MANUAL FOR TEACHING WRITING AND READING OF THE MAYAN LANGUAGE

INDEX

INTRODUCTION. 4

SPELLING NOTATION. 5

I. GENERALITIES. 7

The Mayan alphabet 8

Basic words and expressions 9
Graphic vocabulary (Mayan lottery) 11
The numbers 15
Graphic vocabulary (numbers and classifiers) 15
Colors and cardinal points. 19

II. GRAMMATICAL TERMS. 20

Personal pronouns 20
Demonstrative pronouns 20
Possessive pronouns 21
Possessive adjectives 21
Demonstrative adjectives 22
Adjectives 23
The gender
The number 24
Diminutive and augmentative 24
The Mayan denial 25
interrogative forms 26
 III. THE VERB IN THE MAYAN LANGUAGE 28

Transitive verb 28
Intransitive verb 28
List of common verbs 28
Verbal nouns 29
The conjugation of verbs 30
a. usual present 30
b. Present progressive 30
c. Simple past 31
d. Composed past 32
e. Simple future 33
f. Composite Future 33
IV. VOCABULARY 35

In the home 36
Most common birds 36
Domestic animals 36
Wild animals 36
Edible fruits 36
Food 36
Human body parts 37
Parts of a tree 37
Edible fruits and tubers 37

V. EXERCISES 38

A. To practice questioning 38
Exercise No. 1 38
Exercise No. 2 38
Exercise No. 3 38
Exercise No. 4 38
Exercise No. 5 39
Exercise No. 6 39
Exercise No. 7 39
Exercise No. 8 39
Exercise No. 9 39
Exercise No. 10 40
Exercise No. 11 40
Exercise No. 12 40

B. to dialogue 40

Tsikbal No. 1 40
Tsikbal No. 2 41
Tsikbal No. 3 41
Tsikbal No. 4 42
Tsikbal No. 5 42

Tsikbal No. 6 43
Tsikbal No. 7 43

C. Readings 44

U k'aay t'eel 44
Tsaab kaan 44
Low 44
U paalal j-kolnáal 45
Alux 45
X-turix 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 46
 3
INTRODUCTION

The preparation of this manual is due to the need to have support material for teaching

writing and reading of the Mayan Language in a practical and simple way. It presents

everyday topics, as well as common expressions of the language itself, which make it

enjoyable and at the same time allows you to know the essential elements to establish

minimal communication in the native language.

This material is aimed at all people who are interested in learning the Mayan Language;

as well as all those who in some way have tried to teach it through small improvised

courses or relying on texts loaded with a lot of grammar and linguistic technicalities, which

only contributes to making teaching very complicated.

Finally, I consider it necessary to clarify that the people who have access to this manual

will not be perfect speakers of the Mayan Language, since this can only be achieved

through constant practice and contact with people from the countryside or speakers of the

same language. ; but they will have a general or introductory knowledge of learning Maya.

SPELLING NOTATION

THE ALPHABET
Most indigenous languages have the problem of not having an alphabet for their writing; in

the case of the Mayan Language, the problem is the opposite: that is, the difficulty of

writing is due to the existence of many alphabets, therefore It is clarified that for the

preparation of this material the Mayan alphabet agreed in 1984 was used with the purpose

of unifying the writing of the Mayan language.

USE OF “B” AND “P”

In the Mayan language before “B” and “P” the “M” is not written as it happens in

Spanish. It is because the language is tonal, which allows us to write “M” or “N”

depending on the pronunciation of the words.

USE OF “E”

It serves to emphasize the phrase or sentence. When it is attached to a word that ends

with a glottalized vowel, it loses the apostrophe.

OWN NAMES

The names are preceded by a prefix X when it is a woman and a J when it is a man.

For spelling purposes they will be written in lower case. If they are at the beginning of

the statement or after the full stop or full stop, they will be written in capital letters. This

particle will be linked to the word by a hyphen.

In the case of the proper names of people, places, towns, cities and surnames, their

traditional writing is preserved, that is, in accordance with the spelling of the Spanish

language.

TONALITY: The Mayan language is tonal, which is manifested through the different vowel

tones. This causes the words to be accented even when the writing is capitalized.

Example: ÁAK (áak), SÁAMAL (sáamal).

THE PLURALIZING SUFFIX “O'OB”

When they are combined with words that end with a glottalized vowel, they undergo a

modification. Example:

SINGULAR PLURAL

Peek' Peek'o'ob

Miis Miiso'ob

Che' Che'ob

Letí' Letí'ob

COMPOUND WORDS

Compound words are joined with a hyphen. Example: Sak-bej; K'an-lool.

Use of the hyphen: The possessive adjective of the singular person “K-“ is always joined

with a hyphen. Example: K-otoch; K-iits'in.

In the conjugation of verbs in the first person plural it is necessary to join the possessive

indicator with a hyphen to the verb. Examples:

To'on k-xook = we read.

To'on t-konaj = we sell it

To'on biin k-jaantej = we will eat it.

THE ACCENT

The accent is only used in high tone marking. Examples: Páap, Péepen, Máak.

6
1. KNOW THE MAYAN ALPHABET

2. PRACTICE MAYA WRITING

3. MASTER THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE MAYAN LANGUAGE

4. IDENTIFY MAYA WORDS IN SPANISH

5. KNOW THE ORTHOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAYA LANGUAGE.

 7

basic consonants

B, CH, J, K, L, M, N, P,
CONSONANTS R, S, T, TS, W, X, Y.

modified consonants
MAYAN ALPHABET CH', K', P', T',
TS'.

