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大 学 工 程 制 图
———附二维码扫描学习资料

(第三版 )

华东理工大学工程图学研究室 编著
郭 慧 钱自强 林大钧 主编
CIP)数据
图书在版编目(
大学工程制图 / 华东理工大学工程图学研究室编著;郭慧,钱自强,
林大钧主编 .—3 版 .—上海:华东理工大学出版社,
2017.
11
I
SBN978 7 5628 5234 6
Ⅰ.① 大… Ⅱ.① 华… ② 郭… ③ 钱… ④ 林… Ⅲ.① 工程制图 高等学校
教材 Ⅳ.①TB23

2017)第 260638 号
中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字(

内 容 提 要
本书根据全国高等工业学校工程制图课程教学指导委员会制定的“工程制图”课程教学基本要 求 编 写,
适宜作为大专院校化工类专业及轻工、食品、环境等非机械类专业“工程制图”课程教材,也可作为相 关 专 业
工程技术人员的参考和自学用书。
全书共分 16 章,全部采用最新的国家标准和有关行业标准,每章附有复习思考题,并编有《大 学 工 程 制
图习题集》与之配套使用。
本书在编写中,考虑到计算机技术发展对课程的影 响,以 及 面 向 21 世 纪 教 学 改 革 的 要 求,在 保 持 过 去
历版教材特色的基础上,对部分内容作了重组和增减,如 对 画 法 几 何 内 容 作 了 精 简;加 强 了 构 形 设 计 训 练;
焊接件图和化工设备图合并;计算机绘图部分突出了 Au t
oCAD 绘图软件的应用等。读者可按不同 专 业 和
学时数的要求,对内容进行灵活取舍和组合学习。

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
策划编辑/ 徐知今
责任编辑/ 徐知今
出版发行/ 华东理工大学出版社有限公司
地 址:上海市梅陇路 130 号,
200237
电 021
话: -64250306
网 www.
址: ecustpr
ess.
cn
邮 z
箱:ongb
ianban@e
cus
tpr
ess.
cn
印 刷/ 常熟市华顺印刷有限公司
开 本/787mm×1092mm 1/16
印 张/25
插 页/4
字 数/609 千字
版 次/2017 年 11 月第 3 版
印 次/2017 年 11 月第 1 次
定 价/49.
00 元
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
版权所有 侵权必究
第三版前言

本书是根据我校历年出版的 教 材《工 程 制 图 学》、《工 程 制 图 教 程》和 多 年 教 学 改 革 实 践


编写而成,是国家精品课程主讲教材。本书自2005 年2 月第一版出版以来,受到许多使用院
校教师和学生的好评,同时也提出了许多有价值的意见和建议。
在本次修订版中,保持了前两版 的 定 位 宗 旨,同 时 为 适 应 现 代 成 图 技 术 要 求,根 据 教 育

2015 版),编
部高等学校工程图学课程教学指导委员会制定的工程制图 课 程 教 学 基 本 要 求(
者在内容上做了如下调整和修改:
(
1)补充和更新了第 15 章计算机绘图、第 10 章零件图的内容。
(
2)采用了最新颁布实施的国家标准。
(
3)书中部分图例增加了二维码扫描直观演示。
内容的选择和编排力求体现“少而精”的原则,体现工程制图技术的发展,满足化工类专
业及轻工、食品、环境等非机械类专业的教学要求。
此外,还增加了与本书配套的教学资源:
(
1)多媒体教学课件,适合课堂教学使用(请联系作者邮箱 ghc
ad@163.
com 获取)。
(
2)网络教学资源辅助教学和学习:
h
ttp:
//e
-le
arn
ing.
ecus
t. cn/G2S/s
edu. it/p
e r
evew#/r
i ich/v/70794? cu
rren
toc=26723
在考虑系统性的前提下,各章内容相对独立,教师在选用时可根据不同专业的要求和学
时数进行灵活组合和舍取。
与本书配套的《大学工程制图习题集》也做了相应修订,与本书同期出版。

1、
本书由郭慧、钱自强、林大钧主编。参加本次修订工作的人员(按章序)有:钱自强( 3、
4、
5 章),林大钧(
2、10 章),郭慧(
6、15、
16 章),张 纯 楠 (
7、11 章),蔡 祥 兴 (
8、13 章),马 惠 仙
(
9、12、
14 章)。
本书在修订中,参考了国内外有关教材和标准,在此一并表示感谢。
限于编者水平,书中难免存在失误和不足,敬请广大读者继续提出宝贵意见和建议。

编 者

2017 年 10 月
第二版前言

本书自 2005 年 2 月第一版出版 以 来,受 到 许 多 使 用 本 书 的 院 校 教 师 和 学 生 的 好 评,同


时他们也提出了许多有价值的 意 见 和 建 议。在 本 次 修 订 再 版 中,编 者 在 内 容 上 作 了 调 整 和
修改。增写了绪论部分,精简了画 法 几 何 的 内 容,补 充 和 更 新 了 计 算 机 绘 图 的 内 容,在 技 术
要求等方面采用了最新国家标准。教材总体篇幅有了较大削减,力求体现“少而精”的原则,
以满足化工类专业及轻工、食品、环境等非机械类专业的教学要求。
本书在考虑系统性前提下,各章内容相对独立,教师在选用时可根据不同专业的要求和
学时数进行灵活组合和取舍。
与本书配套的《大学工程制图习题集》也作了相应修订,与本书同期出版。

1、
本书由钱自强、林大钧、郭慧主编。参加本次修订工作的人员(按章序)有:钱自强( 3、
4、
5 章),林大钧(
2、10 章),郭慧(
6、15、
16 章),张 纯 楠 (
7、11 章),蔡 祥 兴 (
8、13 章),马 惠 仙
(
9、12、
14 章)。邹培玲参加了部分绘图工作。
本书在修订中,参考了国内外有关教材和标准,在此一并表示感谢。
限于编者水平,书中难免存在不足,敬请广大读者继续提出宝贵意见和建议。

编 者

2013 年 10 月
第一版前言

工程制图是工科类专业必修 的 一 门 技 术 基 础 课,其 主 要 任 务 是 培 养 学 生 具 有 一 定 的 空
间想象和思维能力,掌握按标准规定表达工程图样的实际技能,为学习后继的机械设计系列
课程打下基础。同时它在培养学 生 形 象 思 维、科 学 研 究 和 创 新 能 力 等 综 合 素 质 的 过 程 中 起
着重要的作用。
从 1795 年法国几何学家格斯帕 .蒙日应用投影方法创建画法几何学以来,
200 多 年 里,
以画法几何为基本原理形成的工 程 图 学 随 着 人 类 社 会 的 工 业 化 进 程,逐 步 成 为 工 程 设 计 领
域的重要学科。它为工程技术各个领域解决机械结构、空间几何度量、构形设计等问题提供
了可靠的理论依据和有效手段。进 入 21 世 纪,随 着 科 学 技 术 的 飞 速 发 展,学 科 间 相 互 交 叉
和计算机技术的广泛应用,对本 课 程 提 出 了 更 高 要 求,传 统 的 教 学 内 容 和 模 式 受 到 挑 战,课
程改革成为必然趋势。
本书是在我校历年出版的教材《工程制图学》《工程制图教程》《工程制图》和多年教改实
践的基础上,根据全国高等工业学 校 工 程 制 图 课 程 教 学 指 导 委 员 会 制 定 的 工 程 制 图 课 程 教
学基本要求编写而成的。为较好地处理传统内容和现代技术、理论教学与技能训练、形象思
维与创新思维培养的关系,本书在编写中贯彻了精、新、特的原则。
(
1)对各部分内容的选取努力做到少而精,重点突出。如线面、面面相交 主 要 介 绍 特 殊
位置情况;相贯线的处理结合工程上常用的柱柱、柱锥、柱球相贯的例子,突出表面取点法和
近似画法的使用;焊接件的画法不再单独列章,并入化工设备图一起介绍。
(
2)书中全部采用新颁布的国 家 标 准 和 其 他 一 些 相 关 的 行 业 标 准;在 计 算 机 绘 图 部 分
则介绍了较新的 Au
toCAD2004 版本。
(
3 )继续保持和突出化工 特 色。 比 较 全 面 地 介 绍 了 化 工 设 备 图、化 工 工 艺 图 和 展 开 图
等化工专业图样的绘制,特别适合有关专业的选用。
(
4)进一步突出学生空间构思 和 创 新 能 力 的 培 养,加 强 了 构 形 设 计 和 制 图 等 方 面 的 内
容,并独立成章。
(5)为适应我国国际技术交流日益扩大和加入 WTO 后的形势,特别介绍了有关机械制
图的ISO 国际标准和美、日、俄等国家的标准。
本书在考虑系统性前提下,各章内容相对独立,并编有相应的《大学工程制图习题集》供
配套使用,适用于本、专科化工 工 艺 类 专 业,也 可 用 于 轻 工、食 品、环 境 等 非 机 械 类 专 业。 教
师在使用时,可根据不同专业的要求和学时数进行灵活组合和取舍。
本书由钱自强、林大钧、蔡祥兴主编。参加编写的人员(按 章 序)有:林 大 钧( 1、5、9 章),
2、
钱自强( 3、
13 章),王蔚青(
4、7 章),马 惠 仙 (
6、15 章),张 纯 楠 (
8、12 章),郭 慧 (
10 章),张
11 章),蔡祥兴(
宝凤( 14 章)。邹佩玲参加了部分绘图工作。
本书在编写中,参考了国内外有关教材和标准,在此一并表示感谢。
限于编者水平,书中难免存在不足,敬请广大读者批评指正。

编 者
2004 年 10 月
目 录

1 绪论 ……………………………………………………………………………………… (
1)
1 本学科的研究对象 ………………………………………………………………… (
1. 1)
2 本学科的发展简史 ………………………………………………………………… (
1. 1)
3 课程学习的目的和任务 …………………………………………………………… (
1. 4)
4 课程学习的方法 …………………………………………………………………… (
1. 4)
2 工程制图基础 …………………………………………………………………………… (
5)
1 投影法的基本概念 …………………………………………………………………
2. (
5)
2 工程上常用的投影图———正投影 …………………………………………………
2. (
7)
3 正投影的投影特性 …………………………………………………………………
2. (
8)
4 多面正投影体系的建立和投影规律 ………………………………………………
2. (
8)
3 基本几何元素的投影 …………………………………………………………………… (
16)
1 点的投影 …………………………………………………………………………… (
3. 16)
2 直线的投影 ………………………………………………………………………… (
3. 19)
3 平面的投影 ………………………………………………………………………… (
3. 23)
4 点、线、面的辅助投影 ……………………………………………………………… (
3. 30)
5 回转曲面的投影 …………………………………………………………………… (
3. 40)
4 平面、立体间相交的投影 ……………………………………………………………… (
47)
1 平面与立体相交 …………………………………………………………………… (
4. 47)
2 立体与立体相交 …………………………………………………………………… (
4. 57)
5 空间形体的生成与视图表达 …………………………………………………………… (
70)
1 形体的生成及视图表达 …………………………………………………………… (
5. 70)
2 形体的组合及视图表达 …………………………………………………………… (
5. 74)
3 形体的尺寸标注 ……………………………………………………………………
5. (
80)
4 读图 …………………………………………………………………………………
5. (
84)
6 形体的构形设计 ………………………………………………………………………… (
94)
1 单向构形想象 ……………………………………………………………………… (
6. 94)
2 双向构形想象 ……………………………………………………………………… (
6. 95)
3 分向穿孔构形想象 ………………………………………………………………… (
6. 95)
4 组合构形想象 ……………………………………………………………………… (
6. 95)
5 构形设计制图 ……………………………………………………………………… (
6. 96)
7 制图的基本规定、技能及草图 ………………………………………………………… (
100)
7.
1 国家标准《机械制图》的基本规定 ……………………………………………… (
100)
2 制图基本技能 …………………………………………………………………… (
7. 107)
·2· 大学工程制图(第三版)

