higher ionization energy
than O.
28. IE2 of Mg is lower than that of Na because in case
of Mg3+ 3s-electron has to be removed while in
case of Na+, an electron from the stable inert gas
configuration (Neon) has to be removed.
29. Across the period (i.e. 3rd period) the size of atom
decreases and nuclear charge increases. So generally
the ionization energy increases. However the
ionization energy of Mg is greater than Al because of
more penetration power of 2s sub-shell electrons of
Mg as compared to that of the 2p sub-shell electron
of Al. Also, Mg has fully filled configuration.
-
30. Mg(g) + IE1 → Mg+(g) + e ; IE1 = 750 kJ mol-1 ....(i)
-
Mg+(g) + IE2 → Mg2+(g) + e ; IE2 1450 kJ mol-1 ..(ii)
First of all, all Mg (g) atoms will get converted
into Mg+ (g) and then some of these will finally get
converted into Mg2+(g).
Amount of energy supplied = 1779.5 kJ mol-1
Amount of energy needed for the conversion of 1
mole of Mg (g) atoms into Mg+(g) =750 mol-1
Amount of energy left for the conversion of
Mg+(g) → Mg2+(g) =1779.5 - 450 = 1029.5 kJ.
From Eq. (ii), 1450 kJ energy converts Mg+(g) to
Mg2+(g) = 1mole
\ 1029.5 kJ energy will converty Mg+(g) to Mg2+(g)
1
= 1450 x1029.5 = 0.71 moles
Thus, Mg2+ (g) = 0.71 moles and Mg+(g) = 1.0 – 0.71
= 0.29 moles.

