BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF

MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

Guideline for Design Project of BSc Degree

Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Revised in 2022
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents .........................................................................................................2

CHAPTER ONE .........................................................................................................4
1.1 Scope and Objective of the Guideline ....................................................................4
1.1.1 Scope of the guideline ......................................................................................4
1.1.2 Objective of the guideline ................................................................................4
1.2 Reporting and Evaluation .......................................................................................4
1.2.1 How and when to report ...................................................................................4
1.2.2 Evaluation standards ........................................................................................4
1.3 Formatting Guideline.............................................................................................. 5
1.3.1 Margins ............................................................................................................5
1.3.2 Font type and size ............................................................................................5
1.3.3 Spacing and indentation ...................................................................................6
1.3.4 Pagination.........................................................................................................6
1.3.5 How to caption tables and figures ....................................................................7
1.3.6 Footnotes ..........................................................................................................7
1.4 Structure of Page Arrangements .............................................................................8
1.4.1 Title and cover page .......................................................................................10
1.4.2 Declaration page ............................................................................................ 11
1.4.3 Approval page ................................................................................................ 11
1.4.4 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 11
1.4.5 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 11
1.4.6 Table of contents ............................................................................................ 12
1.4.7 List of abbreviations.......................................................................................13
1.4.8 List of symbols ............................................................................................... 13
1.4.9 List figures and tables ....................................................................................14
CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................14
2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................14
2.1.1 Background ....................................................................................................15
2.1.2 Statement of the problem ...............................................................................15
2.1.3 Objectives of the study ...................................................................................16
2.1.4 General objective ........................................................................................... 16

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 2.1.5 Specific objectives .........................................................................................16
2.1.6 Scope of the study ..........................................................................................17
2.1.7 Significance of the study ................................................................................17
2.2 Design Constraints, Applicable Codes and Standards Used ................................ 17
2.2.1 Constraints and limitations.............................................................................18
2.2.2 Applicable codes and standards .....................................................................20
2.3 Literature Review .................................................................................................26
2.4 Methodology.........................................................................................................28
2.5 Results and Discussion .........................................................................................29
2.6 Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................31
2.6.1 Conclusion .....................................................................................................31
2.6.2 Recommendations ..........................................................................................31
2.7 References and Appendices ..................................................................................31
2.7.1 References ......................................................................................................31
2.7.2 Appendices .....................................................................................................32

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Scope and Objective of the Guideline

1.1.1 Scope of the guideline

The scope of the guideline covers the formats and structure, details of the content, and evaluations
of criteria of the design of project.

1.1.2 Objective of the guideline

The objectives of the guideline are

• To follow uniform formats and structure while reporting the project,
• To use properly standards and codes,
• To write in details their projects, and To evaluate and assess the report.

1.2 Reporting and Evaluation

1.2.1 How and when to report

The project is primarily evaluated by the advisor(s), one jury, and one examiner. The evaluation
should be begun with the presentation of the proposal, followed by the presentation of the progress
report around the middle of the semester, and concluded with the final defense and presentation.

1.2.2 Evaluation standards

The following standards will be applied for evaluations and the details of the evaluations are shown
in the APPENDIX A.
1. Progress report and attendance
2. Individual contribution and skill
3. Design constraints, applicable codes and standards
4. PPT format and report organization
5. Communication skill and time management
6. Project completeness
Besides, the following points will also be considered while evaluating the contents of the project:
• Clarity of research background and a research objective.
• Clarity of methods used and its accordance with the objective.

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 • Appropriateness of results presentation with graphs, charts and tables.
• Content alignment with a selected theme, academic value (Degree of major courses
involved) and originality of the research,
• Results feasibility and its accordance to an objective.
• Clarity and discussion depth based on research results

1.3 Formatting Guideline

The BSc project should be written and printed with A4 paper size. Many of the BSc project
components following the title and copyright pages have required headings and formatting
guidelines, which are described in these subsections.

1.3.1 Margins

All copies of a BSc project must have the following uniform margins throughout the entire
document:

1. Left: 1.18″ (3.0cm): ensure enough room for binding the work if desired
2. Right: 0.79″ (2cm)
3. Bottom: 0.98″(2.5cm)
4. Top: 0.98″(2.5cm)

1.3.2 Font type and size

The body of the text should be 12 points in size and Times New Roman and „justified‟ option with
line spacing of 1.5. Heading font type should be:

1. HEADING 1: TIMES NEW ROMAN, font size 14 and BOLD CAPITALS,

2. Heading 2: Times New Roman, font size 12 and bold, Capitalize the First Letter of
Each Words.
3. Heading 3: Times New Roman with font size 12, Capitalize the First Letter of Each
Words.