3 草图及其应用 ……………………………………………………………………
7. (
115)
8 轴测投影图 …………………………………………………………………………… (
127)
1 轴测图的基本概念 ………………………………………………………………
8. (
127)
2 正等轴测图 ………………………………………………………………………
8. (
128)
3 斜二等轴测图 …………………………………………………………………… (
8. 132)
4 轴测剖视图的画法 ……………………………………………………………… (
8. 134)
5 轴测图的选择 …………………………………………………………………… (
8. 135)
9 机件常用的表达方法 ………………………………………………………………… (
137)
1 视图 ……………………………………………………………………………… (
9. 137)
2 剖视图 …………………………………………………………………………… (
9. 138)
3 断面图 …………………………………………………………………………… (
9. 149)
4 局部放大图 ……………………………………………………………………… (
9. 152)
9.
5 规定画法和简化画法 …………………………………………………………… (
153)
6 剖视图阅读 ………………………………………………………………………
9. (
157)
7 视图表达方案的探讨 ……………………………………………………………
9. (
159)
10 零件图 ………………………………………………………………………………… (
163)
1 零件图的内容 ……………………………………………………………………
10. (
164)
2 零件的表达方案选择 …………………………………………………………… (
10. 164)
3 零件图中的尺寸标注 …………………………………………………………… (
10. 172)
4 零件图中的技术要求 …………………………………………………………… (
10. 176)
5 零件上常见结构及其尺寸标注 ………………………………………………… (
10. 192)
6 标准件和常用件 ………………………………………………………………… (
10. 206)
7 零件图阅读 ……………………………………………………………………… (
10. 218)
11 装配图 ………………………………………………………………………………… (223)
1 装配图的作用和主要内容 ……………………………………………………… (
11. 223)
11.
2 装配关系的表达方法 …………………………………………………………… (
225)
3 装配结构的合理性 ……………………………………………………………… (
11. 226)
4 装配图的尺寸标注 ……………………………………………………………… (
11. 228)
5 装配图中的零部件序号、明细栏 ……………………………………………… (
11. 229)
6 螺纹紧固件的连接和装配画法 ………………………………………………… (
11. 230)
7 键、销、弹簧的装配画法 ………………………………………………………… (
11. 235)
8 装配图绘制 ……………………………………………………………………… (
11. 237)
9 阅读装配图和由装配图拆画零件图 …………………………………………… (
11. 241)
12 立体的表面展开图 …………………………………………………………………… (250)
1 可展表面的展开 ………………………………………………………………… (
12. 251)
2 不可展表面的近似展开 ………………………………………………………… (
12. 257)
3 用计算机绘图软件处理展开图的方法简介 …………………………………… (
12. 259)
13 化工设备图 …………………………………………………………………………… (
262)
1 化工设备图的作用和内容 ……………………………………………………… (
13. 262)
目 录 ·3·

2 化工设备的基本结构和特点 ……………………………………………………
13. (
262)
3 化工设备标准化的通用零部件简介 ……………………………………………
13. (
265)
4 化工设备图的视图表达 …………………………………………………………
13. (
282)
5 化工设备图中焊缝的表示方法 …………………………………………………
13. (
288)
6 化工设备图的尺寸标注 ………………………………………………………… (
13. 296)
7 化工设备图样中各要素的布置 ………………………………………………… (
13. 298)
8 化工设备图的绘制和阅读 ……………………………………………………… (
13. 304)
14 化工工艺图 …………………………………………………………………………… (308)
1 工艺管道及仪表流程图 ………………………………………………………… (
14. 308)
2 设备布置图 ……………………………………………………………………… (
14. 314)
3 管道布置图 ……………………………………………………………………… (
14. 318)
4 管道轴测图 ……………………………………………………………………… (
14. 323)
15 计算机绘图 …………………………………………………………………………… (329)
1 基本操作 ………………………………………………………………………… (
15. 329)
2 绘制图形 ………………………………………………………………………… (
15. 332)
3 绘图的辅助工具 ………………………………………………………………… (
15. 338)
4 图层 ………………………………………………………………………………
15. (
344)
5 图形编辑 …………………………………………………………………………
15. (
348)
6 填充 ……………………………………………………………………………… (
15. 358)
7 文字注释 ………………………………………………………………………… (
15. 359)
8 尺寸标注 ………………………………………………………………………… (
15. 363)
9 图块与属性 ……………………………………………………………………… (
15. 371)
10 图形输出 ……………………………………………………………………… (
15. 374)
11 零件图的绘制 ………………………………………………………………… (
15. 375)
16 机械制图外国标准简介 ……………………………………………………………… (381)
1 第三角投影法和第一角投影法的对比 ………………………………………… (
16. 381)
2 第三角投影法的基本视图与投影法特征标记 ………………………………… (
16. 382)
16.
3 国际标准ISO128—1982《图示原理》 ………………………………………… (
383)
16.
4 美国标准 ANS
IY14.3—1994《多面视图和剖视图》 ………………………… (
385)
16.
5 日本 J
ISB0001—1985 制图标准简介 ………………………………………… (
386)
6 螺纹的画法 ………………………………………………………………………
16. (
387)
7 齿轮的画法 ………………………………………………………………………
16. (
388)
8 国外图样画法示例 ………………………………………………………………
16. (
389)
参考文献 …………………………………………………………………………………… (
392)
1
1 绪 论

􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚
􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚

本章提要

􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚
简要介绍工程制图学科的研 究 对 象 和 发 展 历 史;阐 述 工 程 制 图 课 程 学 习
的目的、任务和学习方法。
􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚

1.
1 本学科的研究对象

图样与语言、文字一样,都是人类表达、交流思想的一种工具。在工程建设中,为了正确
地表示出机器、设备和建筑物的 形 状、大 小 和 制 造 要 求,通 常 将 物 体 按 一 定 的 投 影 方 法 和 规
定表达在图纸上,即称为工程图样。由于在机器设备和建筑物的设计、制造、检验、使用等各
个环节中都离不开图样,所以图样被喻为“工程界的技术语言”。
随着 20 世纪 50 年代末计算机的出现,工程制图与计算机技术的结合,促使工程制图的
理论和技术发生了根本性的变化。图样在形体构思、工程设计、解决空间几何问题以及分析
研究自然界客观规律时得到广泛的应用,已成为解决科学技术问题的重要载体,并逐步发展
成为工程图学学科。
工程图学学科的研究对象是:(1)将空间几何元素(点、线、面)和物体表示在平面上的方
法和原理;(
2)在平面上通过作图解决空间几何问题的方法和原理;( 3)根据有关标准及技术
绘制和识读工程图样的方法。
本课程所讲授的内容是工程图学学科的主要组成部分。

1.
2 本学科的发展简史

我们知道,任何科学的产生都来源于人类的社会实践,并随着生产和科学实验的发展以
及其他科学技术因素的相互影响而发展。工程图学学科的产生和发展也不例外。从世界各
国的历史来看,工程制图最初起源于图画,自古代人类学会制造简单工具和营造各种建筑物
起,就已经使用图画来表达意图 了。但 是,人 类 在 很 长 一 段 时 期 里,都 是 按 照 写 真 的 方 法 来
画图的。随着生产的发展,生产工具和建筑物的复杂程度和技术要求越来越高,这种直观的
写真图画已无法担负起正确表达形体的任务,因而对图样提出了更高的要求,即一方面要把
形体表达得正确清晰,且绘制方 便;另 一 方 面 要 能 够 准 确 度 量,便 于 按 图 样 制 造 和 施 工。 根
据生产的需要,这种绘图 法 则 就 在 众 多 工 匠、建 筑 师 的 生 产 实 践 活 动 中 逐 步 积 累 和 发 展 起
来。17 世纪中期法国建筑师兼 数 学 家 吉 拉 德 · 笛 沙 格 (
G.De
sague,
r 1591—1661),首 先 总
结了用中心投影法绘制透视 图 的 规 律,写 了《透 视 法》一 书。到 18 世 纪 末 叶,法 国 几 何 学 家
·2· 大学工程制图(第三版)

G.Monge,
格斯帕·蒙日( 1746—1818)全 面 总 结 了 前 人 的 经 验,用 几 何 学 原 理 系 统 地 综 合
和归纳了将空间几何形体正确 地 绘 制 在 平 面 图 纸 上 的 原 理 和 方 法,创 建 了 画 法 几 何 学。 在
此后的 200 多年时间里,以画法几 何 为 基 本 原 理 形 成 的 工 程 图 学 随 着 人 类 社 会 的 工 业 化 进
程,逐步成为工业设计领域的重 要 学 科,它 为 工 业 技 术 方 面 解 决 机 械 结 构 的 运 动 分 析、空 间
几何度量、构形设计等问题提供了可靠的理论依据和有效手段。
我国是世界上文明发达最早的国家之一,劳动人民在长期的生产实践中,在图示理论和
制图方法等领域,也有着丰富的经验和辉煌的成就。
在三皇五帝时代,人们已开始应用绘图工具,如山东嘉祥县武翟山武氏祠中就有伏羲氏
执矩和女娲氏执规的汉代石刻 像,说 明 我 国 在 上 古 时 期 就 有 了 画 直 角 的 矩(直 角 尺)和 画 圆
的规(圆规)。再如,在两千年 前 的《周 礼 · 考 工 记》《孟 子》等 古 书 中,就 有 用 规,矩,绳 墨(木
工所用的弹直线的墨绳),悬(或作垂,即在绳下端系重物,以在壁上作铅垂线),水(定水平和
作水平线的器具)等工具进行作图和生产劳动的记述。
据文字记载,在战国时期 我 国 已 经 有 应 用 于 建 筑 工 程 的 图 样。 如 《史 记》的 《秦 始 皇 本
纪》中记载:“秦每破诸侯,写 放 其 宫 室,作 之 咸 阳 北 阪 上。”其 意 思 是 说:秦 始 皇 每 征 服 一 国
后,就派人绘出该国宫室的图样,在咸阳北阪上 照 样 建 造 一 座。1977 年 冬,从 我 国 河 北 省 平
山县战国时期中山王墓出土的、用 青 铜 板 镶 嵌 金 银 丝 条 和 文 字 制 成 的 建 筑 平 面 图 是 世 界 上
罕见的早期工程图样,见图 1 1。此图按正投影法用 1∶500 的比例绘制,并注有尺寸,完成
于公元前 323—前 309 年之间。与世界现存早期图样相比较,它是最完善的一幅。

图 1 1 战国时代的建筑平面图

我国历史上遗留下来的图样,最著名的是宋朝李诫(字明仲)编写的建筑工程巨著《营造
法式》(刊印于公元 1103 年)。该 书 总 结 了 我 国 当 时 的 建 筑 技 术 和 艺 术 的 成 就,堪 称 宋 朝 时
期关于建筑的一部国家标准和 施 工 规 范。整 部 书 籍 共 36 卷,其 中 6 卷 全 部 是 图 样,与 现 在
我们使用的工程图样的形式相 比,几 乎 没 什 么 差 别。图 1 2 为 该 书 所 载 的 几 幅 图 样,其 中
有正投影图、轴侧投影图和透视图多种形式。在宋代之后许多工程技术书籍,如元朝薛景石
1 绪 论 ·3·

的《梓人遗制》和王桢的《农书》,明朝宋应星的《天工开物》和徐光启的《农政全书》等,都附有
许多农具及各种器械的插图,也 与 现 代 工 程 图 样 的 形 式 相 类 似。可 见 当 时 我 国 在 图 示 方 法
应用上已很完善,可惜这方面的专门著作没有遗留下来,而这个时期比笛沙格和蒙日所处的
时代都要早几百年。

(
a)殿堂五铺作单槽草架侧样(正投影图)

(
b)剔地起突云龙角柱(轴侧投影图) (
c)宝莲华(透视图)

图 1 2 宋代《营造法式》中附图举例

进入 20 世纪后,随着现代科学技术的发展,计算机技术和工程科学相互结合和渗透,
50
年代 世 界 上 第 一 台 自 动 绘 图 机 诞 生,60 年 代 初 美 国 麻 省 理 工 学 院 开 发 完 成 了
SKETCHPAD 程序系统———一种人机对 话 系 统, 80 年 代 末 美 国 兰 德 公 司 开 发 出 首 个 图 形
语言 Gr
ail
graph
icsI tLanguage,
npu 1973 年第一次国际计算机绘图学术会议在匈牙利召开,
80 年代初美国 Au
tode
sk 公司推出计算机辅助设计绘图软件 Au
toCAD,自此 一 门 工 程 制 图
和计算机结合的学科— ——计算机图学———在世界上主要工业国家兴起。近 20 年来,由于软
硬件的不断完善和创新,计算机图形学得到飞速发展,工程图学已不再仅仅是限于投影和工
程知识的传统工程学科,而是数 学、物 理、工 程 学、计 算 机 学、智 能 和 思 维 科 学 等 多 学 科 交 叉
·4· 大学工程制图(第三版)