31. Removal of Ist electron is easier because of bigger
size but 2nd electron is to be removed from ns2 np6
configuration i.e. stable noble gas configuration. So
IE2 > IE1.
32. Second ionization energy of potassium is greater
than that of Ca. In case of potassium ion (i.e. K+)
the electron removal from the stable inert gas
configuration (1s2 2s2 2p63s23p6) requires much
higher energy.
33. EA of 2nd period elements is less than 3rd period
elements.
34. In chlorine, the addition of additional electron
to larger 3p-subshell experiences less electron-
electron repulsion than smaller 2p-subshell of
fluorine. Phosphorus has very low electron affinity
because there is high electron repulsion when the
incoming electron enters an orbital that is already
half filled.
35. O has exceptionally smaller value of electron affinity
(minimum in family) due to greater electron-
electron repulsion in larger 3p-subshell).
36. i: Ne, ii: O, iii: Na; iv:F. so EA order is i < iii < ii < i
37. All are facts.
38. The addition of extra electron is difficult to the atom
having stable configuration and so electron gain
enthalpy will be positive. Similarly the removal of
electron is quite difficult from stable configuration
and so ionisation enthalpy is higher. However EN
remains unaffected because it neither involves gain
nor loss of electron.
39. As size of atom decreases across the period, the
attraction between the nucleus and shared pair of
electrons increases. So electronegativity increases
across the period.
EXERCISE - 3
1. H, C, N, O, F
2. Chlorine has maximum electron affinity.
3. A + e
–
→ A + 3 eV
– – E.G.E = –100 kJ/mol
Number of moles of A = 10/30.
As 1 mole of A releases = 3 × 23 kcal.
\ Energy released for conversion of 10/30 mole
– 3×23
gaseous A into A ions 30 ×10 = 23 kCal.
– –
4. A (g) + e → A (g) DH = + E.G.E ...(1)
–
A (g) → A (g) + 2e DH = 1200 KJ/mol
2+
...(2)
– –
A (g) → A2+ (g) + 3e DH = 1100 KJ/mol ...(3)
Periodic Properties 3.7
40. Electronegativity of elements generally increases
across the period (less increase) and decreases down
the group (more decrease).
Si = 1.8, P = 2.1, C = 2.5, N = 3.0. So, the correct
increasing order is Si < P < C < N.
41. Electronegativity of elements generally increases
across the period (less increase) and decreases down
the group (more decrease).
42. Non metals are more electronegative than metals.
43. Z = 32 & Ge . It can show +2 and +4 oxidation
states.
44. Group 16 has -2 as the most common O.S.
45. Gold is a noble metal.
46. I can show -1, +3, +5 and +7 oxidation sates.
47. Maximum O.S. = Group No. and min, O.S. = Group
No. 8.
48. Transition metals can show variable oxidation states
49. Inert pair effect is seen post the f-block elements.
50. Tl+ and Tl3+ are possible of which Tl+ is more stable
51. Due to inert pair effect.
-
52. BiI5 does not exists because of I being very strong
reducing agent. So it reduces Bi5+ to Bi3+ and forms
BiI3.
53. Be has fully filled 2s-subshell (2s2) and therefore,
shows least tendency to accept an electron. Thus,
Be- is least stable.
54. None. Review the definitions of ionization enthalpy,
electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity.
55. In the isoelectronic series all isoelectronic anions
belongs to the same period and cations to the next
period.
Eq. (3) = (2) – (1)
– E.G.E + 1200 = 1100
P = 1.
5. Since large jump from IE2 to IE3, therefore element
belongs to 2nd group.
6. a is Na, b is Mg, c is Al, d is Si, e is P, f is S, g is Cl,
h is Ar,
x = 3, y = 3
x–y=0
7. Be, N