A, B, CH, CH', E, I, J, K,
K', L, M, N, O, P,P', R, S,
T, T', TS, TS' U, W, X, Y.

Basic vowels
A E I O U.
VOWELS
Modified vowels
(see table nº1)
Table Nº1
LONG LOW VOWEL LONG HIGH VOWEL REARTICULATED VOWEL GLOTTALIZED VOWEL

OR

CUT.

AA ÁA A'A TO'

EE EE E'E AND'

II II I'I YO'

OO OO O'O EITHER'

U.S. UO U'U OR'

EXAMPLES TO PRACTICE THE PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS

Baat = ax ya'ax = green

Ch'oom = buzzard ja'as = banana

Koot = albarrada chamal = cigar

P'aak = tomato maan = buy

Tuuch = navel xook = read, count, study.

 Waaj = tortilla or bread.

Below is a list of words for reading and continuous repetition in order to master the

pronunciation of the Mayan language.

Báat = ax chamal = cigar

Ch'oom = buzzard ja'as = banana

Koot = albarrada k'áak' = fire

Lu'um = land maan = buy

Na' = mom páap = pica

P'aak = tomato siis = cold

Tuuch = navel t'eel = rooster

Tso'ots = hair ts'u'uts' = smoke, kiss, absorb,

Waaj = omelette, bread xook = read, count, study.

WORDS THAT BEGIN WITH VOCAL

Abal = plum áak = turtle

Aach = sting aak' = language
Elel = burn aal = heavy
A'alaj = say ek = variety of wasp
Éek' = black eek' = star
Ich = eye, fruit i' = sparrowhawk
Iicham = husband iik = chili
Ooch = fox óok'ot = dance
Oon = avocado o'och = food
Uts = good úuchben = old
U'ul = arrive

9
EXERCISES TO PRACTICE VOCABULARY

Exercise #1

1.- Bix u ya'ala'al ich maaya “dog”

2.- ku ya'ala'al “peek'”

Exercise #2

1.- Ba'ax u k'áat u ya'al “iicham”

2.- U k'áat u ya'al “husband”

Exercise #1 is used to ask how things are said in Mayan.

Exercise #2 is used to ask what a word in MAYA means.

BASIC WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

Ts'o'ok in taal = I have come. Ts'o'ok in k'uchul = I have arrived

Bix a beele'ex = How are you? Bix to Beel. =How are you?

Ma'alob = Good. Ko'ox kajsik le xooka' = Let's start this class.

Teech = You. Wa'alen = Stand up.

Bix a k'aaba' = What is your name? In k'aaba'e' = My name is...

Kulen = Sit down. Juts'len = Get close, come.

Jats'len. =Be still. Ko'ox ts'íib = Let's write.

Ko'ox xokik = Let's read it Beyo' = So, so it is.

Ma' beyo'= Not like that, it's not like that. Teech ma'anen ts'íib = You

start writing

Teech xookej = You read it. Ma'alob beyo' = Okay.

Ma'ma'alobi' = It's not right. Ts'o'ok a na'atik Wáa = Did you understand

it yet?

Ts'o'okij = That's it, that's it. Ts'o'ok beyo' = Ready, end.

Tak sáamal = See you tomorrow. Ma'alob túun = Well, goodbye.

In order to familiarize the student with the Mayan language, some of the expressions that
will be used very frequently in the classroom are presented.

10
EXERCISE: Find the Mayan words within the word search.

SAPUURUXLEEK

NLOXNLXOOMW K'

TURIXBMOOAIO

UXTIUOAYCLIL

UOLXUBLWHIXI

COPJXMULIXRS
HKXUUCHNIKT E'

GRAPHIC VOCABULARY

MAYAN LOTTERY

INSTRUCTIONS:

1.- Say the name of the figures in Mayan as a lottery and tell the students to point to

the corresponding drawing.

2.- Repeat it three times.

3.- Now tell them to form into teams and play the lottery in Mayan, making sure the

pronunciation is correct.
11
12
13
 14

THE NUMBERS

The Mayans developed a vigesimal number system, that is, they had a numerical base of

20 numbers that are:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11

JUN KA'A ÓOX KAN JO'O WAAK UUK WAXAK BOLON LAJUN BULUK

12 13 14 15

16 17
LAJKA'A ÓOXLAJUN KANLAJUN JO'OLAJUN WAAKLAJUN UUKLAJUN

18 19 20

WAXAKLAJUN BOLONLAJUN JUNK'ÁAL .

TO INDICATE QUANTITIES: The quantities are stated with the number plus the particle

known as the classifier.

THERE ARE VARIOUS CLASSIFIER BUT THOSE THAT ARE USED THE MOST ARE:

P'eel = To count houses or objects.

Túul = To count living beings.

Kuul. = To count plants.

GRAPHIC VOCABULARY

NUMBERS AND CLASSIFIERS

The aim is for students to repeat the statements and become familiar with the use of
numbers and the main classifiers.
Read the statements below each drawing three or four times, then ask them as follows:

1.-BA'AX KA WILIK TE'ELA' (ASKS THE MASTER)

2.-KIN WILIK (STUDENT RESPONDS)

15
 COLORS

TO KNOW THE COLORS, PAINT THE PICTURES AS INDICATED:

SAK-------------------------- K'ANK'AN---------------

BOOX-------------------------- YA'AX-------------------

CHAK-------------------------- CH'OOJ------------------

CHAK K'ANK'AN------------------

THE CARDINAL POINTS

XAMAN

(NORTH)

CHIK'IN LAK'IN

(WEST) (EAST)
 NOOJOL

(SOUTH)

EXAMPLES:
Tu'ux ku p'áatal a wotoch Tu'ux ku jóok'ol k'iin
Tu'ux ku p'áatal a kool Tu'ux ku tíip'il k'iin
Tu'ux ku p'áatal u kuuchil a meyaj Tu'ux ku yéemel k'iin
Tu'ux ku p'áatal u kuuchil a kool
Tu'ux ku p'áatal u yotoch a suku'un
Tu'ux ku p'áatal u jo'ol a meyaj

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GRAMMATICAL TERMS

GOALS

1.-Know the grammatical elements of the Mayan language.