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 4. Heading 4: Times New Roman with font size 12, Capitalize the first letter of the
first word only.
5. The captions of Figures and Tables should be font size 10, Times New Roman, bold
and centered.
6. Superscripts and subscripts (e.g., formulas, or footnote or endnote numbers) should
be no more than 2 points smaller than the font size used for the body of the text.

1.3.3 Spacing and indentation

Space and indent your BSc project following these guidelines:

1. The text must appear in a single column on each page (do not arrange chapter text
in multiple columns) and use 1.5-line space throughout the document.
2. New paragraphs must be indicated by a consistent tab indentation throughout the
entire document.
3. For blocked quotations, indent the entire text of the quotation consistently from the
left margin.
4. Ensure headings are not left hanging alone on the bottom of a prior page. The text
following should be moved up or the heading should be moved down. This is
something to check near the end of formatting, as other adjustments to text and
spacing may change where headings appear on the page.
Exceptions: Blocked quotations, notes, captions, legends, and long headings must be single-
spaced throughout the document.

1.3.4 Pagination

The minimum and the maximum number of pages for BSc project work is 60 and 120, respectively
(Starting from Introduction to Conclusion). Paginate your BSc project following these guidelines:

1. Use lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.) on all pages preceding the first
page of chapter one except the title page.
2. Arabic numerals (beginning with 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) start at chapter one or the
introduction, if applicable. Arabic numbers must be included on all pages of the text,
illustrations, notes, and any other materials that follow. Thus, the first page of

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 chapter one will show an Arabic numeral 1, and numbering of all subsequent pages
will follow in order.
3. Do not use page numbers accompanied by letters, hyphens, periods, or parentheses
(e.g., 1., 1-2, -1-, (1), or 1a).
4. Center all page numbers at the bottom of the page, 1/2″ from the bottom edge.
5. Pages must not contain running headers or footers, aside from page numbers.
6. If your document contains landscape pages (pages in which the top of the page is
the long side of a sheet of paper), make sure that your page numbers still appear in
the same position and direction as they do on pages with standard portrait orientation
for consistency. This likely means the page number will be centered on the short
side of the paper and the number will be sideways relative to the landscape page
text.

1.3.5 How to caption tables and figures

Tables, and figures, vary widely by discipline. Space permitting, headings and captions for the
associated table, or figure must be on the same page. The name of the figure should be below the
figure whereas the name of the table should be above the table and centered.

The use of color is permitted as long as it is consistently applied as part of the finished component
(e.g., a color-coded pie chart) and not extraneous or unprofessional (e.g., highlighting intended
solely to draw a reader's attention to a key phrase).

Each table and figure inserted in the report should be explained and analyzed explicitly. Figures
and tables that are not essential to the smooth reading/understanding, but which still are of
significant interest should be put in main Appendix.

1.3.6 Footnotes

The following points must be considered for footnotes:

1. Footnotes must be placed at the bottom of the page separated from the text by a solid
line one to two inches long.
2. Begin at the left page margin, directly below the solid line.
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 3. Single-space footnotes that are more than one line long.
4. Include one 1.5-line space between each note.
5. Most software packages automatically space footnotes at the bottom of the page
depending on their length. It is acceptable if the note breaks within a sentence and
carries the remainder into the footnote area of the next page. Do not indicate the
continuation of a footnote.
6. Number all footnotes with Arabic numerals. You may number notes consecutively
within each chapter starting over with number 1 for the first note in each chapter, or
you may number notes consecutively throughout the entire document.
7. Footnote numbers must precede the note and be placed slightly above the line
(superscripted). Leave no space between the number and the note.
8. While footnotes should be located at the bottom of the page, do not place footnotes
in a running page footer, as they must remain within the page margins.

1.4 Structure of Page Arrangements

The sequel of pages and their hierarchical arrangement play a pivotal role in structuring the project
report properly and interlinking the vital elements of the report in the best possible format.
Therefore, the best structure and format that has been devised after extensively selecting studying,
analyzing and structuring myriad and versatile project reports include the following sequel of
elements:
1. Title and Cover Page
2. Declaration
3. Approval
4. Acknowledgements
5. Abstract
6. Table of Contents
7. List of Figures
8. List of Tables
9. List of Abbreviations (if applicable)
10. List of Symbols (if applicable)
11. Introduction
12. Body of the Project & the Chapters
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13. References
14. Appendices (if applicable)

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 1.4.1 Title and cover page

The cover page should be informative and consist of the names of the university (BAHIR DAR
UNIVERSITY), the institute (BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY), the name
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, the Title of the
Project, the Name of Students, Advisor, the Location, Month and Year are the last items on the
cover page as shown on sample format. For binding the cover, the color should be brown for BSc
project.