3.8 Chemistry
8. Size decreases from Ni to Cu and then increases
from Cu to Zn.
9. rA + rA = 10Å ...(i)
rB + rB = 6Å ...(ii)
(i) + (ii)
2(rA + rB) = 16Å
rA + rB = 8Å
10. +6, +7
6 + 7 = 13.
–
11. The 4f e in the antepenultimate shell are very
effectively shielded from their chemical environment
–
outside the atom by 5s and 5pe . Consequently the
–
4f e do not take part in bonding.
12. BiF5, TlI3, PbO2, SnCl2, Tl2O3, As2O3
13. Of the many O.S. of Chromium, +3 O.S. is most
stable.
EXERCISE - 4
1. For transition elements, the 3d-orbitals are filled with
electrons after 4s-orbitals and before 4p-orbitals.
2. Electron configuration is [Ar]18 3d10 4s2 4p3. As last
electron enters in p-subshell it is p-block element
and thus its group number is equal to 10 + 5 = 15. As
principal quantum number of valence shell is 4, so it
is 4th period element.
3. Atomic No. of Group 1 Elements : 3, 11, 19, 37, 55
Atomic No. of Group 2 Elements : 2, 4, 12, 20, 38,
56.
4. He+, 1s1 ; Li2+, 1s1 ; Be3+, 1s1. All these ions have only
one electron. So they do not have any inner orbital
and thus do not experience any screening effect.
5. O is larger than F and has lesser no. of protons. F- is
negatively changed and hence has lower Zeff. Cl is
below F and its Zeff is not higher than F.
6. Fe exhibits +1 oxidation state only in rare cases like
brown ring complex.
7. Maximum possible oxidation state is group number
which for Mn is VII.
- and decreases across a period. (K > Mg > Al)
8. TlI3 exists as Tl+ and I3 while PbF4 exists because of
F- being very weak reducing agent.
9. Inert pair effects seen in the p-block elements of 6th
period.
10. Across the period ionic size decreases as nuclear
charge increases for successive addition of an
electron but down the group increases due to
14. N, O, F, P, C, S, Cl
15. x = 4 Period
y = 11 Group
8 + 11 = 19.
16. m = 5.92 = 35 ⇒ 5 unpaired electrons ⇒ Fe3+
\ Z = 26.
17. In c, d, f and j processes energy will be released. The
remaining processes are endothermic.
18. In HNO3 and N2O5, nitrogen exhibits maximum
oxidation sate 5.
19. In 1000 kJ of energy 600 kJ is consumed to convert
one mole of M to M+. The remaining 400 kJ can
convert only 0.25 mole of M+ to M2+.
20. Form the electronic config. the atomic number of
element is 90 and it is Th. It belongs to f-block.
increase in the number of atomic shells (effective
nuclear charge remains nearly same).
-
O2– = 140 pm, Se2– = 198 pm, F = 133 pm,
- -
Br = 196 pm, I = 220 pm.
So, the correct decreasing order of ionic
radii.
- - -
I > Se2– > Br > O2– > F .
11. Mn is in +2 oxidation state in MnO while in other
compounds, it is in higher oxidation state. As number
of electrons per proton decreases, the size decreases.
12. (1) Be has completely filled stable valence shell
configuration i.e. 2s2 while in Be+ because of
positive charge, the removal of electron requires
much higher energy. So, ionisation energy of
Be+ is greater than Be.
(3) Across the period, atomic size decreases and
nuclear charge increases and thus valence shell
electron(s) is/are tightly held by nucleus. So,
ionisation energy of C is greater than Be.
13. Metallic character increases down a group (Al > B)
14. There is more interelectronic repulsion in
2p-subshell of fluorine than chlorine (3p). So extra
electron will be added easily in 3p-subshell of
chlorine as compared to 2p-subshell of fluorine.
15. Correct order of electron gain enthalpy is O < S <
F < Cl Since F and O have more electron electron
density with respect to Cl and S.