形成的具有崭新内容的学科。工 程 图 作 为 工 程 信 息 的 载 体 和 传 递 媒 介,正 从 仅 能 表 示 静 态
产品信息的图样,发展为有质感的能反映产品物理性能和加工性能的、能交互的动感图形信
息。这种图形信息也是计算机 辅 助 设 计 (
CAD)、计 算 机 辅 助 制 造 (
CAM)和 集 成 生 产 系 统
(
CIMS)的主要载体。随着计算机 绘 图 技 术 的 普 及,传 统 的 尺、规 手 工 绘 图 作 业 模 式 逐 步 退
出历史舞台。值得注意的是,当今各种计算机绘图软件已经有了质的飞跃。因此,计算机绘
图并不是简单的代替手工绘图,而是提高设计质量、设计能力、设计效率的重大技术进步,这
是在学习计算机绘图和后续相关课程时始终要考虑的问题。

1.
3 课程学习的目的和任务

工程制图课程是高等院校工 科 类 专 业 既 有 理 论,又 有 实 践 的 一 门 重 要 技 术 基 础 课。 学
习本课程的主要目的是掌握工 程 图 样 的 图 示 理 论 和 方 法,培 养 绘 图、读 图 和 空 间 想 象 能 力。
其主要任务包括:
(
1)学习正投影基本理论和方法;
(
2)培养图示空间形体的能力;
(
3)学习绘制和识读工程图样的方法;
(
4)了解和掌握有关制图的国家标准;
(
5)学会使用常用的计算机绘图软件。

1.
4 课程学习的方法

工程制图是一门实践性很强的课程,与学生在中学阶段学习数、理、化等课程有所不同,
除了需要逻辑思维能力,还需要培养很强的形象思维能力。因此,在学习本课程时必须掌握
必要的学习方法,养成良好的学习习惯。
(1)对课程中涉及的画法几何理论部分,要把基本概念和基本原理理解透 彻,做 到 融 会
贯通,这样才能灵活地运用这些概念、原理和方法来解题作图。
(2)为了提高空间形体的图示 表 达 能 力,必 须 对 所 要 表 达 的 物 体 进 行 几 何 分 析 和 形 体
分析,掌握它们处在各种相对位置时的图示特点,不断深化对空间形体与其投影图形之间关
系的认识。
(
3)绘图和读图能力的培养主要依赖于实践,因此要十分重视这方面 的 训 练。古 人 说,
熟能生巧,只有通过反复的实践,才 能 逐 步 掌 握 绘 图 和 读 图 的 方 法,熟 悉 国 家 制 图 标 准 和 其
他有关技术标准,特别是化工、电子、建筑等专业图样的一些特殊表达习惯和方法。
(
4)在学习计算机绘图时,特别要注意加强上机实践,通过不断熟悉软件的 各 种 使 用 和
操作技能,来提高应用计算机绘图的熟练程度。
(5)要注意培养 自 学 能 力。 根 据 教 学 日 历 安 排,课 前 做 好 每 个 章 节 预 习,总 结 归 纳 要
点、重点;课后做好复习,巩固消化所学的知识。
(
6)鉴于图样在工程中的重 要 性,常 常 失 之 毫 厘,差 之 千 里,工 程 技 术 人 员 不 能 看 错 和
画错图纸,否则会造成重大损失。因此,在学习中,要养成耐心细致的习惯,无论是绘图还是
读图,都要十分认真,反复检查,确保准确无误。
2
2 工程制图基础

􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚
􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚

本章提要

􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚
工程图样是用正投影法绘 制 的。本 章 介 绍 投 影 的 基 本 概 念;工 程 上 常 用
的投影图;正投影的投影特性;多 面 正 投 影 体 系 的 建 立 和 投 影 规 律 等 内 容,为
绘制工程图样提供基础理论知识。
􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚

2.
1 投影法的基本概念

在日常生活中经常可以看到一些投影现象,如一块三角板在光源的照射下,地面上就会
出现该三角板的影子,如图 2 1 所示。投影的方法就是从自然现象抽象 出 来 并 随 着 生 产 的
发展而趋成熟的。常用的投影法有中心投影法和平行投影法。

图 2 1 中心投影现象 图 2 2 中心投影法

2.
1.
1 中心投影法
把图 2 1 所示的投影现象抽象为图 2 2 所 示 情 况,光 源 用 点 S 表 示,称 为 投 射 中 心,
光线称为投射线(如 SA ,
SB ,
SC ),地面称为投影面 H 。自点 S 过 △ABC 的各顶点作投 射
线SA ,
SB ,
SC ,它们的延长线与 H 面 分 别 交 于a,
b,c 三 点,该 三 点 分 别 为 空 间 点 A ,
B,C
在 H 面上的中心投影。而 △ABC 在 H 面上的中心投影则为 △ab c 。显然,中心投影 △ab
c
的大小与投射中心、△ABC 及投影 面 三 者 的 距 离 有 关。 由 上 述 投 影 过 程 可 见,空 间 的 一 个
点 A ,自确定的中心 S 进行投射,在 H 面上只存在唯一的一个投影。

2.
1.
2 平行投影法
如果把中心投影的投射中心移至无穷远点,此时各投射线就成为互相平行的线,在这种
特殊条件下,投射中心用投射方向 S 来表示,这样的投影称为平行投影。只要自空间各点分
别引与 S 平行的射线,在投影面 H 的交点处即可得到空间各点在 H 面上的平行投影,平行
·6· 大学工程制图(第三版)

投影的大小与物体到投影面距离无关。

(a) (b)

图 2 3 正投影法和斜投影法

显然,在确定的投射方向下,空 间 的 一 个 点 在 H 面 的 平 行 投 影 也 是 唯 一 确 定 的。 根 据
投射方向 S 与投影面 H 的倾角不同,平行投影法又可分为:
(
1)正投影法———投射方向 S 垂直于投影面,如图 2 3(
a)所示。
(
2)斜投影法———投射方向 S 倾斜于投影面,如图 2 3(
b)所示。
2.
1.
3 平行投影的基本特性
(
1)点的投影仍为点,如图 2 4 所示。直线的投影在一般情况下仍为直线,在特殊情况
下为一点,如图 2 5 所示。图中 S 表示投射方向。

(a)   (b)  
图 2 4 点的投影 图 2 5 直线的投影

(
2)点在直线上,点的投影必落在该直线的投影上,如图 2 6 所示的 K 点。且 该 点 K
分直线 AB 所成两段的长度之比等于其投影的长度之比,即 AK ∶KB =ak∶kb。因为同一
AB 和ab)与平行线 (
平面内的直线( Aa∥Kk∥Bb)相交,则各线段对应成比例。

图 2 6 直线上点的投影 图 2 7 直线、平面的积聚性投影
2 工程制图基础 ·7·

(
3)平行于投射线的直线和 平 面,其 投 影 为 一 点 或 为 一 直 线,这 种 性 质 称 为 积 聚 性,其
投影称为有积聚性的投影。如图 2 7 所示,直线 AB 、平面 CDEF 均与投射线S 平行,直线
AB 投影积聚为一点a(
b),平面 CDEF 投影积聚为一直线cdef。

图 2 8 投影面平行线、平行面的投影 图 2 9 平行两直线的投影

(4)平行投影面的直线和平面,其投影反映真实长度和形状,这种性质 称 为 实 形 性。如
图 2 8 中,直线 AB 、平面 △CDE 均与投影面 H 平行,则直线 AB 的投影ab 反映 AB 的真
实长度,平面 △CDE 的投影 △cde 反映 △CDE 的真实形状。
(
5)平行两直线的投影仍 互 相 平 行,且 其 投 影 长 度 之 比 等 于 该 两 平 行 线 长 度 之 比。 如
AB ∥CD ,其投影 ab∥cd,且 ab∶cd=AB ∶CD ,因为通过 AB 和CD 的投影
图 2 9 所示,
线形成两个相互平行的平面 R 、 S,它们与同一投影面的交线必然平行。若过 A 和 C 分别作
直线平行ab 和cd,并分别与 Bb 交于 F ,与 Dd 交于 G ,则 △ABF ∥ △CDG ,因 而 其 对 应 边
成比例。由于 AF =ab,
CG =cd 所以ab∶cd=AB ∶CD 。

2 工程上常用的投影图———正投影
2.

图样作为一种工具,对于解决工程及一些科学技术问题起着重要的作用,因此对图样的
要求也就很严格,一般来说这些要求是:
(
1)根据图形应当能完全确定空间形体的真实形状和大小;
(
2)图形应便于阅读;
(
3)绘制图形的方法和过程应当简便。
为满足上述要求,工程上一般是利用正投影法,把物体投射到两个或两个以上互相垂直
的投影面上。如图 2 10(
a)所示,再按一定规律把 这 些 投 影 面 展 平 在 一 个 平 面 上 便 得 到 正

(a)  (b) 
图 2 10 正投影图的形成
·8· 大学工程制图(第三版)

投影图,见图 2 10(
b)。由于正投影图很容易确定物体的 形 状 和 大 小,虽 直 观 性 较 差,但 经
过一定学习和训练后就能绘制和识读,所以正投影在工程上应用得最为广泛。

2.
3 正投影的投影特性

利用正投影法绘图 时,熟 悉 正 投 影 的 投 影 特 性,将 有 利 于 准 确 地 绘 制 正 投 影 图。 从 图


2 11可以看出,正投影的基本特性是:
(1)实形性 当物体上的平面(或直线)与投影面平行时,投影反映实形,这种 投 影 特 性
称为实形性[见图 2 11(
a)]。

(a)  (b)  (c) 

图 2 11 正投影的基本特性

(
2)积聚性 当物体上的平面(或直线)与投影平面垂直时,投影积聚为一条线(或 一 个
点),这种投影特性称为积聚性[见图 2 11(
b)]。
(
3)类似性 当物体上的平面(或直线)与投影平面倾斜时,投影变小了(或变短 了),但
投影的形状仍与原来形状类似,这种投影特性称为类似性[见图 2 11(
c)]。

2.
4 多面正投影体系的建立和投影规律

2.
4.
1 多面正投影体系的建立
在图 2 12 中,物体上 A 、
B 表面平 行 于 投 影
面 V ,所以其投影反映 A ,B 表面的实形。D 表面
垂直于该 投 影 面,其 投 影 积 聚 为 一 条 直 线 段。 而
C 表面倾斜 于 该 投 影 面,其 投 影 边 数 不 变 但 面 积
变小了。对物体上其他表面 的 投 影 可 以 作 出 类 似
的分析。
A,
由观 察 可 知: B 两平面相对投影面的距
A,
离; C 两平面之间的夹角;D 平面沿投影方向S
的尺度等信息在投影图上 均 未 得 到 反 映。由 此 可
图 2 12 单面投影
得到以下两点:
(
1)正投影中,当物体表面的法线方向不平行于投射方向 S 时,这些面的实形在对应的
2 工程制图基础 ·9·

投影图上均未确定。
(2)物体上各个面在投影面上的投影图形不反映其与该投影面的距离。这 些 信 息 可 用
与 S 垂直的方向对物体作正投影加以确定。
但与 S 垂直的方向有无数多个,应根据 表 达 需 要 及 作 图 方 便 进 行 选 择。如 增 设 投 影 面
H 垂直于投影面 V ,然后从上向下对物体作正投影,在 H 投影面上就反映了 A , B 两平面相
对 V 投影面的距离; A,
C 两平面的夹角及 D 平面沿S2 投射方向的尺度,如图 2 13 所示。

图 2 13 两面投影 图 2 14 三面投影

同样道理,为了表达 D ,
F 面的 实 形,可 再 增 设 一 投 影 面 W ,与 V ,
H 投 影 面 两 两 垂 直,
然后从左向右对物体作正投影,如图2 14 所示。在 W 投影面上就反映出D ,
F 两平面的真
实形状与大小。经仔细分析可知,V,
H, W 各面投影互相补充了单一投影所缺的那一维信
息。有的面如 C ,
E 两矩形平面,虽 然 在 各 个 投 影 面 上 都 不 反 映 实 形,但 将 三 个 投 影 联 系 起
来看,矩形面的边长在不同的投影中得到了反映,因此这两个面的实形也是确定的。作为同
等地位,当然 也 可 选 用 V1 ,
H1,
W1 投 影 面 来
获得物体另外三个方向的正投影,如图 2 15
所示。在 投 射 过 程 中,若 将 投 射 线 当 作 观 察
者的视线,把物体 的 正 投 影 称 为 视 图,则 可 知
观察者、物体、视图 三 者 的 位 置 关 系 是 物 体 处
于观察者 与 视 图 之 间。 由 图 2 15 可 知 V 、
V1 ,
H 、H 1 ,
W、W1 是 三 对 互 相 平 行 的 投 影
面,对应的投射方 向 也 互 相 平 行 但 方 向 相 反。
按照制图 国 家 标 准 规 定,图 样 上 可 见 轮 廓 线
用粗实线表示,不 可 见 轮 廓 线 用 虚 线 表 示,因
此每一对投影面 上 的 视 图 除 图 线 有 虚 实 区 别
外,图形完全一致,故 把 这 样 的 两 个 投 影 面 称
为同 形 投 影 面。 在 图 2 15 中,三 对 同 形 投
影面构成 一 个 六 投 影 面 体 系,这 六 个 投 影 面
V、
均为基本投影面,分别取名为: V1 ———正投
影面(正面直立位置); 图 2 15 六投影面体系
H、H 1 ———水平投影面
· 10 · 大学工程制图(第三版)