The title page of a BSc project

must include the
following information:

1. The title of the BSc

project in all capital
letters font sized 12
and centered.
2. Your name centered
1″ below the title.
Do not include titles,
degrees, or
identifiers.
3. The following
statement, centered,
1″ below your name:
“A final year project
submitted to the Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Bahir Dar
Institute of Technology-Bahir Dar University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering.”
4. The logo in the title page must be color printed.

1.4.1.1 Notes on this statement:

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When indicating your degree, use the full degree name. (For example, don‟t write BSc, it should
be written as Bachelor of Science).

1.4.2 Declaration page

The declaration is a statement written by the student who declares that the project comprises one‟s
own work and he or she has sincerely completed his or her project. The declaration statement
concludes with the signature of the student.

1.4.3 Approval page

The Approval page is also a confirmation from the project advisor, chairman, and project examiner
about their acceptance of the project. The approval page is endorsed with the signatures of the
heads confirming their approval of the project.

1.4.4 Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements are the author's statement of gratitude to and recognition of the people and
institutions that helped the author's project and writing. Any of these pages must be prepared
according to the following guidelines listed below:
1. Do not place a Heading on the dedication page.
2. The text of short dedications must be center of the page.
3. Headings are required for the “ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS” and “PREFACE”
pages. Headings must be in all capital letters and centered.
4. Subsequent pages of text return to the 1″ top margin.
5. The page(s) must be numbered with consecutive lower-case Roman numerals.

1.4.5 Abstract

The abstract is a concise and accurate summary of the project done. It states the problem, the
methods of investigation, and the general conclusions, and should not contain tables, graphs or
illustrations. It must not exceed 350 words and should contain relevant keywords that will make
your project more likely to be found in an electronic search. Do not put a separate list of keywords.

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There must be a single abstract for the entire thesis. Do not use abbreviations for the first time in
the abstract rather write in its long format. Fore instance, „Proportional Integral
Derivative (PID) controller is used for load frequency control‟ is correct whereas „PID controller
is used for load frequency control‟ is wrong way of writing.
Include an abstract page according to the following guidelines:
1. Include the heading “ABSTRACT” in all capital letters, and center.
2. The text of your abstract must be similar fonts with the body of the text and aligned
with the document's left margin with the exception of indenting new paragraphs. Do
not center or right-justify the abstract.
3. Abstracts cannot exceed one page for a BSc project.
4. Number the abstract page with the lower-case Roman numeral.
5. Avoid mathematical formulas, diagrams, references and other illustrative materials
in the abstract. Offer a brief description of your BSc project and a concise summary
of its conclusions. Be sure to describe the subject and focus of your work with clear
details and avoid including lengthy explanations or opinions.

1.4.6 Table of contents

Include a table of contents following these guidelines:

1. Include the heading “TABLE OF CONTENTS” in all capital letters, and center.
2. Include 1.5 line space between the heading and the first entry.
3. The table of contents must list all parts of the BSc project that follow it.
4. If relevant, be sure to list all appendices and a references section in your table of
contents. Include page numbers for these items but do not assign separate chapter
numbers.
5. Entries must align with the document's left margin or be indented to the right of the
left page margin using consistent tabs.
6. Major subheadings within chapters must be included in the table of contents. The
subheading(s) should be indented to the right of the left page margin using consistent
tabs.

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 7. If an entry takes up more than one line, break up the entry about three-fourths of the
way across the page and place the rest of the text on a second line, singlespacing the
two lines.
8. Page numbers listed in the table of contents must be located just inside the right
page margin with leaders (lines of periods) filling out the space between the end of
the entry and the page number. The last digit of each number must line up on the
right margin.
9. Information included in the table of contents must match the headings, major
subheadings, and numbering used in the body of the BSc project.
10. Subdivisions of headings should not exceed three levels.
11. The Table of Contents page(s) must be numbered with consecutive lower-case
Roman numerals.

1.4.7 List of abbreviations

If you use abbreviations extensively in your BSc project, you must include a list of abbreviations
and their corresponding definitions following these guidelines:
1. Include the heading “LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS” in all capital letters, and center.
2. Arrange your abbreviations alphabetically.
3. Abbreviations must align with the document's left margin or be indented to the right
of the left page margin using consistent tabs.
4. If an entry takes up more than one line, single-space between the two lines.
5. The line space between each entry must be 1.5.
6. The List of Abbreviations page(s) must be numbered with consecutive lower-case
Roman numerals.

1.4.8 List of symbols

If you use symbols in your BSc project, you may combine them with your abbreviations, titling the
section “LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS”, or you may set up a separate list of
symbols and their definitions by following the formatting instructions above for abbreviations.
The heading you choose must be in all capital letters and centered.