2.-Know the grammatical elements that make up a statement.

3.-Develop your first statements in the Mayan Language.

4.-Master writing in the Mayan language.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Terms used to identify people without mentioning their names.

Teen = I Leti' = She, he Te'ex = You

Teech = You To'on = Us Leti'ob = They or Them.
Examples:

Teen in k'aaba': J-Kalin To'on k-k'aaba' ___________

Teech a k'aaba' _____________ Te'ex a k'aaba'ex ___________

Leti' u k'aaba' ______________ Leti' u k'aaba'ob ____________

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Definition: They are those that go in place of the name. In the Mayan Language there are

only two ways: one to indicate this and this and the other to indicate that and that with

their plurals.

Lela' = This or This. Letí = That one, That one. Lelo'oba' = These, These.

Lelo'obo' = Those, Those.

When you want to refer to the third person (that one or that one), the form Le...e' is

used, corresponding to possessive adjectives.

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 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

DEFINITION: Possessive pronouns indicate the properties of the subject. These terms are

formed with possessive adjectives plus the particle “ tia'al” . Possessive pronouns, unlike

adjectives, can come before or after the words used in a sentence.

In tia'al = mine A tia'al = yours U tia'al = his Ktia'al = our A tia'ale'ex = yours or yours.

U tia'alo'ob = yours or theirs.

WAYS OF APPLICATION:

Le peek'a' in tia'al = This dog is mine. Le peek'a' a tia'al = This dog is yours

Le peek'a' u tia'al = That dog is yours. Le peek'a' k-tia'al = That dog is ours

Le peek'a' a tia'ale'ex = This dog is yours. Le peek'a' u tia'alo'ob = This dog is

theirs.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

DEFINITION: They serve to indicate the object or thing possessed. In their application they

are placed before the indicated word.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. APPLICATION EXAMPLES.

In = My In tsíimin = my horse.

A = You A tsíimin = your horse.

U = His, his or hers U tsíimin = his horse.

K = Our K tsíimin = Our horse.

 A...e'ex = His, yours A tsíimine'ex = Your horse.

U... o'ob = Their, theirs. U tsíimino'ob = Their horse.

When possessives come into action or composition with words that begin with a vowel,
in the first two persons the word adopts a “W” and in the third person singular it adopts
a “Y”. In the first person plural the word remains the same, in the second person it
adopts the “W” and in the third person the “Y”. It can also be observed that the
possessives corresponding to “your” or “yours” and “theirs” consist of two particles (a...e'ex
and u...o'ob) of which the first precedes the word and the second suffix

21

EXAMPLES:

Application of possessive adjectives to words:

O'och = Food; Atan = Wife; Iits'in = Little Brother.

In wo'och = my food. A wo'och = your food. U yo'och = his food.

In watan = my wife. A watan = your wife. U yatan = his wife.

In wíits'in = my little brother. A wíits'in = your little brother. U yíits'in =

his little brother.

K-o'och = our food. A wo'oche'ex = your food.

U yo'eight'ob = their food. K-atan = our wife.

To watane'ex = your wife. U yatano'ob = his wife.

K-íits'in = our brother. A wíits'ine'ex = your little brother.

U yíits'ino'ob = their little brother.

 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

DEFINITION.- They are also called non-free elements because they need to be

accompanied by a word to express their meaning.

Unlike Spanish, in the Mayan Language there are only three forms and they are the ones

used to indicate the singular, the plural as well as the masculine and feminine.

FORM OF USE.- For its application, it begins with the particle “le” followed by the word to

which it refers with the ending a', e', or', depending on the person or subject.

THE DEMONTRATIVE ADJECTIVES ARE:

Le...a' = This, these, these. Le...o' = That one, that one. Those. La...e' = That
one, that one, those, those. Note: Do not confuse these terms with articles, because
they do not exist in Mayan.

WAYS OF APPLICATION:

Le peek'a' = This dog. Le peek'o'oba' = These dogs. Le ch'úupala' = This woman.

Le ch'úupalo'oba' = These women. Le misiso' = That cat. Le kaaxo' = That

chicken.

Le misiso'obo' = Those cats. Le kaaxo'obo' = Those chickens. Le t'eele' = That

rooster.

Le t'eelo'obe' = Those roosters. Le kaaxe' = That chicken. Le kaaxo'obe' = Those

chickens.

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ADJECTIVES
DEFINITION: Qualifying adjectives are those that serve to qualify the subject, that is, to

express its qualities.

In the Mayan language these adjectives are placed before the word or nouns being spoken

about.

EXAMPLES:

Boox = black. K'aas = bad, ugly. Nojoch = big. Jats'usts = pretty.

Ki'ichpan = Pretty, beautiful. Box peek' = Black dog. Boox miis = Black cat.

Nojoch naj = big house. Nojoch peek' = Big dog. Nojoch pool = Big head.