(水平位置); W、W 1 ———侧投影面(侧面直立位置)。


而把 V ,
H 两投影面交线称为 X 投影轴, H, V,
W 两投影面交线称为Y 投影轴, W 两投
影面交线称为Z 投影轴。把 X , Y,Z 三投影轴的交点称为原点 O 。将置于六投影面 体 系 中
的物体向各个投影面作正投影可得六个基本视图,它们是:
主视图———由前向后投射在 V 投影面上所得的视图。
左视图———由左向右投射在 W 投影面上所得的视图。
俯视图———由上向下投射在 H 投影面上所得的视图。
右视图———由右向左投射在 W 1 投影面上所得的视图。
仰视图———由下向上投射在 H 1 投影面上所得的视图。
后视图———由后向前投影射在 V1 投影面上所得的视图。
为了能在同一 平 面 的 图 纸 上 画 出 六 面 基 本 视
图,规定 V 投 影 面 不 动,H 投 影 面 绕 X 轴 向 下 旋
°,
转 90 V1 投 影 面 绕 其 与 W 投 影 面 交 线 向 前 旋 转
90°,再与 W 投 影 面 一 起 绕 Z 轴 向 右 旋 转 90 °,
H1
投影 面 绕 其 与 V 投 影 面 交 线 向 上 旋 转 90 ,
° W1 投
°,图 2 16
影面绕 其 与 V 投 影 面 交 线 向 左 旋 转 90
表达了六面基本视图的形成。
通过上述各投 影 面 的 旋 转 即 可 在 同 一 平 面 上
获得六面基本视图,如图2 17(
a)所示。当六个基
本视图按图2 17(
a)配置时一律不标注视图名称, 图 2 16 六面基本视图的形成

否则应在视图上方用字母标注出视图名称“ X”,并在相应视图附近用带相同字母的箭头指明
投射方向,如图 2 17(
b)所示。由于投影面可以无限扩大,故其边界均省略不画。为了使图
形清晰,也不必画出投影图之间的连线。通常视图间的距离可根据图纸幅面、尺寸标注等因
素来确定。

(a) (b)

图 2 17 六面基本视图

上述过程表明,在用视图表达 物 体 时 通 常 有 六 个 基 本 视 图 可 供 选 用。 但 选 用 几 个 及 哪
几个基本视图,应遵循清晰、完整、简练表达物体的原则而定。在六面基本视图中,由于平行
两投影面上的视图图形重复,因此具有独立意义的投影面有三个,而由独立意义投影面组成
的三投影面体系有 C3 ( ) 。式中 C3
6 -3× 6-2 =8 6 是在 6 个基本投影面中每次取 3 个不同的
2 工程制图基础 · 11 ·

投影面,不管其顺序合并成三投影面体系的 组 合 数。3× (
6-2)是 C6 组 合 数 中 具 有 平 行 两
3

投影面对的数量。剩下 8 个有独立 意 义 的 三 投 影 面 体 系 为 VHW ,


VHW 1 ,
VH 1W ,
V1HW ,
V1HW 1 ,
V1H 1W ,
VH 1W 1 ,
V1H 1W 1 。在选择视图表 达 方 案 时 应 以 有 独 立 意 义 的 三 投 影 面
体系为基础,再根据物体的形状配置其他视图。由于独立意义的三投影面体系有 8 个,为简
便起见,习惯上采用 VHW 三投影面体系,所得的三个视图称为三视图。

2.
4.
2 六面基本视图间的投影规律
由六面基本视图的形成 和 六 个 投 影 面 的 展 开 过 程 可 知 六 面 基 本 视 图 怎 样 反 映 物 体 的
长、宽、高三个尺寸,从而明确 六 个 视 图 间 的 投 影 关 系。 现 将 前 面 所 述 X ,
Y,Z 三个轴的方
向依次规定为长度、宽 度 和 高 度 方 向。 当 置 于 投 影 体 系 中 的 物 体,其 长、宽、高 尺 寸 方 向 与
X,
Y,Z 轴一致时,从图 2 18 可以看出:
主、后视图反映了物体的长和高;
俯、仰视图反映了物体的长和宽;
左、右视图反映了物体的高和宽。

图 2 18 视图之间的投影规律

也就是六个视图中任意四个视图共同反映了一个尺寸方向,结合图 2 18 可知:
主、后、俯、仰视图反映物体的长度;
主、后、左、右视图反映物体的高度;
俯、仰、左、右视图反映物体的宽度。
如图 2 18 所示,六个视图之间的投影关系可概括为:
主、俯、仰视图长对正,与后视图长相等;
主、左、右、后视图高平齐;
左、右、俯、仰视图宽相等。
这就是所谓的“三等 规 律”。 用 视 图 表 达 物 体 时,从 局 部 到 整 体 都 必 须 遵 循 这 一 规 律。
物体除有长、宽、高尺度外,还有同尺度紧密相关的上、下、左、右、前、后方位。一般习惯上认
为,高是物体上下之间的尺度,长为物体左右之间的尺度,宽是物体前后之间的尺度。
因此对照上述六个视图的三等规律并参照图 2 19 可知:
“等长”说明主、俯、仰视图共同 反 映 物 体 的 左 右 方 位,而 后 视 图 远 离 主 视 图 一 侧 是 物 体
· 12 · 大学工程制图(第三版)

(a)  (b)  

图 2 19 六面基本视图的方位关系

的左边,靠近主视图一侧是物体的右边。
“等高”说明主、后、左、右视图共同反映物体的上、下方位。
“等宽”说明左、右、俯、仰视图 共 同 反 映 物 体 的 前 后 方 位,并 且 视 图 上 远 离 主 视 图 的 一
侧是物体的前边,靠近主视图的一侧是物体的后边。
以上关于六个视图反映物体的方位关系可以看成是“三等规律”的补充说明。三等规律
中尤其要注意左、右、俯、仰视图宽 相 等 及 主、后 视 图 长 相 等,因 为 这 两 条 在 视 图 上 不 像 高 平
齐与长对正规律那样明显。而方 位 关 系 中 应 特 别 注 意 前 后 方 位,因 为 这 个 方 位 关 系 在 视 图
上也不像上、下、左、右两个方位那样明显。
例 2 1 画出如图 2 20 所示物体的三视图。
1.分析
这个物体是在 ┛ 形板 的 左 端 中 部 开 了 一 个 方 槽,右 边 切 去
一角后形成的。
2.画图
根据分析得到画图步骤如下,参见图 2 21。
(1)画 ┛ 形板的三 视 图,见 图 2 21(
a)。先 画 反 映 ┛ 形 板
图 2 20 物体的直观图
形状特征的主视图,然后根据投影规律画出俯、左两视图。
(
2)画左端方槽的三面投影,见图 2 21(
b)。 由 于 构 成 方 槽 的 三 个 平 面 的 水 平 投 影 都
积聚成直线,反映了方槽的形状特征,所以应先画出水平投影。
(
3)画前边切角的投影,见图 2 21(
c)。由于被切角后形成的平面垂 直 于 侧 面,所 以 应
先画出其侧面投影,根据侧面投影画水平投影时注意量取尺 寸 的 起 点 和 方 向。图 2 21(
d)
是加深后的三视图。
上例仅仅说明了视图的画法,在实际制图时,应根据物体的形状和结构特点,在完整、清
晰地表达物体特征的前提下使视图配置合理、绘制简便。
图 2 22 为一物体模型的三视 图,可 以 看 出 如 果 用 主、左 两 个 视 图,已 经 能 将 该 模 型 的
各部分形状完全表达,这里的俯视图显然是多余的,可以省略不画。但由于模型的右端上部
2 工程制图基础 · 13 ·

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

图 2 21 物体三视图的画法

竖槽与底部通槽宽窄不一,上、下 交 界 处 在 左 视 图 上 的 投 影 虚 实 线 重 叠 在 一 起,使 图 形 不 太
清晰也不易理解,如果再采用一 个 右 视 图,便 能 把 模 型 右 端 的 形 状 表 达 清 楚,同 时 在 左 视 图
上,表示右端竖槽的虚线可省略不画,如图 2 23 所示。显然采用了主、左、右三个视图表达
模型比图 2 22 来得清晰。

图 2 22 模型的一种表达方案
· 14 · 大学工程制图(第三版)

图 2 23 模型更好的表达方案

复习思考题

2 1 正投影法主要有哪些投影特性?
2 2 用正投影法表示空间物体时,可以采用哪些基本视图?
2 3 正投影的各个基本视图反映哪些投影规律?
2 4 画出题 2 4 图所示各物体的三个视图,并分析它们的异同。

题2 4图

2 5 已知题 2 5 图所示物体的主、俯、左三个视图,试补画出它的另外三个基本视图。

题2 5图

2 6 已知题 2 6 各组视图,分别想象出它们的形状,并补画出它们的左视图。
2 工程制图基础 · 15 ·

题2 6图 题2 7图

2 7 根据题 2 7 图所示物体的三个视图,想 象 出 它 的 空 间 形 状;并 选 择 一 组 新 的 视 图 加 以 表 达,使


其各个视图上的虚线尽可能少。
3
3 基本几何元素的投影

􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚
􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚

本章提要

􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚
阐述了几何立体上点、线、平面、曲面的投影特性和作图方法;介绍了获得
几何元素辅助投影的换面法。
􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀤚􀦚

工程上的物体结构从几 何 角 度 分 析,都 可 以 看 成 由 点、线 (直 线 或 曲 线)、面 (平 面 或 曲


面)所组成。对点、线、面等几何元素的投影特性的分析和讨论,有助于进一步掌握物体的投
影规律。

3.
1 点的投影

3.
1.
1 点的三面投影及其展开
点是构成空间物体最基本的几何元素,一般体现为物体上棱线和
棱线的交点、棱面的顶点等,如图 3 1 所示物体上的 A 、 B 点。将 点
A 单独取出,置于由 V 面、H 面、
W 面 组 成 的 三 投 影 面 体 系 中,分 别
向各投影面投影,就得到了它的三个投影。按规定空间点用大写字母
V 面 上 投 影 在 字 母 右 上 角 加 一 撇,
表示,其投影用小 写 字 母 表 示, W 图 3 1 物体上的点
面上投影在字母右上角加两撇, H 面 上 投 影 不 加 撇。 由 此,空 间 点 A 的 三 个 投 影 分 别 表 示
为a、
a'、
a″,如图 3 2(
a)所示。

(a) (b) (c)

图 3 2 一点的三面投影

按上一章介绍的投影面展开方法,将三个投影展开在同一平面上,见图 3 2( b),去除投
影面的框线和标记,保留 X 、
Y、Z 投影轴,就得到了点 A 的三面投影图,见图 3 2(c)。
3 基本几何元素的投影 · 17 ·

3.
1.
2 点的直角坐标和投影规律
若将相互垂直的三投影面体系看作是 笛 卡 儿 直 角 坐 标 系,则 V 、
H、W 三个面就分别成
为坐标面, X、
Y、Z 三条投影轴对应为坐标轴,三轴的交 点 O 为 坐 标 原 点。如 图 3 3 所 示,
空间点 A 的坐标值在投影图上的增 值 正 方 向 规 定 为:
X 坐 标 自 原 点 O 向 左,
Y 坐标自原点
O 向下(或自原点 O 向右),
Z 坐标自原点 O 向上。由此空间点 A 的位置,亦可用 A (
x,y,
z)
三个坐标来确定。