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 1.4.9 List figures and tables

If applicable, include a list of table and list of figures, following these guidelines:
1. Include the heading(s) in all capital letters and centered.
2. Include 1.5 line space between the heading and the first entry.
3. Each entry must include a number, title, and page number.
4. Assign each table, figure, or illustration in your BSc project an Arabic numeral. You
may number consecutively throughout the entire work (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.),
or you may assign a two-part Arabic numeral with the first number designating the
chapter in which it appears, separated by a period, followed by a second number to
indicate its consecutive placement in the chapter (e.g., Table 3.2 is the second table
in Chapter Three).
5. Numerals and titles must align with the document's left margin or be indented to the
right of the left page margin using consistent tabs.
6. If an entry takes up more than one line, break up the entry about three-fourths of the
way across the page and place the rest of the text on a second line, singlespacing the
two lines.
7. Page numbers must be located just inside the right page margin with leaders (lines
of periods) filling out the space between the end of the entry and the page number.
The last digit of each number must line up on the right margin.
8. Numbers, titles, and page numbers must each match the corresponding numbers,
titles, and page numbers appearing in the BSc project.
9. All Lists of Tables, Figures, and Illustrations page(s) must be numbered with
consecutive lower-case Roman numerals.
CHAPTER TWO

In the main body of the BSc project, the author presents the narrative argument. The text is divided
into major divisions (Chapters), each presenting a main point in the argument. Each major chapter
usually contains subdivisions that will aid the reader in understanding the given information. In a
longer BSc project, the following main component should be included, but not limited to.

2.1 Introduction
This is the first chapter of the BSc project. The introduction should state the background
information on the general problem or area that was investigated, and reasons of the project
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problem. Typically, it should deal with “what…why…how” approach, by discussing previous
literature that support your basic hypothesis of the project and research work. Provide the necessary
background for clear understanding and putting the reader into the context of your main project.
Do not summarize your results. At the end of the introduction clearly mention the aims/objectives
and hypotheses of the proposed topic of the project that you intend to test in a sequential manner.

The introduction includes: Brief background and clear statement of the problem, nature, symptoms,
and extent of the problem and variables influencing the problem, thus leading to a clear set of
project objectives.

When writing introduction, any reviewed literature should be properly cited and listed in the
reference list.

2.1.1 Background

The introduction helps put your project in conversation with other projects on similar topics.
Generally, the introduction provides necessary background information to your study and provides
readers with some sense of your overall work that you intend to achieve. To write a good
introduction, you should:
• Establish the general territory (real world or research) in which the project is
placed.
• Describe the broad foundations of your study, including some references to
existing literature and/or empirically observable situations. In other words, the
introduction needs to provide sufficient background for readers to understand
where your study is coming from.

2.1.2 Statement of the problem

The problem statement is one of the most important components of your study. In 180-250 words
you need to convince the reader that this work MUST be done. Society or one of its institutions
has some pressing problem that needs (needed) closer examination. So, your problem statement
has to answer (answered) some part of this serious problem in a unique and excellent way.

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The problem statement describes the context for the study and it also identifies the general analysis
approach. A problem might be defined as the issue that exists in the literature, theory, or practice
that leads to a need for the study.

It is important that the problem stand out that the reader can easily recognize it. Effective problem
statements answer the question “why does this project really need to be done”. In short few plenty
of words, try to explicitly describe the existing problem so that you will be able to convince the
examiners that the project must be done.

2.1.3 Objectives of the study

To get right solution of the problem, clearly defined objectives are very important. The objectives
of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study. Objective should be closely
related to the statement of the problem. Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved
within the expected timeframe and with the available resources.

2.1.4 General objective

The general objective is broad goals to be achieved. The general objective of the study states what
you expect to achieve by the study in general terms. General objectives can be broken down into
small logically connected parts to form specific objectives. General objective is met through
accomplishing the entire specific objectives. So, it should be written in such a way:

The general objective of this project was to design and implement……..

The general objective of this project was to model and simulate……
The general objective was to mathematically design and simulate….

2.1.5 Specific objectives

These are short terms and narrow in focus. The specific objectives are more in number and they
systematically address various aspects of problem as defined under the statement of the problem.
• To design shaft
• To mathematically model the stepper motor
• To develop prototype and experimental evaluation

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2.1.6 Scope of the study

One of the first tasks for conducting a project work is defining its scope, i.e., its area (theme, field)
and the amount of information to be included. Narrowing the scope of your BSc project can be
time-consuming. Paradoxically, the more you limit the scope, the more interesting it becomes.
This is because a narrower scope lets you clarify the problem and study it at greater depth.

2.1.7 Significance of the study

The significance of the project describes what contribution your work will make to the broad
literature or set of broad educational problems upon completion. In this activity, you will draft your
significance of the study by determining what you hope will benefit others and/or how readers will
benefit or learn from your project. This part tells how the project would be specifically beneficial
to society.