K'aas meyaj = Bad work. Chichan nook' = Small clothes. Jats'usts nook' = Nice

clothes. Ki'ichpan kiik = Pretty sister. Jats'uts ximbal = Walking

beautifully.

Below is a list of qualifying adjectives that are used very frequently in the oral expression

of the Mayan language.

Ma'alob = Good, good. Uts = Good, kind, generous. K'aas = Bad,

ugly.

Nojoch = Great. Nukuch = Great. Chichan = Boy, small. Su'uts' = Sour.

K'áaj = Bitter. Ya'ax = Green, not ripe. Muun = Tender.

Yij = Mature.

Tak'an = Ripe, cooked. Chan = Boy, small. Chowak = Long. Koom = Short.
Kóoch = Width. Nu'ut' = Narrow. Polok = Fat, thick. Ts'oya'an =

Skinny.

Bek'ech = Thin. Ts'uuts' = Thin, stunted. Ch'ujuk = Sweet. Ch'óoch' = Salty.

K'an = Ripe, Yellow. Piim = Thick, abundant. Jaay = Simple. Yesis = Cold, icy.

Tumben = New. Uchben = Ancient. Laab = Old, due to

antiquity, useless.

Chokoj = Hot. Jats'uts = Pretty. Ki'ichpan = Beautiful. Ki'ichkelen = Beautiful.

COLORS IN THE MAYAN LANGUAGE

Sak = White. Boox = Black. Chak = Red. Ya'ax = Green. Ch'ooj

= Blue (indigo).

K'an or K'ank'an = Yellow. Chak k'ank'an = Orange or orange.

23

THE NUMBER

The expression of the singular and plural in the Mayan language is done in the following

way.
The singular is expressed in the simple form of the words or is expressed with the

numerals “Juntúul” or “Jun' p'éel”. The first is used for animate things and the second for

inanimate things.

EXAMPLES:

Peek' = The dog. Miis = The cat. Juntúul peek' = A dog. Juntúul miis = A

cat.

Juntúul ch'o' = A mouse. Junp'éel waaj = A bread, a tortilla. Junp'éel nook' = A

piece of clothing.

Junp'éel tuunich = A stone. Junp'éel toojche' = An orchestra or a straight stick.

To form the plural, the suffix “o'ob” is used.

EXAMPLES:

Peek'o'ob = The dogs. Miiso'ob = The cats.

Words that contain a glottalized vowel at the end, when pluralized, delete an “O” from the

suffix “OB.”

EXAMPLES:

Na' = Mom. Na'ob = Moms or mothers. Ni' = Nose. Ni'ob = Noses.

DIMINUTIVE AND INCREASING

DIMINUTIVES
In the Mayan Language, the formation of the diminutive is done in the following way: the

word “CHAN” = small, or its full form “CHICHAN” is placed before the nouns.

When the diminutive refers to a group or set: the word used is “MJEN” .

EXAMPLES:

Chan peek' = Little dog. Chan naj = Little house. Chan che' = Stick. Mejen

peek' = Little dogs.

Mejen miis = Kittens. Mejen kaas = Chicks.

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INCREASEMENTS

In the formation of the augmentative the words “NOJOCH” = Big and “NUXI” = Big (for

very big things) are used.

EXAMPLES:

Nojoch che' = Big tree. Nojoch máak = Person of great age.

Nojoch naj = Big house. Nojoch peek' = Big dog.

Nojoch k'ab = Big hand. Nojoch miis = Big cat.

Nuxi' peek' = Dog. Nuxi' che' = Tree. Nuxi' jwáay = Witch.

When it is a group or set, the word “NUKUCH” = Great is used.

EXAMPLES:

Nukuch tuunich = Little stones. Nukuch che'ob = Trees

Nukuch k'abo'ob = Manotas. Nukuch xaanabo'ob = Shoes.

THE MAYAN DENIAL

The negation is formed in the following way: it is formed by prefixing the particle “MA'”

followed by the expression that is to be negated with the ending “I” .

EXAMPLES:

STATEMENTS DENIAL OF THE STATEMENTS

Juan in suku'un = My brother is Juan. Ma' Juan in suku'uni' = Juan is not my

brother.

Boox in peek' = My dog is black. Ma' boox in peek'i' = My dog is not black.

Sak in miis = My white cat. Ma' sak in miisi' = My cat is not white.

Túunben in nook' = My clothes are new. Ma' túunben in nook'i' = MY clothes are

not new.

NEGATIVE TERMS

Ma' = No. Ma'tech = Not true, never. Mix = Ni. Mixba'al =

Nothing. Mixmáak = Nobody. Mixbik'íin = Never. Mix táan = No, it is a

dependent negation.

Ma' jaaji' = Not true. Mixtu'ux = Nowhere. Mina'an = There is none.

When the word “Mina'an” is combined with personal pronouns, other negatives are formed,

such as:
Mina'anten = I do not have. Mina'antech = You don't have one.

Mina'anti' = Does not have.

25

Mina'anto'on = We do not have. Mina'ante'ex = You don't have any. Mina'anti'ob =

They don't have them. Mix táan in wilik = I'm not even

seeing it.

Mix táan a wilik = you're not even seeing it. Mix táan u yilik = Nor is he seeing it.

Mix táan k-ilik = We are not even seeing it. Mix so a wilike'ex = You are not even

seeing it.

Mix táan u yiliko'ob = They are not even seeing it. Mix táan in bisik = I'm not

even carrying it.