16. The tendency to attract bonded pair of electron in
case of hybrid orbitals increases with increase in %
s-character and so the order : sp > sp2 > sp3
The electron affinity values for 2p-series elements
is less than that for 3p-series elements on account
of small size and high inter electronic repulsions.
Statements (b) and (c) are facts. Every cation
releases more energy than neutral atom upon gain of
an electron.
17. X is non-metal since its hydroxy compound is
acidic. Y is metalloid as its hydroxy compound react
with both acid and base. Z is metal.
18. Metal when react with water gives H2 and the
solution becomes alkaline.
19. From Bohr’s model size is inversly proportional to
the neuclear charge.
20. First gas is CO2, second one is H2O and third one
must be SO2.
21. Z must be divalent alkaline earth metal and W must
be halogen.
22. Q is SCl2, R in RCl2 is divalent metal.
23. The effective nuclear charge in Ar is less due to
shielding by more number of inner electrons and the
atomic size of Ar is greater than Ne.
24. O2-, Mg2+ and Na+ are isoelectronic.
25. If X0 - XB is greater than X0 - XH, B - O bond ionizes
more easily than O - H bond.
26. In isoelectronic species ionic radii decrease with
increase in nuclear charge.
27. IE values are increasing gradually and suddenly
decreased in the E5 value indicating a change from
noble gas to alkali metal.
28. In the formation of ionic bond the cation forming
element should have lesser IE and EA values than
the anion forming element.
29. Formation of ion means cation or anion. So, it may
be endothermic or exothermic. More the charge on
ion lesser is the stability. Electron gain enthalpy may
be positive or negative.
30. IE = 10x ; EA = 3x
10x + 3x 2.8×544
2.8 = 544 `x= 13 = 117 kJ
EA = 3x = 117 × 3 = 351
31. Increase in s character increases electronegativity.
More the number of bonds also increases the
attractive power of atom M bonded electrons
increases due to decreases in bond length. Higher
the oxidation state, more is the electronegativity.
Periodic Properties 3.9
32. Increase in effective charge increase the acidic
character and decreases the basic character of the
elements.
33. Due to inrt pair effet Tl3+ and Pb4+ are unstable and
act as oxidizing agents. Ga+ is less stable so it can
act as a reducing agent.
34. All the factors influence the bond length and thus
covalent radius of the an atom.
5 5
35. 9H eg =- A e - 2 RT and 9H ie = E o + 2 RT
36. Due to the absence of d-subshell in valence shell,
second period element do not exhibit maximum
covalence beyond 4. 2nd period elements form
strong pp-pp bonds not pp-dp bonds. Anomalous
behaviour is due to small size, high electronegativity.
Diagonal relationship is exist only up to IVth group.
37. With increase in oxidation state electronegativity
(attraction towards electrons) increases. As
the s-character of hybrid orbital increases,
electonegativity increases. EN of Cu is greater than
Zn. The EN of Al is less than Ga.
38. 6th period contain mercury (liquid), Xenon (gas) and
other solid elements
VII A group contain gases (F2 and Cl2) liquid (Br2)
and solids (I2 and At)
4th period contains liquid (Br2), Kr (gas) and solid
(other elements).
39. As the number of positive charges on an ion increases
the radius decreases. Other statements are correct.
-
40. Group no. e in outermost shell
13th 3
11th 1
9th 2 or 1
18th 2 or 8
41. Z = 19 is Potassium which is an s-block element.
42. Higher cationic charge in general results in greater
Zeff.
43. 1st group elements show 1+ oxidation state and 2nd
group elements show 2+ oxidation state.
44. Fact. Se shows only +3 oxidation state and the most
common O.S. of Al is +3.
45. Cuprous chloride exists as a dimer KO2 is speroxide
of potassium.
46. Zn have only 2+ or zero oxidation state.
3.10 Chemistry
47. O16, O18 : –2, –1, +1, +2
Na, K : +1
C : +4 to –4 Be :+2
Zn : +2 Rb : +1
48. -2 O.S. of oxygen is most stable due to it high
electonegativity and the lower O.S. of Tl, Pb, Bi are
more stable due to inert pair effect.
49. Atomic radii decreases from Group 1 to Group 17
across a period for representative elements.
50. Sc 2 Ti 2 V 2 Cr 2 Mn . Fe . Cq
. Ni . Cu 1 Zn
51. (b) Isoelectronic series of ions; all have the xenon
electron configuration.
1 Zn > Cu, their occur greater inter electronic repulsions
Ionic radius \ nuclear charge
Atomic number : Te = 52; I = 53;
Cs = 55; Ba = 56.
(d) Due to poor shielding of nuclear charge by 4f
electrons.
52. Ionic radii depends on all the given factors.
53. (a) As removal of second electron takes place from
half filled valence shell electron configuration of
O+ i.e. 2s2 2p3.
(b) I.E (III) of 13Al is 2744 kJ mol–1 where as that of
15
P is 2910 kJ mol–1. This is because of higher
nuclear charge in phosphorus.
(c) I.E (I) of Al is 577 kJ mol–1 and that of Ga is 579
kJ mol–1. This may be because of their similar
sizes i.e. 1.25Å in both.
(d) 5B+ = 1s2 2s2 ; 6C+ = 1s2 2s2 2p1 ; As s-sub shell
electron has high penetration power than p-sub
shell electron. In addition B+ has completely
filled 2s sub shell. So I.E (II) of B is 2427 and
that of C is 2354 kJ mol–1.
54. Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals import
characteristic colour to Bunsen flame.
55. (C) : EA order P < Si (D) : N < C
56. Z = 57 is La, It is a d-block element.
57. 6th period, p-block, last element should have 6s 2 6p6
valence shows configuration.
58. Current periodic table can accommodate 118
elements.
59. Element just above Z = 43 will be Z = 43 – 18
= 25 and will have electronic configuration
1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2.
60. All these elements have outermost configuration ns2
np5. So they belong to Group (12 + 5 = 17) means
halogen family.
61. For same element, rVander > rMet. > rCov
1
62. Ionic size \ nuclear charge for isoelectronic
species.
63. Both N3– and Al3+ are isoelectronic species, but Al3+ has
greater nuclear charge. So, it will have smaller size
Zr (4d) ≈ Hf(5d), because of Lanthanide contraction.
in completely filled electronic configuration of 12th
group elements.
64. The metallic character of the elements is highest
at the extremely left (low ionization energies) and
then decreases across the period from left to right
(ionization energies increases across the period).
65. The non-metallic character of the elements is
highest at the extreme right and then decreases from
right to left across the period. Also it decreases more
on moving top to bottom.
66. (a) Ionization enthalpies of elements generally
decrease along a group and increase along a
period in Modern periodic table.
(b) In the 3rd period of Modern periodic table, the
two most reactive elements are sodium and
chlorine.
(c) Iodine has the least negative electron gain
enthalpy among all halogens.
(d) Ionization enthalpy of Pb is greater than that of
Sn, because of poor shielding of nuclear charge
by 4f-electrons.
67. Z = 57 & La ; Z = 17 & Cl ; Z = 19 & K ;
Z = 29 & Cu
68. a, b are electron gain enthalpies in which b is
endothermic and hence positive c and d are not
electron gain enthalpy.
69. IE1: Be > B; B < C; C < N; N > O
Be2+ : 1s2 Be2+ : 1s22s1 C2+ : 1s22s2
N2+ : 1s22s22p1 O2+ : 1s22s22p2
\ IE3 : Be > B; B < C; C > N; N < O
 Periodic Properties 3.11