2.2 Design Constraints, Applicable Codes and Standards

Used
Students from the Mechanical Engineering program will attain (by the time of graduation):
an ability to design, manufacture, select, install, commission, operate, and maintain of all forms of
machinery, equipment, and industrial systems to meet desired needs within realistic constraints
such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability,
and sustainability.

In addition to the traditional technological and economic considerations fundamental to the design
of mechanical components and systems, the modern engineer has become increasingly concerned
with the broader considerations of realistic constraints which are particularly related to the better-
off today‟s society and quality of life. The additional task challenges the engineers to assemble all
pertinent facts, and then to make good decisions through better understanding, imagination,
ingenuity, and judgment.

For your final design, you must be imaginative and ingenious enough to anticipate potentially
hazardous situations and all the factors relating to the product and make the best design decision
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to address those realistic constraint issues. You also need to check government and industry codes
and standards and the pertinent technical literature to be sure that legal requirements are complied
with.

2.2.1 Constraints and limitations

2.2.1.1 Economic
• Prices of current related or similar products on market and your cost and profit
• Available budget
• Potential impact to the local and global economy
• Designs for public use need to consider high maintenance cost
• Both over design and under design cost money
• Machining and assembling costs
2.2.1.2 Environmental

• Vibration induced noise to workers and product users

• Vibration induced noise to the public: large manufacturing industries
• Fire hazards: casting and welding shops
• Air pollution: use air filtrations for dusts in shops
• Water pollution: toxic waste into river, like grease/lubricant oils
• Landscape: machineries and their cases
• Global warming: temperature control of exhaust gas
• Manufacturing waste collection and processing
• Space debris
• Control of energy saving devices

2.2.1.3 Social
• Designs in favor of certain people but against others
• worker union versus employer
• Government codes are to protect society

2.2.1.4 Political
• Designs using software/hardware developed under public funding

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 • Products (e.g., trade marks on spare parts ) that profile negative sides of a specific
race or gender
• Products for use in space use on-earth patent protected designs/concepts
• Products for customers who are against US
• Products that are against US homeland security
• Products that are physically and/or mentally destructive for people

2.2.1.5 Ethical
• Designs without considering safety and health of workers, consumers, and/or the
public
• Products implicitly using patent protected designs/concepts
• Products use radioactive materials
• Products use materials that have better appearance but are toxic
• Under design for profit
• Products for secrete survey of personal private life

2.2.1.6 Health and Safety

• Safety of workers and consumers
• Safety of the public
• Noise causes hearing loss
• Hazardous materials and environment for workers
• Products require the use of radioactive materials
• Products use materials that have better appearance but are toxic
• Products for infants/children require special safety considerations
• Design of a control system with acceptable stability margins for machinery where
safety is of concern

2.2.1.7 Manufacturability
• Designs with an impossibly small manufacturing tolerance
• Designs with a required highly accurate first natural frequency
• Designs with an impossibly high stiffness
• Designs with a zero-friction contacting surface
• Designs with a no-mass part

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 • Perpetual machine
• Machines without vibration
• Can the proposed material be welded if welding is the proposed assembly method?
• Is the product‟s surface paintable if it is designed to have an artificial color?
• No gravity for manufacturing process in space
• Availability of chosen material
• Titanium alloy and ceramics require special cutting tools
• Design of a control system which is physically realizable with manufacturing
constraints such as amplifier saturation and bandwidth

2.2.1.8 Sustainability
• Can the business survive?
• A well-defined life span under the assumed normal operation conditions
• Consideration of actual environmental factors (extreme working temperature,
corrosive fluid, abrasive air, severe radiation in space, etc.) in design
• All parts need to have a similar designed life span
• Machines require perfect suppression of vibration to function
• Reliability and durability of the product‟s supposed function

2.2.1.9 Legality
• Products using concepts protected by patents
• Design by following required codes
• Products for secret survey of personal private life Radar detection devices for cars

2.2.1.10 Inspect ability

• Designs can be inspected during maintenance service
• Designs are easy for system health monitoring

2.2.2 Applicable codes and standards

2.2.2.1 Local and regional standards

Student of the Mechanical Engineering program need to follow the standards and codes in their
design project. An attempt has been made to identify regional and global references to understand

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and define what such a standard shall contain. Moreover, the analysis and contextualization of
identified benchmarks that should be used in design project and material selection for the design.