Mix táan a bisik = You are not even carrying it. Mix táan u bisik = Nor

is he carrying it.

Mix táan k-bisik = We are not even carrying it. Mix táan a bisike'ex = You are

not even carrying it. Mix táan u bisiko'ob = Nor are they carrying it.

INTERROGATIVE FORMS

In the Mayan language there are own ways to ask questions, therefore, question marks (?)

are not required as in Spanish.

EXAMPLES:

Tu'ux = Where? Max = Who? Bix = How?: Máakalmáak = Which?:

Buka'aj = What size?: Jaytúul = How many? (For people or living beings).
Jayp'éel = How many? (For inanimate beings). Ba'ax = What?: Kux = And...?.

Bajux = How much? (Used to ask for prices of things or animals)

Another way to ask questions is to use the particle “Wáa” in the middle or at the end of

the ideas, as long as none of the previous ones appear.

EXAMPLES:

Binech wáa xíinbal or Binech xíinbal wáa. = You went for a walk.

Exercises to practice the interrogative “Ba'ax”.

1. Ba'ax le ba'ala' = What is this?

a) Le ba'ala' in xaanab = This is my shoe.

b) Le ba'ala' a xaanab = This is your shoe.

c) Le ba'ala' u xaanab = This is his shoe.

d) Le ba'ala' k-xaanab = This is our shoe.

e) Le ba'ala' a xaanabe'ex = This is your shoe.

f) Le ba'ala' u xaanabo'ob = This is their shoe.

26

2. Ba'ax le ba'alo' = What is this?

a) Le ba'alo' junp'éel ja'as = That's a banana.

b) Le ba'alo' junp'éel iik = That's a chili.

c) Le ba'alo' junp'éel chamal = That's a cigar.

d) Le ba'alo' junp'éel ch'óoy = That is a cube.

 e) Le ba'alo' junp'éel luuch = That's a gourd.

PERFORM THE EXERCISE WITH:

1. Xamach = Comal

2. Luuch = Jícara.

3. Tuunich = Stone.

4. xíiw = Grass.

5. Leek = Gourd or container to store tortilla.

6. Suum = Rope.

7. Máaskab = Machete.

8. Che' = Wood, tree.

9. Lool = Flower.

This exercise can be done by showing some pictures with the figures of the objects or

asking the students to make their drawings, then proceed to the question.
 27

GOALS

1. KNOW THE TIMES IN MAYA AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION.

2. KNOW THE MOST COMMON TENSES OF THE VERB IN THE MAYAN

LANGUAGE.

3. MASTER THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS

4. MASTER THE USE OF TENSES IN ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION.

THE VERB IN THE MAYAN LANGUAGE

Verbs in the Mayan language are classified as transitive and intransitive.

TRANSITIVE VERBS. It indicates the person who executes the action and the receiving

object, in the Mayan language they are characterized by the endings: “tik”, “sik”, “ik”.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS. They indicate the action of the person or subject and are

characterized by the endings: “al”, “el”, “il”, “ol”, “ul”.

It should be noted that there are verbs that have both forms and others that are only

transitive and intransitive.

LIST OF THE MOST COMMON VERBS

INTRANSITIVE FORM TRANSITIVE FORM

Janal. Jaantik.

Wenel. Weensik.

Xíinbal. Xíinbatik or Xíinbaltik.

Óokol. Óokoltik.

Koonol. Konik.

Uk'ul. Uk'ik.

Ichkil. Isiinsik.

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EXAMPLES OF STATEMENTS WITH INTRANSITIVE AND TRANSITIVE

VERBS.

INTRANSITIVE FORM TRANSITIVE FORM

Teen kin janal = I eat. Teen kin jaantik = I eat it.

Teen kin koonol = I sell. Teen kin konik = I sell it.

Teen kin janal sáamsamal = I eat every day.

Teen kin koonol bejla'e' = I am selling today.

Teen kin jaantik bu'ul sáamsamal = I eat beans every day.

Teen kin konik ja'as bejla'e = I sell banana there.

VERB NOUNS

They refer to words that act as verbs.

EXAMPLES: Xook = Read, study, count. Meyaj = Work. Ts'íib = Write. Óok'ot.

These present their transitive and intransitive form as follows:

INTRANSITIVE FORM TRANSITIVE FORM

Xook Xookik

Meyaj. Meyajtik.

Ts'íib Ts'íibtik.

Óok'ot öok'ostik

APPLICATION EXAMPLES.

Teen kin xook. Teen kin xookik

Teen kin ts'íib Teen kin ts'íibtik.

 Teen kin t'aan. Teen kin t'anik.

Ten kin chuuy. Teen kin Chuyik.

29

THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS

There are three tenses in the Mayan language: present, past and future, but the aspects

and modes are varied.

HABITUAL PRESENT: Refers to an act of custom or habit. The conjugation is carried out

as follows:

Personal pronoun. K + Possessive adjective. Lexical form of the verb.

teenager k + in Janal

INTRANSITIVE VERB TRANSITIVE VERB

Teen kin janal. Teen kin jaantik

Teech ka janal. Teech ka jaantik.

Leti'ku janal. Leti'ku jaantik.

To'on k janal. To'on k jantik.

Te'ex ka janale'ex. Te'ex ka jaantike'ex.

 Leti'ob ku janalo'ob. Leti'ob ku jaantiko'ob.

Ichkil. Isiinsik

Teen kin wichkil. Teen ki wisíinsik.

Tech ka wichkil. Teech ka wisíinsik.

Leti'ku yichkil. Leti' ku yisíinsik.