图 3 3 点的直角坐标

对点的三面投影图分析,可得出如下的投影规律:
(
1)点的两个投影的连线必垂直于相应投影轴(坐标轴)。即
aa'⊥X 轴;
a'
a″⊥Z 轴;
aa″⊥Y 轴(因Y 轴分成两侧,故分别 ⊥YH 轴和 ⊥Y W 轴)。
(
2)点的投影到相应投影轴的距离反映空间该点到相应投影面的距离,即
水平投影 a 到 X 轴 的 距 离 =A 点 到 V 面 的 距 离,到 YH 轴 的 距 离 =A 点 到 W 面 的
距离;
'到 X 轴 的 距 离 =A 点 到 H 面 的 距 离,到 Z 轴 的 距 离 =A 点 到 W 面 的
正面投影 a
距离;
″到Y W 轴 的 距 离 =A 点 到 H 面 的 距 离,到 Z 轴 的 距 离 =A 点 到 V 面 的
侧面投影 a
距离。
(
3)点的任一投影必能也只能反映该点的两个坐标(二维空间)。
A 点的水平投影a 反映x 和y 坐标,因而能反映长度和宽度方向的距离;
A 点的正面投影a
' 反映x 和z 坐标,因而能反映长度和高度方向的距离;
A 点的侧面投影a
″ 反映y 和z 坐标,因而能反映宽度和高度方向的距离。
从这些投影规律可以看出,只要 已 知 空 间 点 的 任 意 两 个 投 影 就 可 确 定 它 在 空 间 的 位 置
x,
和第三个投影;同样,当已知空间 点 的 坐 标( y,
z)即 可 作 出 它 的 三 面 投 影,知 道 点 的 投 影
亦可测得它的坐标值。
例 3 1 已知 B 点的正面投影和水平投影,见图 3 4(a),试求其侧面投影。
解 ( 1)从b
'作Z 轴的垂线,并延长之,见图 3 4(
b);
(
2)从b 作YH 轴的垂线得bYH ,用 45
°分角线或圆弧将bYH 移至bYW (使 ObYH =ObYW ),
· 18 · 大学工程制图(第三版)

然后从bYW 作Y W 轴的垂线,同b ″,见图 3 4(


'与Z 轴的垂线相交,得到b c)。

(a) (b) (c)

图 3 4 由点的两投影求第三投影

例 3 2 已知空间点 C 的坐标为( 12,


10,
15),试作其三面投影图。
解 ( 1)作 X ,
Y,Z 轴得原点 O ,然后在 OX 轴 上 自 O 向 左 量 取x =12,再 由 该 点 向 下
沿YH 轴量取 y=10,即得 C 点的水平投影c ,见图 3 5(
a);
(
2)由 OZ 轴向上量取z=15,沿 OX 轴向左量取x=12,求得 C 点的正面投影c
',见图
3 5(
b);
(
3)由 OZ 轴向上量取z=15,沿 OY W 轴向右量取 y=10,得 C 点的侧面投影c
″,见图
(
3 5c )。

(a) (b) (c)

图 3 5 根据点的坐标作点的三面投影

在作点的第三个投影 时,亦 可 在 已 求 得 两 个 投 影 的 基 础 上,利 用 点 的 投 影 规 律 作 图 求


出,参见上题。

3.
1.
3 两点的投影及重影点
1.两点的相对位置
空间两点处于同一个三投影面 体 系 中,其 上 下、左 右 和 前 后 的 位 置 关 系,可 以 由 两 点 的
同一方向坐标大小来判断。如图 3 6 所示空间两点 A 、 C ,可以看出,在 X 轴方向xC >xA ,
C 点在 A 点左方,距离为 Δx;在Y 轴方向yC <yA ,
C 点在 A 点后方,距离为 Δy;在 Z 轴方
向zC <zA ,
C 点在 A 点下方,距离为 Δz。
2.重影点
当空间两点有两个坐标相同时,它们的一个投影会重合为一点,该重合投影即称为重影
点。如图 3 7 中 A 、
B 两点的水平投影重合为一点,说明该两点的 x 和y 坐标相同,但z 坐
3 基本几何元素的投影 · 19 ·

图 3 6 两点的相对位置

标不同。所以,可根据投影图上正面投影 z 坐 标 大 小 可 判 别 出 空 间 A 、
B 两 点 的 高 低 位 置,
从而确定重影点的可见性,即投影图中 A 点 的z 坐 标 值 大,它 离 观 察 者 近,为 可 见;而 B 点
的坐标值小,在 A 点之下,被遮住,为不可见,其投影b 加括号表示。
同理,空间两点其正面投影重合为一点,则 y 坐 标 值 大 的 点 为 可 见 点,而 侧 面 投 影 重 合
为一点,则 x 坐标值大的点为可见点,如图 3 7 所示。

(a) (b)

图 3 7 点的重影点判别

3.
2 直线的投影

空间物体上直线一般体现为面与面的交线,如图 3 8 所
示的 AB 线。除特 殊 情 况 外,直 线 的 投 影 仍 然 是 直 线。 由 初
等几何可知,两点 决 定 一 直 线,因 此,在 作 一 条 直 线 的 三 面 投
影时,只需作出该直线上两点的三面投影,然后将同面投影相
连,也就唯一确定了直线的各个投影。

3.
2.
1 各种不同位置直线的投影特征
在三投影面体系 中,直 线 按 其 与 投 影 面 的 相 对 位 置 不 同
可分为三种:投影 面 垂 直 线、投 影 面 平 行 线 和 一 般 位 置 直 线。 图 3 8 物体上的直线
· 20 · 大学工程制图(第三版)

下面分别讨论它们的投影特性。
3.
2.
1.
1 投影面垂直线
凡垂直于某一投影面,同时平 行 于 另 两 个 投 影 面 的 直 线,统 称 为 投 影 面 垂 直 线。 其 中,
垂直于正立投影面称为正 垂 线,垂 直 于 水 平 投 影 面 称 为 铅 垂 线,垂 直 于 侧 立 投 影 面 称 为 侧
垂线。
表 3 1 列出了各种投影面垂直线的投影特性,其共同点可归纳为两条:
(
1)直线在其所垂直的投影面上的投影,积聚为一点。
(
2)直线的其余两个投影,均垂直于相应的投影轴且反映该直线的实长。

表 3 1 投影面垂直线的投影特性

正垂线 铅垂线 侧垂线






线

投 1.正面投影 a
'b'积聚为一点。 1.水平投影 a
c 积聚为一点。 1.侧面投影 d
″c″积聚为一点。

特 2.水 平 投 影 ab ⊥ OX ,侧 面 投 影 2.正 面 投 影 a
'c'⊥OX ,侧 面 投 影 2.正面投 影 d
'c'⊥OZ,水 平 投 影 dc
性 a
″b″⊥OZ,并反映实长 a
″c″⊥OY W ,并反映实长 ⊥OYH ,并反映实长
3 基本几何元素的投影 · 21 ·

3.
2.
1.
2 投影面平行线
凡平行于某一投影面,同时倾 斜 于 另 两 个 投 影 面 的 直 线,统 称 为 投 影 面 平 行 线。 其 中,
平行于正立投影面称为正 平 线,平 行 于 水 平 投 影 面 称 为 水 平 线,平 行 于 侧 立 投 影 面 称 为 侧
平线。
表 3 2 列出了各种投影面平行线的投影特性,其共同点可归纳为两条:
(
1)直线在其所平行的投影面上的投影,反映实长且反映与另两个投影面的真实夹角。

表 3 2 投影面平行线的投影特性

正平线 水平线 侧平线







线

1.正面 投 影 a
'b'反 映 实 长 及 其 对 1.水 平 投 影 c
b 反 映 实 长 及 其 对 V 1.侧面投影c
″a″反 映 实 长 及 其 对 H
投 H 面的真实夹角α,对 W 面 的 真 实 面的真实夹角β,对 W 面 的 真 实 夹 面的 真 实 夹 角 α,对 V 面 的 真 实 夹

夹角γ。 角γ。 角β。

性 2.水平 投 影 ab∥OX 轴,侧 面 投 影 2.正 面 投 影 c
'b'∥OX 轴,侧 面 投 2.正面 投 影 c
'a'∥OZ 轴,水 平 投 影
a
″b″∥OZ 轴 影c
″b″∥OY W 轴 ca∥OYH 轴
· 22 · 大学工程制图(第三版)

H 面)的夹角用α 表示,与正立投影 面(
按规定,直线与水平投影面( V 面)的 夹 角 用β 表 示,
与侧立投影面(W 面)的夹角用γ 表示。
(
2 )直线的其余两个投影,均为缩短了的直线且平行于相应的投影轴。
3.
2.
1.
3 一般位置直线
既不垂直也不平行于任一投影面的直线称为一般位置直线。如图 3 9 所示,其投影既
不积聚为一点,也不反映实长,三 个 投 影 均 为 与 投 影 轴 倾 斜 的 缩 短 的 直 线,且 不 反 映 其 与 任
一投影面间的真实夹角。

(a) (b) (c)


图 3 9 一般位置直线

3.
2.
2 直线上点的投影
直线上的点有两个重要的投影特性:
(
1)从属性。直线上的点,其相应的各个投影必在该直线的同面投 影 上。反 之,某 点 的
各个投影在直线的同面投影上,则该点一定 在 直 线 上。如 图 3 10(
a)所 示 空 间 直 线 AB 上
有一点k,则k 点的三面投影k、
k'、
k″必定分别在直线 AB 的同面投影ab、
a''、
b a
″b″上,见图
3 10(
b)。
(
2)定比性。直线 上 的 点 分 割 该 线 段 成 定 比,即 将 线 段 及 其 各 投 影 分 成 相 同 的 比 例。
如图 3 10 中直线 AB 上的 K 点将直线分为 AK 和 KB 两段,则有 AK ∶KB =ak∶kb=
a
'k'∶k
'b'=a
″k″∶k
″b″。 反 之,点 的 投 影 不 满 足 上 述 两 个 投 影 特 征,就 可 判 定 点 不 在 直 线

图 3 10 直线上点的投影特征
3 基本几何元素的投影 · 23 ·

上,如图 3 10 中的 M 点。
',试 求 K
例 3 3 已知侧平线 DE 的 正 面 投 影 和 水 平 投 影 及 线 上 K 点 的 正 面 投 影k
点的水平投影k,见图 3 11(
a)。
解 (
1)该已知线为侧平线,故求解时可先求出 DE 的侧面投影,然后根据直线上点的
投影特征求出k″,最后由点的投影规律求出水平投影k,见图 3 11(
b)。
(
2)此题亦可按点分割线段成定比的性质,用初等几何的方法求解。从水平投影 de 的
任一端引一直线,图 3 11(c)中由e 点引出,取e
k0 =e
'k',
k0d0 =k
'd',然后连 d0d,从k0 引
d0d 的平行线,即可求得 de 上的k 点。

(a) (b) (c)

图 3 11 侧平线上求点的投影(视频图见章首二维码)

3.
3 平面的投影

空间物体上的平面在三投影面体系中的投影,是由围成该平面的点、线等几何元素的同
面投影所确定的,因此,在投影图中可以用下面任一组几何元素的投影表示平面,如图 3 12
所示。
(1)不在同一直线上的 三 点;(
2)一 直 线 和 线 外 一 点;(
3)两 平 行 直 线;(
4)两 相 交 直 线;
(
5)任意的平面图形(如三角形、圆等)。从图 3 12 中可见,各种表示法可以相互转化,而其
中不在同一直线上的三点是决定平面位置的基本几何元素组。

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

图 3 12 表示平面的各种几何元素组

3.
3.
1 各种不同位置平面的投影特性
在三投影面体系中,物体上平面 根 据 其 相 对 于 投 影 面 的 位 置 不 同,同 样 可 以 分 为 三 类:
(
1)投影面垂直面;(
2)投影面平行面;(
3)投影面倾斜面。前两类平面称为特殊位置平面,后
· 24 · 大学工程制图(第三版)

一类平面称为一般位置平面。下面分别讨论它们的投影特性。
3.
3.
1.
1 投影面垂直面
凡垂直于一个投影面,而与另 两 个 投 影 面 倾 斜 的 平 面,统 称 为 投 影 面 垂 直 面。 其 中,垂
V 面)的称为正垂面;垂直于水平投影面(
直于正立投影面( H 面)的称为铅垂面;垂直于侧立
W 面)的称为侧垂面。
投影面(
表 3 3 列出了各种投影面垂直面的投影特性。