➢ The following regional standards and regulations are identified to follow:

➢ ES-EBCS 11-Ethiopian Standard Code of Practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air-
Conditioning in Buildings
➢ EBS-10-Ethiopian Building Code Standard for Electrical Installation
➢ EOSH - Ethiopian Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs
➢ Ethiopian Telecommunication Standards
➢ Ethiopian Information and Communications Technologies
➢ East African Inter-University Standards for ICT Infrastructures and Facilities
➢ Ethiopian Green Energy and Environmental Safety

2.2.2.2 Global standards and guidelines

The following Global standards are need to be followed while developing and designing projects:
➢ American Gear Manufacturers Association (ASME) design code for Shaft
➢ ISO 53:1974 - Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering - Basic rack
➢ ISO 54:1977 - Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering - Modules and
diametral pitches
➢ ISO 677:1976 - Straight bevel gears for general and heavy engineering - Basic rack
➢ ISO 678:1976 - Straight bevel gears for general and heavy engineering - Modules and
diametral pitches
➢ ISO 701:1976 - International gear notation - symbols for geometrical data
➢ ISO 1122-1:1983 - Glossary of gear terms - Part 1: Geometrical definitions
➢ ISO 1328-1 Cylindrical gears-ISO system of accuracy-Part 1
➢ ISO 1328-2 Cylindrical gears-ISO system of accuracy-Part 2
➢ ISO 1340:1976 - Cylindrical gears - Information to be given to the manufacturer by the
purchaser in order to obtain the gear required
➢ ISO 1341:1976 - Straight bevel gears - Information to be given to the manufacturer by
the purchaser in order to obtain the gear required
➢ ISO 2203:1973 - Technical drawings - Conventional representation of gears

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➢ ISO 2490:1975 - Single-start solid (monobloc) gear hobs with axial keyway, 1 to 20
module and 1 to 20 diametral pitch - Nominal dimensions
➢ ISO/TR 4467:1982 - Addendum modification of the teeth of cylindrical gears for
speedreducing and speed increasing gear pairs
➢ ISO 4468:1982 - Gear hobs - Single-start - Accuracy requirements
➢ ISO 8579-1:1993 - Acceptance code for gears - Part 1: Determination of airborne sound
power levels emitted by gear units
➢ ISO 8579-2:1993 - Acceptance code for gears - Part 2: Determination of mechanical
vibrations of gear units during acceptance testing
➢ ISO/TR 10064-1:1992 - Cylindrical gears - Code of inspection practice - Part 1:
Inspection of corresponding flanks of gear teeth
➢ Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) Gear Standard
➢ American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA)Gear Standard
➢ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code I-VIII
➢ International Standards Organisation (ISO) 2048 (1983): Parallel Keys and Keyways
➢ ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE)
➢ ES-EBCS 11-Ethiopian Standard Code of Practice for Mechanical Ventilation and
AirConditioning in Buildings
➢ ISO 9806:2017 Solar energy — Solar thermal collectors — Test methods
➢ Tube shell and tube type heat exchanger as per ASME Section VIII Div. 1, TEMA codes
and IS 4503:1967
➢ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
➢ ISO 18888:2017 Gas turbine combined cycle power plants — Thermal performance
tests
➢ IWA 33-3:2021 Technical guidelines for the development of small hydropower plants —
Part 3: Design principles and requirements
➢ ISO 9459-1:1993 Solar heating — Domestic water heating systems — Part 1:
Performance rating procedure using indoor test methods
➢ ISO 4413:2010 Hydraulic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for
systems and their components

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 ➢ ISO 4414:2010 Pneumatic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for
systems and their components
➢ A27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
➢ A128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
➢ A148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes
➢ A297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat
Resistant, for General Application
➢ A447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-
Temperature Service
➢ A494/A494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
➢ A560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy
➢ A743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,
Corrosion
Resistant, for General Application
➢ A744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Service
➢ A747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Hardening
➢ A890/A890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum
Corrosion-
Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application
➢ A915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to
Standard Wrought Grades
➢ A958/A958M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements,
Chemical Requirements Similiar to Standard Wrought Grades
➢ A1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy
➢ American Welding Society (AWS)
➢ American Petroleum Institute (API)
➢ American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
➢ American Society for Non-Destructive Testing (ASNT)

2.2.2.3 Analysis and contextualization of the benchmarks

The identified benchmarks in the previous section lays a broad foundation that helps to understand
what other countries and organizations consider in their efforts to standardize infrastructures and
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facilities. However, it demands to critically analyze and contextualize in the Ethiopian realities and
envisioned national strategies and capacities. Table 2.1 summarizes the main components of these
benchmarks, and summary of constraints and codes met by your design shown in Table 2.2.