To'on k ichkil. To'on k isíinsik.

Te'ex ka wichkile'ex. Te'ex ka wisíinsike'ex.

Leti'ob ku yichkilo'ob. Leti'ob ku yisíinsiko'ob.

The teacher can use the verb “xotik” for its application.

30

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

To form the present progressive, the particle “Táan” is placed before the verb, in

combination with the possessives. Contractions are also used in the Mayan language:

MEYAJ = Work.
 CONTRACTION OF THE VERB AND ITS TRANSLATION.

Táan in meyaj Tin meyaj = I am working.

Táan a meyaj. Tan meyaj = You are working.

Táan u meyaj. Tun meyaj = He is working.

Táan k meyaj. Tan k-meyaj = We are working.

So much for meyaje'ex. Tan meyaje'ex = You are working.

Táan u meyajo'ob. Tun meyejo'ob = They are working.

The teacher can look for other verbs for application.

In the present progressive the transitive form can also be used.

XOOT = Cut.

CONTRACTION OF THE VERB AND ITS TRANSLATION.

Táan in xotik. Tin xotik = I'm cutting it.

Táan a xotik. Tan xotik = You are cutting it.

Táan u xotik. Tun xotik = He is cutting it.

Táan k-xotik. Tan k-xotik = We are cutting it.

Táan a xotike'ex. Tan xotike'ex = You guys are cutting it.

Táan u xotiko'ob. Tun xotiko'ob = They are cutting it.

APPLY TO:
Xíinbal = Stroll, walk

Ts'íib = Write.

31

SIMPLE PRESENT

Tin jaantaj = I ate it Tin bisaj tu yotoch = I took him home.

Ta jaantaj = You ate it. Ta bisaj tu yotoch = You took him home.

Tu jaantaj = He ate it. Tu bisaj tin wotoch = He took him to my

T-jaantaj = We ate it. house.

Tá jaante'ex = You ate it. T-bisaj ta wotoch = We bring it to your

Tu jaanto'ob = They ate it. house.

Ta bisaje'ex tu yotoch = They took him to

your house.

Tu bisajo'ob tu yotoch = They took him to

their house.

Tin pulaj tu tséel = I threw it next to him.

Ta pulaj tu tséel = You threw it next to him.

Tu puach tu tséel = He threw it next to him.

Tu puach t-tseel = He threw it next to us.

Tu pulaj ta tséele'ex = He threw it next to you.

Tu puach tu tséelo'ob = He threw it next to them.

The teacher can look for other examples besides these:

Ts'íibtaj = Konaj = Xokaj =

COMPOSED PAST

The past compound is formed with “Ts'o'ok” and the combination with possessives: In this

case contractions can also be handled.

CONTRACTION OF THE VERB AND ITS TRANSLATION

Ts'o'ok in janal Ts'in janal = I already ate.

Ts'o'ok a janal Ts'a janal = You already ate.

Ts'o'ok u janal Ts'u janal = He already ate.

Ts'o'ok k-janal Ts'o'ok k-janal = We already ate.

Ts'o'ok to janale'ex Ts'a janale'ex = You already ate.

Ts'o'ok u janalo'ob Ts'u janalo'ob = They already ate.

The teacher can look for other examples for application.

32

SIMPLE FUTURE

The simple future is formed as follows:

VERB EAT = JANAL.

Bíin jaanken = I will eat TO FORM THE TRANSITIVE.

Bíin jaankech = You will eat Bíin in jaantej = I will eat it

Bíin jaanak = Will eat Bíin a jaantej = You will eat it

 Bíin jaanko'on = We will eat Bíin u jaantej = He will eat it

Bíin jaanke'ex = You will eat Bíin k-jaantej = We will eat it

Bíin jaanko'ob = They will eat. Bíin a jaante'ex = You will eat it

Bíin u jaanto'ob = They will eat it

Practice with some verbs: Báaxal = Play. Xíinbal = Walk, stroll. Xoot = Cut.

COMPOUND FUTURE

For the future compound there are very common forms and there are three: “Ken”, “Kan”,

“Kun”; which indicate adverbs of time.

Conjugation in “Ke” = When

Le ken in jaantej = When I eat it Applying an interrogative means the particle

Le ken a jaantej = When you eat it “Le” is lost. EXAMPLES:
Le ken u jaantej = When he or she eats it
Le ken k-jaantej = When we eat it. Ba'ax = What?
Le ken a jaante'ex = When you eat it. Ba'ax ken in jaantej
Le ken u jaanto'ob = When they eat it. Ba'ax ken a jaantej
Ba'ax ken u jaantej
Ba'ax ken k-jaantej
Ba'ax ken a jaante'ex
Ba'ax ken u jaanto'ob

“Tu'ux” = Where? CONJUGATION IN “Kan”

Tu'ux ken in xotej Le kan in bisej = When I take it.

Tu'ux ken a xotej Le kan a bisej = When you wear it.
Tu'ux ken u xotej Le kan u bisej = When I take it.
Tu'ux ken k-xotej Le kan k-bisej = When we take it.
Tu'ux ken a xote'ex Le kan a bise'ex = When you take it.
 Tu'ux ken u xoto'ob Le kan u biso'ob = When they take it.

33

The particle “e” can also be added to the verb, which sometimes seems to mean being or

being; but this is not the case, since in the Maya there is no such verb.