-
1. Na → [Ne] 3s1 IE1 is very low but IE2 is very high 8. Ions O-2 F Na+ Mg+2
due to stable noble gas configuration of Na+. Atomic number = 8 9 11 12
Mg → [Ne] 3s2 IE1 & IE2 → Low No. of e- = 10 10 10 10
-
Therefore O2-, F , Na+, Mg+2 are isoelectronic
IE3 is very high.
9. These are isoelectronic species.
2. correct order of electron gain enthalpy is :- As negative charge increases, ionic radius increases.
O < S > Se > Te -
10. Na Na+ + e → Ist I.E. = 5.1 eV
⇒ S > Se > Te > O -
Na+ + e → Na Electron gain enthalpy of Na+
(Oxygen shows least electron gain enthalpy due to Because reaction is reverse, so DegH = – 5.1 eV.
small size of atom)
11. Order of increasing 9H IE Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar
1

3. B → 1s2, 2s2, 2p1 Ba < Ca ; Se < S : On moving top to bottom in

Be → 1s2, 2s2 a group, size increases. So ionization enthalpy
decreases.
In Boron 4e- of 1s2 & 2s2 shield nuclear charge
Ar : Maximum value of ionization enthalpy, since it
-
In Berillium 2e of 1s 2
shield nuclear charge is an inert gas.
C N O F 12. Order of ionic radii Ca2+ < K+ < Cl– < S2–
4. Size decreases
In isoelectronic species, as Z increases, size
Cl decreases.

Br 13. As we move in a group from top to bottom, electron

Size increases
5. In general in the periodic table, it can be said that:
Electronegativity decreases down a group and
Atomic radius increases down a group.
6. Second electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is +850 kJ
mol–1.
7. Both Beryllium and Aluminum have similar
electronegativity thus they show diagonal
relationship.
gain enthalpy becomes less negative because the
size of the atom increases and the added electron
would be at larger distance from the nucleus.
Negative electron gain enthalpy of F is less than Cl.
This is due to the fact that when an electron is added
to F, the added electron goes to the smaller n = 2
energy level and experiences significant repulsion
from the other electrons present in this level. In Cl,
the electron goes to the larger n = 3 energy level
and consequently occupies a larger region of space
leading to much less electron-electron repulsion. So
the correct order is Cl > F > Br > I.
3.12 Chemistry

1. Be has 1s22s2 configuration. Adding another electron
implies filling a completely vacant subshell. Hence
it is least stable.
2. I.E. order: Be > Mg > Ca as I.E. decreases on moving
down Group 2.
By observing the values of I1, I2 & I3 for atomic
number (n+2), it is observed that I2 >>I1.
This indicates that number of valence shell electrons
is 1 and atomic number (n+2) should be an alkali
metal.

3. All are isoelectronic species having 10 electrons in Also for atomic number (n+3), I3 >> I2.
each species but different nuclear charge and thus This indicates that it will be an alkaline earth metal
1
ionic radius \ nuclear charge . which suggests that atomic number (n+1) should be
-
a noble gas & atomic number (n) should belong to
So correct order is 9F < 8O2– < 7N3–. Halogen family. Since n < 10; hence n = 9 (F atom)
4. Note : n = 1 (H atom) cannot be the answer because
Atomic Ionization Enthalpy (kJ/mol) it does not have I2 & I3 values.
Number I1 I2 I3 5. F and Na can show only -1 and +1 O.S. respectively
n 1681 3374 6050 in their compounds. All others can show multiple
O.S.
n+1 2081 3952 6122
n+2 496 4562 6910
n+3 738 1451 7733