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 Table 2.1: Summary of Benchmarked Standards
Standards Infrastructures and Facilities

Infrastructure Facilities Services/Systems/ Emerging Technologies

Solutions
East Labs & Workshops, Device and data Student Management Smart classrooms and
African classrooms, offices, center facilities System, Infrastructure offices
data centers
technology Management System

ANSI/TIA Data center, Cabling, Data center facility, Intelligent Data Center Intelligent and automated
cooling, Facilities Management buildings

System
BICSI Data center design, Educational - IoT/ Intelligent buildings
operation and code of facilities
sets

IEEE- 802 ICT infrastructure Data center AI based Management Automated building system
standards and must facilities Systems and AI based ICT
meet requirement requirements infrastructure control

European Cabling infrastructure Data center cabling Data management and Automated building system
AI based systems and AI based infrastructure
control

Australia ICT infrastructure Networking and Automated building Smart buildings and
standards and must cabling system and IoT classrooms
meet requirement

Table 2.2 Summary of constraints and codes met by your design

Design constraint Project application Relevant location in

report

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Performance Several performance requirements were established Section XXXX
using a standard code xxx (Example Like EBCS-10) (Like section 2.2)
Serviceability Wings were designed to be easily replaced if damaged Section XXXX
A less-than ideal control unit was selected due to Section XXXX
Economic economic limitations. Spars were hand cut rather than
laser cut due to economic reasons.

Environmental The plane will produce loud noise, but noise levels were Section XXXX
not a design criterion.

Environmental Small quantities of materials such as balsa wood were Section XXXX
Sustainability used, but sustainability was not a design criterion.

Being able to construct a flying airplane was a serious Section XXXX

Manufacturability design consideration. Manufacturability affected
material selection and spar geometry most significantly

This did not affect design, but we had to be aware of Section XXXX
Health and safety safety concerns associated with flying a propeller driven
RC airplane
Social RC airplanes provide a fun and interesting leisure Section XXXX
activity, but this did not affect design

2.3 Literature Review

The literature review is chapter two. It should be a critical analysis of relevant existing knowledge
on the BSc project topic. It includes the strengths, the limitations and gaps of previous studies. The
literature review should be relevant with recent citations on the topic. Citations within the past five
years are ideal and generally considered current. Citations ten years and older should be used
sparingly and only when necessary. Unpublished documents and lay sources like encyclopedias are
strictly discouraged. This is done by the student carefully tracking and referencing each and every
document used. Most of the literature used should be from peerreviewed, international journals and
should be from recent years. However, in such cases where scare literature exists, using old (past
5-10 years) literature may be appropriate. Also, if there is a

26
„classical‟ reference, you should mention it. Try to use primary sources of literature, which originally
proposed the main idea. Do not use internet-sources, which are not reliable.

Whenever you include another person's information or wording in a document, you must
acknowledge the source and include a citation that will tell the reader where you obtained it. For
example, if the following documents have been referred, cite it as:
The resistance of a conductor is strongly dependent on its length and cross-sectional area
(Ranzijn, McConnochie, & Nolan, 2009)
The resistance of a conductor is strongly dependent on its length and cross-sectional area (Ranzijn et al.,
2009)
If the Table and Figures are reviewed and adopted in the literature review, for example, include the
following table 2.3 as:

Table 2.3 Migration Summary - State and Territory 2013-2014

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 Note: Adapted from "Migration, Australia, 2013-14 (No 3412.0)," by the
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015. Copyright 2015 by the Australian Bureau
of Statistics

2.4 Methodology
It describes precisely what will be done and how it will be done, what data will be recorded, the proposed
tools or instruments to be used in data collection and the methods of analyzing the data.

In this chapter, the student should give clear, specific, appropriate and credible procedures that will
be followed to attain the proposed objectives of the study. The project design planned for use should
be clearly stated. The methods should be appropriate to the problem area, i.e., the statement of the
problem, the objectives and the hypotheses. The student should also address the methods of data
collection, data quality control and methods of data analysis.

This chapter of the BSc project should cover the materials that were used required for the
experiments and the different procedures and protocols followed. Experimental designs and
methods of statistical analyses should be mentioned. The mathematical derivations, system overall
block diagram, flowcharts and other explanatory diagrams are also included and discussed in this
chapter.

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Clearly state the controls, treatments and design of the experiment. Someone should be able to
repeat your experiments based on what you write here, so you‟ll need to include things like the
number of times each subject was tested, how results were scored, etc. Be sure to report your
procedures as past events, not as a set of directions.

The designed questionnaire or other documents that is going to be used for data collection should
be placed at appendix 1. For example, if you collect the wind speed for 15 consecutive days,
tabulate the collected data in the Appendix.

2.5 Results and Discussion

The simulation results obtained from the project work should be presented in this chapter. Tables
and figures should be given, and important points should be explained textually. Statistical analyses
should be presented in both tables and figures with appropriate significance levels. Do not interpret
the results, just describe them. Multiple comparisons might reveal more information, but don‟t
mess-up all results. Key results may be highlighted in bold. This section may be broken into several
sub-sections. The headings/sub-headings should be short, informative and represent the actual
message.