APPLY THE INTERROGATIVE:

“Bix”=How? Management without an interrogative is also

common .
Bix kan a beetej =
Kan in beetej =
Bix kan in beetej =
Kan to beetej =
Bix kan u beetej =
Kan u beetej =
Bix kan k beetej =
Kan k-beetej =
Bix kan a beete'ex =
Kan a beete'ex =
Bix kan u beeto´ob =
Kan u beeto'ob =

Conjugation in “Kun”. Apply the interrogative: Máax = Who?

Le kun in taasej = When I bring it. Máakalmáak kun in xotej =
Le kun a taasej = When you bring it.
Máakalmáak kun a xotej =
Le kun u taasej = When he or she brings
it. Máakalmáak kun u xotej =
Le kun k-taasej = When we bring it-
Máakalmáak kun k-xotej =
mos.
Le kun a taase'ex = When you bring him- Máakalmáak kun a xote'ex =
ga
Máakalmáak kun u xoto'ob =
n.
Le kun u taaso'ob = When they bring it.

The teacher can look for other examples for application.

EXERCISE: Find the Mayan verbs. What type of verbs are they? What do they mean?.
 Make 5 statements
Q T Yes W P' TO OR Yo
using different verbs.
J. K T' AND OR b J. K

OR OR R AND K' Yo T EITHER

TO T W N Yo Yes b N

K TO l AND K Yo TO Yo

Yo l Yo l Yo K TO K

M TO TO N J. Yes x AND

TO x YO Yo N b TO l

34

VOCABULARY

GOALS:

1. Learn the most common words and the context in which they are used.

2. Get to know the flora and fauna of the region.

3. Know the parts of the human body.

4. Know some edible plants and animals.

 5. master a broad vocabulary that allows communication in Mayan.

VOCABULARY

Below we have a list of Mayan words related to the context that are presented through

popular communication.

IN THE HOME

Bakal = corn kernel Luuch = Jícara

Cúuk = Coal Mine = Sweep
Ch'e'en = Well Naj, Taanaj, Otoch = House
Ch'óoy = Cube or bucket. Nal = Corn
Ixi'im = Corn Pak' Wall
Jolo'och = Corn husk Pak'lu'um = Mud
Joonaj = Door Péenkuch, Piim = Large, thick omelet.
Kolóojche' = Bajareque P'úul = Pitcher
Koot = Albarrada Sakan, Juuch' = Mass
Kuum = Pot Si' = Firewood.
K'áak' = Candle Suumil ch'e'en = Well rope
K'áanche' = Bench Ta'an = Cal
K'óoben = Kitchen, stove Waaj = Omelet
K'úum = Pumpkin Xamach = Comal
Lak = Plate Xa'an = Huano
Leek = Container to store tortilla. Su'uk = Zacate

35
 MOST COMMON BIRDS DOMESTIC ANIMALS

Beech' = Quail Kaax = Chicken

Ch'eel = Magpie
K'éek'en = Pig, pig
Ch'óom = Vulture
Chakts'íits'ib = Cardinal Miis = Cat
Ts'unu'un = Hummingbird, flower sucker
Peek' = Dog
Kolonte' = Woodpecker
Ch'uju'un or Ch'ejon = This is what the Tsíimin = Horse
smallest bird is called and it is from the
T'eel = Rooster
same family.
K'a'aw = Thrush. X-tuux = Turkey
Mukuy = Tortola
Úulum = Turkey
Noom = Partridge
Pich' = Variety of thrush. Mejen kaax = Chicks
Pu'ujuy = Nightjar
Mejen úulum = Poults
Sak pakal = Wood pigeon
Tooj = Mamote, Straight Bird.
Tunkuluchuj or Tunkuruchuj = Tecolote
Tsuutsuy = Wild pigeon
X-k'ook' = Nightingale
Zak xíik' = Cenzontle
WILD ANIMALS. EDIBLE FRUITS
Baj = Gopher
Öop = Anona
Ch'omak = wild cat
Jaaleb = Tepezcuintle K'aniste' = Yellow sapote
Juuj = Iguana
Pichi' = Guava
Kaan = Snake, snake
Kéej = Deer Pitajaya, (woob) = Pitaya
Kitam = Wild boar or wild pig
Poox = Custard apple, type of large
Ku'uk = Squirrel
Ooch = Fox, opossum saramullo
Pay ooch = Skunk
Puut = Papaya
T'u'ul = Rabbit
 Weech = Armadillo Su'uts' pak'áal = Sour orange.

Ya' = Zapote.

FOOD FOOD

Bak' = Meat Kaay = Fish

Bak' el kéej = Venison
Bak' el k'éek'en = Pork
Bak' el waakax = Beef
Bu'ul = Bean
Bu'ulil k'éek'en = Beans with pork
Chaay = Chaya
Chakbil je' = Boiled egg
Je' = Egg
K'áabil bak' = Roasted meat
K'áabil kaay = Roasted fish
K'úutbil p'aak = Tamped tomato
K'a'abax jul = Simple bean
Sikli'il p'aak = Pepita with tomato
P'aak Tomato
Tsajbil je' = Fried egg
Tsajbil kaay = Fried fish.