表 3 3 投影面垂直面的投影特性

正垂面 铅垂面 侧垂面








1.正面投影 积 聚 为 一 条 直 线,并 反 1.水平投影 积 聚 为 一 条 直 线,并 反 1.侧面投影积聚为一条直线,并反 映


投 映 其对 H 面的真实夹角α,对 W 面 映其对 V 面的真 实 夹 角β,对 W 面 其对 H 面 的 真 实 夹 角α,对 V 面 的

的真实夹角γ。 的真实夹角γ。 真实夹角β。

性 2.水平 投 影 和 侧 面 投 影 为 缩 小 的 2.正面 投 影 和 侧 面 投 影 为 缩 小 的 2.正 面 投 影 和 水 平 投 影 为 缩 小 的 类
类似形 类似形 似形
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have not come all this way in order to become a priest-ridden tool for
the furtherance of pagan superstitions, and of course he is not
altogether pleased.”
“You certainly have the people at your command, old man, but the
priests, I should imagine, are treacherous.”
“And that arch-humbug, Ur-tasen, the most treacherous of the lot,”
replied Hugh, with a laugh. “Of course he hates me now, and having
found out that I simply will not dance to his piping, he will, no doubt,
take the first possible opportunity of effectively getting rid of me.”
“He dare not do that just at present.”
“Of course not. But these picturesque and excitable people are
only human after all. This enthusiasm is bound to cool down after a
bit, and then ’ware of traps and plots.”
“I cannot help thinking, Girlie,” I added, “that Princess Neit-akrit will
prove a source of great danger.”
“To what, old croaker?—to our heads or to our hearts?” he said,
with a laugh.
“I am inclined to think to both,” I replied earnestly. “Do you feel at
all impressionable just now?”
“I? Not the least bit in the world. Has not the dear little swimmer’s
talisman rendered me invulnerable? Besides, this land, fair as it is, is
neither my home nor my country. At present it is a great and
gorgeous prison, and I should not be such a fool as to court sorrow
and misery within it.”
“Do you know, old man, that if those are your sentiments your
attitude towards your future wife is doubtful in its morality?”
“You don’t understand what I mean, Mark. Marriage is a sacred tie,
whether contracted in Christian or in pagan land. My word is pledged
to Queen Maat-kha, and I will keep my word to her as much as I
should if I were pledged to a woman English-born like myself. And if
ever I return to dusty old London, even if she did not choose to
accompany me, I should still consider the tie which binds me to her
indissoluble, so long as she chooses to hold me to it. But, believe
me, she has no love for me; to her I merely represent the stranger—
human or semi-divine—who has helped to keep the crown upon her
head and prevented it from falling upon that of Neit-akrit, whom she
hates. The Pharaoh is doomed, and by the curious constitution of
this land a woman can only sit upon the throne of Kamt if a husband
or a son share that throne with her. That arbitrary old Ur-tasen would
not allow her to wed one of her own subjects; he was surprised into
accepting me. As soon as a son is born to her, she will release me
from my word and see me depart without a pang.”
“In the meanwhile, how are you going to induce the Pharaoh to
accept me as his medical adviser?”
“I don’t think it will be difficult, for I expect to-day he will be too ill to
have much will of his own. Do you know that somehow I have had
the feeling all along that neither Queen Maat-kha nor Ur-tasen want
the unfortunate man to get well. He is no friend of mine, but I hope to
goodness you can cure him, if only to annoy my arch-enemy, the
high priest.”
The difficult problem was unexpectedly and suddenly solved
when, just as the sun was setting, our usual gorgeous retinue came
to fetch us in order to escort us to the boats which were ready for the
journey. Gay-coloured sails, wrought in scarlet and blue designs,
were attached to the crafts, which were manned by sixteen boatmen
in scarlet leather skull-caps, collars and belts, their naked bodies
shining with some perfumed ointment with which they were smeared.
In the centre of each boat a pavilion was erected, with turquoise
blue and green awnings, the gigantic double crown of Kamt glittering
aloft at prow and poop. Queen Maat-kha, swathed in the clinging
folds of her black kalasiris, wore the royal uræus round her dark hair,
which was thickly plaited with strings of emeralds and half hidden
beneath a veil of dull blue and purple stripes. She looked very
beautiful, though strangely excited and pale. As soon as she saw us
she whispered for a while eagerly to Hugh, then she came up to me
and said:
“Will my lord’s counsellor deign to step into the mighty Pharaoh’s
boat? He himself will be here anon.”
“Is the Pharaoh well enough to travel?” I asked, astonished.
“He has expressed the wish to see his royal kinswoman; and, as
my lord desired, I have ordered that thou, oh, wise counsellor,
shouldst be beside the mighty Pharaoh, to be a help to him in his
sickness.”
Hugh had triumphed; evidently the Queen, like Ur-tasen, had
thought it best to obey the beloved of the gods, who had the whole of
the population of Kamt grovelling at his feet. The Pharaoh himself, I
think, felt too ill to care whether my insignificant self or his shaven,
yellow-robed attendants sat opposite to him under the awning. He
looked more cadaverous than ever amidst his rose silk cushions as
he was brought in his litter to the water’s edge and lifted into the
boat. He gave me an astonished look as I arranged his pillows more
comfortably for him, and without a word took the heavy diadem from
off his aching forehead and placed it by his side. He seemed like an
automaton this morning and took no notice of anybody or anything
round him. Complete apathy and drowsiness had succeeded his
outburst of fury of the night before; even when he saw Hugh coming
down the steps, looking positively regal in his mantle of shimmering
green and gold, he turned his eyes listlessly away. On the alabaster
steps the tiny musicians were playing upon harps and drums, while
on the opposite shore the people had assembled in dense masses to
watch the departure. Young athletes, among whom were many of the
fair sex, had dived into the water, and were swimming about round
the royal boats, peeping with bright, inquisitive eyes beneath the
canopy, to catch sight of the beloved of the gods. I remembered our
pretty visitor of last night and wondered what Hugh had done with
the iridescent beetle which was supposed to keep him from harm.
Then, as the sun disappeared behind the hills in the west, slowly at
first the boatmen dipped their scarlet oars into the water to the
accompaniment of a low, monotonous barcarolle, and gracefully the
crescent-shaped boats glided down the stream, while a prolonged
cry of farewell came from thousands of enthusiastic throats. Soon
the wind swelled the sails, the boatmen plied their oars more
vigorously, and the city of Men-ne-fer, with its rose-tinted palaces
catching the last lingering rays of the setting sun, passed away
before our eyes like a gigantic and gorgeous panorama.
It was long before the sound of sistrum and harp died away in the
distance, long before the shouts of farewell ceased to echo from
afar. One by one the sturdy swimmers dropped behind and returned
to the city. I had given the Pharaoh a soothing draught, which, to my
astonishment, he had taken obediently, and he was lying back
against the pillows, with the gentle breeze fanning the matted hair on
his forehead.
The city was soon far behind us; great fields stretched out on
either side of the canal, covered with waving crops of barley and
wheat, with groves of palms and fruit trees, and bowers of lilies,
fuchsias and clematis. From time to time in the distance I caught
sight of teams of white oxen walking leisurely homewards after the
day’s work was done; beside them the brown chest and back of a
sturdy labourer of Kamt seemed to glisten in the evening light. Then
at times, half-hidden among groves of palms and giant aloes, there
peeped out the white or rose-tinted walls of some country mansion,
or towering above the water there would rise, majestic and
gorgeous, a temple dedicated to some protecting deity. As the royal
procession sailed along the stream, from between the pillars would
emerge a band of priests in flowing robes of white or yellow, and
behind them a group of priestesses would intone a hymn as we
passed.
I felt strangely anxious and excited, my mind dwelling persistently
on the mysterious and poetic personality of the young princess, who
seemed to create such unreasoning love in all male hearts of Kamt,
and who had chosen this hour of night—mystic, poetic as she was
herself—in which to receive him for the first time—him whose advent
had deprived her of her throne.
The canal had considerably widened, and presently we drifted into
a large inland lake. Night had entirely closed in, and I could not see
the shore on either side, only the lights high aloft on the prow of the
boats threw fantastic glints in the water. All was peaceful and silent,
save for the rhythmic clap of the oars as they rose and fell in the
water and the flapping of the sails in the breeze. Then gradually from
the horizon in the west a blue radiance illumined the sky, and slow
and majestic the silver moon rose above the fairy-like landscape;
and as she rose the boatmen began to intone the hymn of greeting
to rising Isis. Softly at first, and hardly discernible above the sighing
of the reeds and papyrus grass in the wind, the chant rose louder
and louder, as the silver disc appeared above the line of hills.
The Pharaoh had roused himself from his sleep, and impatiently
he pushed aside the curtain which hid the distance from his view. I,
too, looked out towards the west and saw that we were rapidly
nearing an island, which rose like a veritable bower of flowers and
palms from the middle of the lake, and the outline of which gradually
detached itself from out the gloom. Then suddenly, in response to
the chant of the boatmen, there came faintly echoing from that fairy
island a flourish of silver trumpets.
The Pharaoh’s face looked terribly set and hard; his dark eyes,
framed by purple rings, appeared literally to glow as they gazed
incessantly afar.
“It is there!” he whispered.
Before us, above a gigantic flight of marble steps rising straight
from out the water, there towered a massive building, its heavy
pillars, covered in delicate sculpture, supporting the ponderous flat
roof, which seemed to my strangely excited fancy to be made of
massive gold. At the foot of the steps two mammoth sphinxes of
white granite, mysterious and immense, frowned majestically across
the lake.
As we approached, once again the silver trumpets sent a flourish
through the evening air, and then I saw that the terraces high above
us, the palm groves, and even the massive roof, were densely
covered with people, while the whole gigantic flight of steps was
lined with rows of slaves, dark and immovable as statues.
The Pharaoh’s boat had scraped its side against the marble; his
attendants had jumped out ready to help him to alight. But he
pushed them almost brutally aside and stepped on shore, leaning
heavily on my shoulder. He was trembling from head to foot, and I
could see great beads of perspiration glistening on his forehead. I
could not help feeling vaguely nervous too. This arrival by moonlight,
the poetic fairy palace, the trembling man by my side, all helped to
make my nerves tingle with the presentiment of something strange to
come.
A song of welcome had greeted the arrival of the Pharaoh, and
from above a shower of lilies and iris fell like a sweet-scented carpet
at his feet. He looked round to where Queen Maat-kha had just
alighted, closely followed by Hugh; then I saw his trembling hand
wander to the short metal dagger at his side and clutch it with a
nervous grip, while a hissing sound escaped his throat. But the next
moment he had looked upwards, and quietly he began to mount the
marble steps.
At sight of the beloved of the gods a terrific shout of welcome had
rent the air, and, as I looked behind me for a moment, I could see
that the whole length of the marble steps was—according to the
strange custom of this land—literally carpeted with the bodies of
young girls, eager that his foot should tread upon them. They
crowded round him, kissing the tips of his sandals or the corner of
his mantle, the more venturesome ones touching his foot or hand as
he walked with Queen Maat-kha by his side.
Then suddenly from above a strong and flickering light, from a
hundred torches borne high aloft, changed the night into day. There
was a moment of silence and expectancy, and then she came.
It would be an impossible task for me to attempt to put into words
my first impression of Princess Neit-akrit, as she stood there on the
edge of the marble terrace with a background of shadows behind
her, the flickering light of the torches and the blue rays of the moon
alternately playing upon the vivid gold of her hair.
Very tall and slender, almost a child, she embodied in her graceful
person the highest conceived ideal of a queen.
She wore the quaint and picturesque garb of the country with
unequalled grace. The great and heavy plaits of her hair hung on
each side of her face down to her knees. The clinging folds of her
straight and transparent kalasiris moulded every line of her figure; it
was pure white and was held up over the shoulders by two silvery
bands. It seemed to cling closely round her ankles and to slightly
impede her movements, for she walked slowly and with halting
steps. On her tiny feet she wore a pair of pointed sandals. In
absolute contrast to Queen Maat-kha she had not a single jewel. Her
arms, neck and bust were bare; on her head there was no diadem
save that of her ardent hair, and in her hand she held the fitting
sceptre to her kingdom of youth and beauty—a tall snow-white lily.
Beside her there walked proudly a beautiful white panther, who
fawned round her tiny hand and playfully rubbed himself against her
knees.
She came close up to the Pharaoh, who seemed hardly able to
stand, and held up her young face to his for the customary cousinly
kiss. It was then that I saw how intensely blue were her eyes, and
how deep the gold of her hair.
The next moment her voice, sweet and low, murmured, as Hugh
reached the top of the steps:
“Welcome, oh, son of Ra! the beloved of Osiris, to the humble
abode of thy kinswoman.”
And she, too, like her slaves, knelt down to kiss the hem of Hugh
Tankerville’s garment.
“Then wilt thou not greet me as thy kinsman, princess?” he said as
he raised her to her feet and waited for the cousinly kiss.
She stood before him and looked at him for fully ten seconds,
while I could see that he was watching her with undisguised
astonishment and admiration: then, resting her little hand very firmly
on the head of her white panther, she said:
“If it is thy wish, oh, messenger of Ra.”
Fortunately I had a very tight hold of the mighty Pharaoh at that
moment, for I doubt not that but for this and his own physical
weakness, he would have made Hugh atone then and there for that
cousinly kiss. His hand had once again clutched the dagger at his
belt, and with a hoarse cry, like some wounded beast at bay, had
tried to jump forward, but fell back panting in my arms.
Princess Neit-akrit had turned quietly to him.
“My kinsman is very sick. The journey must have been too
fatiguing. Art thou his physician, oh, stranger?” she asked of me.
“I am deputed to alleviate the mighty Pharaoh’s sufferings,” I
replied.
“Dost think thou wilt succeed?” she asked, looking at me with
great wondering blue eyes.
“I can cure, I hope, the ailments of his body,” I replied with a smile.
“Then I will kiss thee, too,” she said, with a merry girlish laugh, “for
if thou restore my kinsman to health, thou wilt become very dear to
me.”
And I was given the top of a beautiful, smooth, young forehead to
kiss—and I, prosy old Mark Emmett, was satisfied.
CHAPTER XVI.
DIVINELY FAIR