The discussion should not contain repetition of the results rather it should explore the implications
of the results which may be in agreement/disagreement with your hypothesis. It should be as
concise as possible but be provided in a logical manner. Collectively, this section should have
coordination between your results and previous literature. It is not necessary all the time that your
results should support previous reports, however, while interpreting the results should be done in
an acceptable manner.

If your results have new findings that are not yet published anywhere, don‟t hesitate to discuss
those findings, but provide closely related literature to support that hypothesis. Key findings may
be kept in bold and avoid common words like good, bad, positive, negative etc. because they are
misunderstandable. For clarity and ease of tracing your output, result and discussion should be
done in parallel.

29
Sometimes there are projects which may not require simulation results. In this case, the outcomes
observed from the prototype must be discussed as result in this chapter.

The table and figure used should be extensively and should be cross referenced in the paragraph
residing. For instance, the resistance of a conductor at various temperature and resistivity
coefficient is shown in table 2.4.

Table 2.4: Temperature and resistance of a conductor

Temperature α=0.01 α=0.02 α=0.03 α=0.04

10 1 5 9 13

15 2 6 10 14

20 3 7 11 15

25 4 8 12 16

TextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextText
TextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextText as shown in figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Descriptive name of the figure

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If the result and discussion have large data in terms of table and figure, it should be placed at the
Appendix (as shown in Appendix ---).

When using symbols in the BSc project, do not start a sentence with a symbol; write-out the word
or expression, or rephrase the sentence. For example, “t was found to be 0.99” should be rephrased
as: “The value of t was found to be 0.99”.

Symbols should not be used in running text in the same way as abbreviations. Avoid writing: “...
and K was 71.8 ...” but say instead: “... the value of K was 71.8 ...” or “... the value of the constant
was 71.8...”

Compound symbols such as eV and ΔHF are written close up, with a space between the number and

the symbol: 12.5 eV, 25 ΔHF.

2.6 Conclusion and Recommendation

2.6.1 Conclusion
In conclusions part, you should make comprehensive statements of your own project findings.

2.6.2 Recommendations
In future perspectives, you should provide information as to how your project results will be beneficial
for future extended projects.

2.7 References and Appendices

2.7.1 References

You are required to list all the references you consulted. Your reference pages must be prepared following
these guidelines:

➢ Always begin references on a separate page either immediately

following at the end of your entire document.

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 ➢ Select an appropriate heading for this section based on the style manual you are
using (“REFERENCES”)
➢ The heading in all capital letters and centered.

➢ References must be single-spaced within each entry.

2.7.1.1 Citations of print sources

Whenever you include another person's information or wording in a document, you must
acknowledge the source and include a citation that will tell the reader where you obtained it. If you
do not do so, you deprive your reader of the ability to locate information that he or she might want
to explore further. In addition, you may be committing intellectual theft, plagiarism. Therefore, you
should carefully list all references used (both in a reference list at the end of the document and
throughout the text as quoted.

2.7.2 Appendices

Appendices should be placed at the end of the BSc project. They represent important material to
support your BSc project, but too large to fit in the main frame of the text. Generally, they contain
detailed background data tables, detailed formulas, maps etc. You can also provide interesting
illustrations. Although appendices do not contain any text information, a title could be provided for
each appendix.

If your BSc project has appendices, they must be prepared following these guidelines:
1. Appendices must appear at the end of the document and not the chapter to which they
pertain.
2. When there is more than one appendix, assign each appendix a number or a letter
heading (e.g., “APPENDIX 1” or “APPENDIX A”) and a descriptive title. You may
number
3. consecutively throughout the entire work (e.g., 1, 2 or A, B), or you may assign a two-
part Arabic numeral with the first number designating the chapter in which it appears,
separated by a period, followed by a second number or letter to indicate its consecutive

32
 placement (e.g., “APPENDIX 3.2” is the second appendix referred to in Chapter
Three).
4. Include the chosen headings in all capital letters, and center.
5. All appendix headings and titles must be included in the table of contents. Page
numbering must continue throughout your appendix.

Web Sites for Public Codes and Standards

DoE Status of State Energy Codes (HVAC):
http://www.energycodes.gov/implement/state_codes/index.stm EPA
(health):
http://www.epa.gov/

Noise Control Codes:

http://www.portlandonline.com/bds/index.cfm?&a=18493&c=38052 Thermal
Pollution (environmental):
http://www.esmagazine.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP Features Item/0,250
3,132219,00.html

Occupational Safety & Health Administration

http://www.osha.gov/

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission:

http://cpsc.gov/

American National Standards Institute:

http://www.ansi.org/

A National Resource for Global Standards:

http://www.nssn.org/

National Institute of Standards and Technology:

http://www.nist.gov/
ASME Codes & Standards:
http://www.asme.org/Codes/

American Society for Testing and Materials:

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http://www.astm.org/

34