I had failed to notice, in my anxiety for the Pharaoh, how the two
royal ladies had greeted one another; but now, at the gorgeous
banquet with which our young hostess made us welcome in her
palace, I saw that the Princess sat beside the Queen, and that she
had commanded her torch-bearers to stand close behind her, so as
to throw a flood of light upon herself and her royal guest. The two
women were a strange contrast—both beautiful beyond the average:
one in all the pomp and magnificence of her regal attire, and the
voluptuous charm of her mature beauty; the other in something white
and clinging, with no crown save that of her ardent hair, no ornament
save that of her own youth.
On luxurious couches, covered with white and silver hangings, we
all reclined round the table, on which were spread the most
wonderful and aromatic delicacies this lavish land could produce:
peacocks’ tongues and eggs of rare birds, petals of roses and lilies
cooked in honey, and great crystal goblets filled with the rich wine of
the soil—both red and white. All the while sweet little musicians
crouched in various corners beside their tall crescent-shaped harps
and sang us sweet songs while we supped, and pretty waitresses
tempted us with dainty morsels.
The beautiful white panther lay at the feet of Neit-akrit, and she fed
him with dates and figs, which she held for him between her teeth.
The powerful creature would take the fruit from her lips as gently as
a bird. Hugh and I sat opposite to her. It was impossible not to
admire the beautiful girl before us, the most exquisite product of this
lovely, exotic land. There was a magnetic charm about every one of
her movements which recalled those of the panther beside her. After
the first five minutes she had wrought hideous havoc in my dull old
heart, and I was suddenly assailed with the wild temptation to make
an egregious ass of myself. I was quite annoyed with Hugh that he
did not seem very enthusiastic about her: he was surveying her as
critically as he would have viewed a newly-unearthed mummy.
“Isn’t she lovely, Girlie?” I contrived to whisper once during the
banquet.
He did not reply, but with an inward smile, which made his eyes
twinkle with merriment, he quietly slipped his hand beneath his cloak
and drew out a tiny box which he handed over to me. It contained
the iridescent scarabæus, of which the little midnight swimmer had
said that it would prove a subtle charm against Neit-akrit’s beauty.
“Don’t you want it?” I whispered again, astonished.
He shook his head, still smiling, and at that moment I looked up
and saw Neit-akrit’s eyes, more blue and iridescent than the beetle’s
wings, gazing across at Hugh with a strange, inquiring expression.
“What a beautiful jewel!” she said. Then, with the gesture of a
spoilt child, “Wilt thou let me look at it?”
“Nay, Princess, it is no jewel,” said Hugh, hiding the box again
under his mantle, “and thou must forgive if I cannot allow even thy
dainty fingers to touch it. It is a charm and its subtle virtue might
vanish.”
“A charm? Against what?”
“Against many serious evils and many grievous sins.”
“I do not understand.”
“I brought it with me from the foot of the throne of Ra, where a
poor wandering soul, who had sinned deeply and suffered much,
gave it to me when he knew that I was about to dwell among the
fairest of the daughters of Kamt, so that it might preserve me from
the same sin and the same suffering.”
“But wilt thou not tell me what those sins and those sufferings
are?”
“Nay! thou art too young to understand, but I will tell thee the name
of the wandering soul who gave me the blue charm. He was a
sculptor, far famed in ancient Kamt, and his name was Amen-het.”
I gave Hugh a violent nudge, for I felt very much annoyed with
him. To put it mildly, it was a singular want of good manners to rake
up the terribly sad story of Amen-het, the sculptor, while partaking of
the Princess’s lavish hospitality. Amen-het had undoubtedly been a
fool, and was punished for his folly according to the barbarous law of
this beautiful country; but since time immemorial men have
committed follies of the worst kind for women far less attractive and
fascinating than was the Princess Neit-akrit.
To begin with, she was very young; she may, in a moment of
thoughtlessness, have expressed a vague wish to possess some
lamps similar in design to those which burned in the sanctuary of Ra.
The sculptor, like a fool, took her at her word and went there, where
all the people of Kamt are strictly forbidden to go, within the inner
sanctuary of the temple. Surely she could not be blamed for his folly,
and no doubt she had suffered horribly when…
But at this point my brief reflections were interrupted by Princess
Neit-akrit’s voice, truly the most melodious sound I had ever heard.
“How strange,” she was saying, while her blue eyes gazed as
innocently as before, as unconcernedly across at Hugh. “I knew a
sculptor once whose name was Amen-het, but he offended the gods
by his presumption, and I know not what punishment they meted out
to him. Perhaps it was his soul which thou didst meet before the
judgment-seat of Osiris, oh, thou who sittest at the foot of His
throne!”
“Perhaps it was. In that case the blue charm will save me from
Amen-het’s presumption, and from the punishment meted out to him
by the gods—for that was terrible!”
“Poor Amen-het,” she said sweetly, “I spoke to him once or twice.
He was a clever sculptor.”
“But was too presumptuous, as thou sayest,” said Hugh, who
seemed suddenly to have grown irritable. “I saw him before he was
quite ready to stand before Osiris. His flesh had withered on his
bones, his voice was choked within his throat, burning hunger and
thirst had made a beast of him, and the carrion had begun to gnaw
his living flesh.”
“Poor Amen-het,” she repeated, and she selected a large juicy
date from the dish, and, holding it between her tiny sharp teeth, she
called to her white panther, and the graceful, feline creature, as quiet
as a kitten, took the ripe fruit from between her dainty lips.
I could see that Hugh was strangely irritated. He remained silent
during the rest of the feast, in spite of the fact that the Queen made
every effort to rouse him from his silence. As usual, the Pharaoh
reclined, surly and silent, on his couch, which had been covered with
a cloth of gold; obedient to my suggestion, he was taking only milk
and left all the delicious fruit untasted. He avoided looking at the
Princess or at Hugh; only when the story of Amen-het had been
recounted, he laughed satirically to himself.
Long after every one had retired and the fairy palace was wrapped
in sleep, Hugh and I wandered beneath the gigantic overhanging
fuchsia trees. It was a beautiful night and we were both singularly
wakeful. The lake lay peaceful in the moonlight and, descending the
great steps to the foot of the sphinxes, we found a small boat
moored close to our hand. Though the crescent-shaped little crafts
are very difficult to manage at first, we enjoyed a row all round the
beautiful island, which seemed like the enchanted domain of a fairy
princess. Beneath the trees large white peacocks slept, their tails
shimmering like streams of diamonds, while in the branches myriads
of birds had built their nests. We disturbed a troop of white gazelles
from their sleep in the tall grass and a family of marmosets in the
branches of the doum; golden tench and carp swam all round our
boat, not the least frightened at the clap of the oars, and opening
their mouths for a crumb.
We did not speak much, and then only about the beautiful dumb
objects round us. I must confess that a strange love for this
picturesque land was beginning to entwine itself round my heart, and
as our boat glided so peacefully between the large clumps of lotus
and water-lilies, I liked to feel that all this beauty, this peace, this
poetry was truly my own. Busy Europe, with its politics, its
squabbles, its socialism, its trades-unions and workingmen’s clubs,
seemed altogether another world now, different and unreal; even the
old Chestnuts was becoming a dream, beside the glorious visions of
marble terraces and alabaster halls which had become so real.
For once in my life I was not in complete harmony with Hugh. I
wanted to talk of our journey, our poetic arrival, of our fair young
hostess, with her large innocent eyes and her pet white panther; but
he seemed moody, and I felt that my enthusiasm for beautiful Neit-
akrit would not find an echo in his heart.
The first streak of dawn was visible in the east when we reached
the palace steps again, tired yet refreshed with the midnight trip on
the lake.
Our sandals made no noise on the white marble steps, and we
kept in the shadow of the parapet, for we had no wish to be mistaken
for midnight prowlers and rouse the slaves who guarded the palace.
All the lights had been put out, only the gilt roof glittered beneath
the sinking rays of the moon. We skirted the palace, for the rooms
which had been assigned to us opened out on to the broad terrace
overlooking a garden of white roses. We were about to cross the
garden, when suddenly Hugh put a hand on my arm and pointed to
the terrace. Between the pillars which formed the entrance to our
bedroom a figure stood holding back the heavy curtain. We could
only see the graceful outline, clear and sharp against the bright light
which burned within.
“Who is it?” I whispered.
“The Princess,” replied Hugh, as the figure detached itself from the
gateway and glided slowly and cautiously across the terrace in the
ghostlike, roseate light of dawn.
It was indeed the Princess Neit-akrit, alone and unattended; she
had wrapped a veil close round her figure, but her head was bare,
and the colour of her hair was unmistakable.
She came straight towards us and presently caught sight of us
both. She stopped, looking round her as if she wished to flee, then
she put a finger to her mouth and came up quite close to Hugh.
“Hush!” she whispered. “Dost wonder, I know, to see me here
alone at this hour, without even Sen-tur by my side. And yet I came
because I wished to speak to thee alone.”
“Thou dost indeed honour me,” said Hugh, quietly, while I made a
discreet movement to retire.
“Tell thy counsellor he need not go,” she said. “I know that thou
and he are one, and I am not ashamed of that which I would say.”
“Wilt go within then, Princess? The morning is cold.”
“Nay! what I would say will not take long; yet I could not sleep till I
had told it thee. The night seemed oppressive. I wandered into the
garden, and Isis led my steps to thy church. I thought thou wast
asleep, and that I would sit beside thee, not waking thee, yet telling
thee of this thing which lies so heavy on my heart. I thought to
whisper it gently lest thou wake, to murmur it so that thou, half
dreaming, shouldst hear my voice, and hearing it, dream on.”
She certainly had that indefinable charm—an exquisite voice—and
both Hugh and I listened to her strange words, charmed by its sweet-
sounding melody.
“Nay, Princess,” said Hugh, as she had paused; “sweet as the
dream would have been then, I much prefer the reality, and as long
as thou wilt speak I will listen.”
“I came to tell thee… that…”
There was a little catch in her throat, but she tried to conquer her
emotion and put out both her hands in a pretty, almost childlike
appeal.
“Ah, I know! some one has told thee evil of me, and I longed to
speak to thee… about… about Amen-het.… They told thee that I am
vain and cruel… but… but… wilt believe me if I say… that I am beset
with calumnies… and…”
Hugh came a little closer and took one of her tiny, trembling hands
in his, and there was no doubt that in his voice, too, there was a
slight catch.
“Sweet Princess,” he said gently, “believe me when I say that I
have heard no calumny about thee which thy presence hath not by
now dispelled.”
She turned her face fully up to his and asked:
“Dost truly mean what thou sayest?”
“I swear it,” he said earnestly.
“Nay! I will believe thee, for thou art great and good. I will believe
thee if thou wilt look straight into mine eyes and if thou wilt kiss me
between the brows, in token that thou art my friend.”
She raised herself on tiptoe, for Hugh Tankerville is very tall, and
British, and stiff-backed. There was a curious, half-dazed look in his
eyes as he looked down at the sweet face turned up to his. The veil
had slipped down from her shoulders. The quaint Egyptian kalasiris,
half transparent and clinging, gave her young figure the appearance
of one of those precious idols which are preserved in European
museums. A perfume of lotus blossom seemed to emanate from her,
and about her whole being there was an exquisite savour of poetry
and mysticism, mingled with truly human, charming womanhood.
For that brief moment I felt wildly, madly, stupidly jealous, and at
the same time enraged with Hugh, who seemed to me so cold and
impassive, when I would have given… well!… a great deal to stand
in his place. At last he bent his tall six feet two inches and gave the
kiss as she had begged.
The next instant she was gone and I had dragged Hugh away into
our own room. A penetrating scent of lotus blossoms seemed
entirely to fill it, and as we raised a lamp over our heads we saw that
Hugh’s couch was one vast bower of the sweet blooms, covering
pillow and coverlet; but from the table where he had put it before we
strolled out earlier in the evening, the iridescent scarabæus, which
was to guard him against the magic of Neit-akrit’s beauty, had
disappeared.
CHAPTER XVII.
DANGER

All through my stay in the beautiful land of Kamt I never found that
its balmy, fragrant air acted as a soporific, and it became really
wonderful with how little sleep we both contrived to keep up our
health. That night, or rather morning, after our quaint little adventure,
I hardly managed to close an eye, and I am sure that Hugh, who had
as usual a room opening out of mine, was as restless as myself. I
found the scent of the lotus oppressive and penetrating, and the
memories it brought back to me very disturbing and harassing.
The sun was high in the heavens when I at last contrived to snatch
a brief hour’s sleep, and when I woke it was to find that Hugh had
stolen a march on me, and had already gone out. The morning
looked perfect, and after my delicious bath I felt thoroughly rested
and at peace with this picturesque world and its fascinating women.
It was one of those mornings when a book and a cigar on a
verandah facing the sea would have been perfect bliss in the dear
old country. But on this beautiful morning in Kamt, the scent of
flowers, the songs of birds, the exotic beauty of the land gave mind
and body so much to enjoy that not even the cigar and the book
were much missed.
I tried to pick my way through the labyrinth of alleys and walks to
the terrace that faced the lake, and just as I stepped on to it I saw
Hugh and Princess Neit-akrit there together.
She looked more lovely, I thought, by day than even she had been
by moonlight. She was lying under a canopy of turquoise blue silk
which vied in colour and brilliancy with the sky above it. Beneath it
her hair looked like living copper, and her skin white and polished
like the alabaster. Her beautiful panther lay at her feet, and Hugh
stood on the steps which led up to the throne-like couch on which
she reclined. Neither of them saw me, and I stood for a while looking
at the dainty picture.
“I have oft wondered,” she was saying, “what lies beyond those
hills. Ur-tasen says that there is naught but the valley of death,
where foot of man ne’er treads, but where carrion beasts prowl at
night, and vultures fly screeching overhead. When he talks like that
my flesh creeps with horror, and for days I cannot bear to look upon
those hills; then, a lovely morning comes like to-day, Osiris emerges
in his golden barge more radiant than ever from out that valley of
death, and then all day I long to follow him in his course and
disappear with him behind the hills in Ma-nu, so that I might see the
glories that lie beyond.”
I was debating with myself whether I should discreetly retire or
interrupt this tête-à-tête, which my reason suggested was dangerous
somehow to my friend.
“Thou who comest from the foot of the throne of Osiris,” she
resumed, turning eagerly towards Hugh, “thou must know whither he
wanders every night, whilst Isis his bride reigneth in the heavens.
Wilt tell me what lies beyond the hills of Kamt?”
“Ur-tasen has told thee: the valley of death; the desert wilderness,
where no man can live, no bird sing, nor flower blossom.”
“Ay! But beyond that?”
“Beyond it?”
“Yes! after death surely must come life again; after the darkness,
light; after desolation, joy unspeakable. Oh! thou canst not know,”
she added, stretching out her arms longingly towards the distant
horizon, “how I long to break the hideous fetters that bind me, and
when Osiris shines so brightly, the flowers smell so sweet, and the
birds’ chorus of harmony fills the air, how I hate then the splendours
of my palace, the marble halls and temples of Kamt, the very sight of
the people almost worshipping at my feet, and long to run up those
inaccessible hills and see what lies far away beyond this land,
beyond the valley of death, beyond the pillars that support the vault
of heaven. Wilt thou not tell me,” she pleaded, “or, better still, wilt
take me there one night when Kamt is wrapped in sleep?”
Hugh looked almost wildly down at her, and then round him with
that curious dazed expression which had puzzled me already last
night. Then he caught sight of me and seemed relieved, for he said
very quietly:
“Nay, Princess, it is not for me to teach thee the secrets of this
earth. But here comes my counsellor; he is wise, and if thou wilt he
will tell thee all about Osiris and the vault of heaven, and even of the
land which lies beyond the gates of Kamt.”
She turned to me with a sweet smile, but I thought that there was
a shade of disappointment in her eyes.
“It is always a joy to speak to the learned counsellor,” she said
evasively, “and soon, when he has leisure, when the holy Pharaoh is
cured of his ailments, he will no doubt teach me much which I do not
know; and in the meanwhile I will go roaming with Sen-tur, and
perhaps if I sit on his back he will carry me there, where foot of man
doth not tread.”
She began playing with the panther, who seemed much disinclined
for a game, and made sundry attempts at keeping his comfortable
lazy position at her feet. But his mistress suddenly seemed in a
teasing mood, for she tore a branch of roses from a great bush
which stood in a vase close beside her and began to playfully prick
with it the kingly Sen-tur on the nose.
Soon his majesty’s temper was up, and lazily at first, then more
and more viciously, he made great dabs at the branch and then at
Neit-akrit’s hand with his ponderous paw.
“A dangerous game surely, Princess,” said Hugh, after a while.
“Sen-tur might lose control over his temper and might do thee an
injury.”
“An injury? Sen-tur?” she said, with a laugh. “Thou speakest in
jest, or thou dost not know Sen-tur. At a word from me he becomes
as furious as the maddest bull in Kamt, and his roar is like the
thunder, and at a whisper from me he will again be as quiet as a
lamb. But never would Sen-tur’s wrath turn against his mistress.”
“Thou holdest him in bondage,” I said, with a somewhat clumsy
attempt at gallantry, “as thou dost all men, high and low. Sen-tur is
favoured indeed.”
“Sen-tur loves me, and I love Sen-tur,” she said drily; “he is the
most precious treasure I possess, for he is wholly mine, and he has
no cares, no affections, no thought save for me. He is dearer to me
than the kingdom of Kamt.”
“It is a merciful decree of Ra, then,” said Hugh, with a smile, “that
he sent me to take the kingdom of Kamt from thee and not Sen-tur.”
“Believe me,” she rejoined, looking steadfastly at him, “that all-
powerful Ra showed his love for Neit-akrit the day that he decreed
that the double crown of Kamt should never sit upon her brow.”
Somehow, in spite of this earnest assurance, I did not think that
she was sincere, and I did not altogether understand the look which
she gave to Hugh as she spoke. She certainly began to tease Sen-
tur more viciously than ever, till the great creature fairly roared and
foamed at the mouth.
Suddenly we heard the sound of trumpets and of drums, and from
beneath the terrace we heard the usual cry which always preceded
the arrival of an important messenger.
“Make way for the messenger of the city of Net-amen, and of
Hesh-ka, its governor!”
“What does he want?” asked the Princess, with a frown, as half a
dozen slaves and a group of attendants began to emerge from
everywhere, and stood waiting to receive the emissary of the great
city, with the full complement of honours prescribed by the
complicated ceremonial of this country.
A young Egyptian, dark and good-looking, had come forward, and
after kissing the ground before Princess Neit-akrit, had turned
straightway to Hugh.
“To the beloved of the gods, to the son of Ra, do I bring greeting
from the city of Net-amen.”
There was absolutely no doubt in my mind at this moment that the
fair Neit-akrit frowned very darkly: the red of her lips almost
disappeared, so tightly were they set, and poor Sen-tur received an
ugly blow with the prickly branch right upon his nose.
“Greeting, oh, well-beloved,” resumed the messenger. “The
council of the city of Net-amen, and Hesh-ka, our noble governor,
desire to lay their homage at thy feet. To-morrow, if thou wilt deign to
set thy foot within its gates, one hundred thousand inhabitants will
line its streets to bid thee welcome. The maids of Net-amen will draw
thy barge along the canal; the youths and athletes will fight as to who
shall be the first to kiss the sole of thy sandals, and the city awaits
thee with gifts of incense, gold and lapis-lazuli, for they will greet in
thee the coming ruler of Kamt, the well-beloved whose presence has
blessed the land.”
He began a long account of wonderful festivals and sacrifices
which the important city was organising for the entertainment of the
proposed guest. Hugh was barely listening to the messenger’s
words; he, as well as I, was watching, fascinated, yet horrified,
Princess Neit-akrit’s more and more dangerous game with her
panther. She seemed to take a cruel delight now in pricking the
beast with the thorn, for great drops of blood appeared on the snowy
whiteness of his fur; and yet Sen-tur, apparently beside himself with
rage, made no attempt to retaliate. I felt terribly helpless in case she
did pursue her dangerous game too far, for I had no weapon about
me, but looking up at Hugh I saw that underneath his cloak he was
clutching his knife, ready to use it if emergency required.
The emissary had evidently finished his message, for now he knelt
down with his head on the ground and said:
“Wilt deign to allow thy slave, oh, beloved of the gods, to touch
with his lips the sole of thy foot?”
At this moment I heard a short, sharp cry from Princess Neit-akrit,
and a roar more ominous than before: the next there was a bound
and an agonised shriek which froze the blood in my veins. Sen-tur,
goaded to madness at last by the merciless teasing, had turned and
sprung upon the unfortunate messenger who was nearest to him,
and before I or anyone else present had realised the full horror of the
situation, the powerful beast was rolling the wretched man
underneath him on the floor. I thought he was doomed, although
after the first second of surprise Hugh and I had sprung to his
rescue. But before we could reach the group where the powerful
beast was, with mighty jaws, tearing bits of flesh from the shoulders
and thighs of his victim, Neit-akrit was already by Sen-tur’s side.
With utmost calm she placed her tiny hand upon his collar, and
said, in a quiet, gentle voice:
“Sen-tur! Sen-tur! come!”
And, unresisting, suddenly as gentle as a kitten, with great jaws
still covered in blood which he was licking with a smothered growl,
the powerful creature allowed her to lead him away; and when she
once more took her seat beneath the turquoise blue canopy, he lay
down with a final snarl at her feet.
I was hastily examining the arms, shoulders and thighs of the
injured man. They were terribly lacerated by the monstrous teeth of
the brute, and I whispered to Hugh that I thought in one instance
amputation would be necessary.
I had never seen so dark a scowl on Hugh Tankerville’s face as I
did then; he looked positively evil, and I was quite sorry for the poor
little girl who, to my mind, was after all only guilty of thoughtlessness.
Two shorn, yellow-robed medicoes had sprung up from somewhere:
I directed them how to bandage the wounds, and ordered my patient
to be removed to an airy room, where I could presently attend to him.
General gloom seemed to have settled on all those present; Neit-
akrit was stroking Sen-tur’s head with a defiant look at Hugh.
“Wilt allow me to speak to thee alone?” he said abruptly.
To my astonishment she immediately ordered her slaves and
attendants away, and when they had gone she said quite humbly:
“I know what thou wouldst say. Do not chide me; I could not bear
it. I… I…” and great tears gathered in her eyes.
Then with sudden impulse, from out the folds of her dress she
drew a short dagger and held it towards Hugh.
“Do thou do it,” she said, while great sobs choked her throat. “I
know that that is what thou wouldst say. Sen-tur has sinned. Sen-tur
must die! for perhaps now he might sin again. But I could not kill
Sen-tur, for he trusts me, and he would not expect a blow from me.”
She was holding the dagger out towards Hugh, while he looked at
her, astonished, as I was, by the quick and varying moods of this
strange and fascinating girl.
“Do it quickly,” she said, “lest I repent; for, believe me, it is not of
my own free will that I have asked thee to kill Sen-tur. I would sooner
see him kill every one of my slaves,” she added naïvely, “than that
harm should come to him.”
Then, as Hugh would not take the dagger from her, she placed it
quietly at his feet, then threw her arms passionately round the
panther’s neck, while great tears fell from her eyes onto his fur.
“Farewell, Sen-tur, my beauty, my loved one,” she whispered. “I
know that thou art not afraid to die, for thou, like Neit-akrit, dost long

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