36
HUMAN BODY PARTS PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Booxel' chi' = Lips Ni' = Nose

Chi' = Mouth No'och = Chin
Ch'ala'at = Ribs Ook = Foot
Ich = Eye Piix = Knee
ich'ak = Nails Pool = Head
im = Breasts Táan ich = Face
Kaal = throat Táan k'ab = Palm of the hand
Kaal k'ab = Dolls Táan pool = Front.
Kaal ook = Ankle Táan ook = Sole of the foot
Kama'ach =Jaw Tuuch = Navel
Keléambal = Shoulders Tuunkuy = Calcañar
Kúuk = Elbow T'óon = Legs
K'ab = Hand Tselek = Shin of the leg
Máatsab = Eyelashes Tsen = Chest
Me'ex = Mustache Tso'ots = Hair, Hair
Mojton = Eyebrows Yaal k'ab = Fingers of the hands
Nak' = Belly Yaal ook = Toes
P'u'uk = Cheek Xíik' = Armpit.
Xikin = Ear Bobox = Rump.
PARTS OF A TREE EDIBLE FRUITS AND TUBERS

Ché = Tree, wood Abal = Plum

Ich = Fruit Chi'ikan = Jicama
Lé = Leaf Chakal ja'as = Mamey
Lool = flower Chí = Nance
Moots = Root Chooch = white sapote
Neek´ = Seed Ch´ujuk pak´ál = Sweet orange
Sóol = Bark, shell Ts'iin = Yucca
Yiits = Resin. Ts'almuy = Saramuyo
is = Sweet Potato
Ja'as = Banana
K'óopté = Ciricote
Makal = Yam
Mek' = Cashier

37
EXERCISES
GOALS:

1. Achieve communication in the Mayan language.

2. Create small dialogues in the Mayan language.

3. Master writing in the Mayan language.

4. master the correct reading and pronunciation of the Mayan language.

5. Speak the Mayan language correctly.

TO PRACTICE INTERROGATIVES

EXERCISE Nº 1. “BA'AX LE BA'ALA'” EXERCISE Nº 2. “BA'AX BA'ALCHE'IL

LELA'”
BA'AX LE BA'ALA' = WHAT IS THIS?
LE BA'ALO' JUNP'ÉEL NAJ = THAT'S A BA'AX BA'ALCHE'IL LELA'.
HOUSE. LELO' JUNTUUL KÉEJ.

a) I ba'alo' junts'iit iik. a) Le ba'alche'o' juntúul ooch.

b) Le ba'alo' junts'íit chamal.
c) Le ba'alo' junts'íit ja'as.
d) Le ba'alo' junp'éel ka'.
e) Le ba'alo' junp'éel tuunich.
EXERCISE Nº 3. “BA'AX LE BA'ALA'”
BA'AX BA'ALCHE'IL LELA'.
LELA' JUNTUUL TSÍIMIN.
b) Le ba'alche'o' juntúul peek'.
c) Le ba'alche'o' together miis.
EXERCISE Nº 4. BA'AX KA BEETIK.
TAAN IN XOOK = I'm reading.
Táan in ch'ak si' = I am chopping firewood.
 Táan in janal = I am eating.
a) Lela' juntúul kaax. Táan in maan = I am buying.
b) Lela' juntúul k'éek'en. Táan in meyaj = I am working.
c) Lela' juntúul ya'axkach. Táan in pak'ach = I am torturing.
Táan in p'o' = I am washing.
PERFORM THE EXERCISE WITH: Táan in wichkil = I am bathing.
 XAMACH Táan in xook = I'm reading.
 LEEK
 CH'OOY
 MAASKAB

38
EXERCISE Nº 5. BA'AX YAANTECH = WHAT DO YOU HAVE?
TEEN K'OJA'ANEN = I'M SICK. BA'AX K'OJA'NIL YAANTECH.

a) Yaj in chi' = My mouth hurts. Yaanten chi'ibal koj = I have a toothache

b) Yaj in k'ab = My hand hurts.
c) Yaj in nak' = My belly hurts.
d) Yaj in pool = My head hurts.
e) Yaj in wich = My eye hurts.
f) Yaj in wook = My foot hurts.
EXERCISE Nº 6. BAJUX = HOW MUCH?
a) Bajux le ja'aso' = How much does
that banana cost?
b) Bajux le iiko' = How much does that R= U tojol junp'éel k'úume' = The price of a
chili cost?
c) Bajux le k'úumo' = How much does
that pumpkin cost?
d) Bajux le nook'o' = How much do
Yaanten chi'ibal nak'=I have a stomachache
Yaanten chi'ibal ook = I have foot pain.
Yaanten chi'ibal pool=I have a headache
Yaanten chi'ibal xikin = I have an earache
Yaanten chokwil = I have a fever
Yaanten ch'otnak' = I have colic
Yaanten ke'elankil = I have chills
Yaanten wach'k'ajal = I have diarrhea
EXERCISE Nº 7. BAJUX U TOJOL
a) Bajux u tojol junp'éel k'úum = How
much is a pumpkin worth?
pumpkin is...
b) Bajux u tojol juntúul x-kaax = How
much is a chicken worth?
 those clothes cost? R= U tojol juntúul x-kaaxe' = The price of a
e) Bajux le tso'e = How much does that chicken is...
turkey cost?
EXERCISE Nº 8. APPLY THE PARTICLE EXERCISE Nº 9. TU'UX BINECH =
BIX = WHERE DID YOU GO?
HOW?
Binen ch'ak si' = I went to chop wood
Bix a beel = How are you? Binen ichkíil = I went to bathe
Bix a wanij = How are you? Binen ich kool = I went to the cornfield
Binen koonol = I went to sell
Ma'alob = Good Binen maan = I went shopping
Uts = Good Binen meyaj = I went to work
Chéen beya = Just like that, regular Binen óok'ot = I went dancing
K'oja'anen = I am sick Binen p'is k'áax = I went to measure the
Chan k'oja'anen = I'm a little sick mountain
K'as k'oja'anen = I am half sick Binen xíinbal = I went for a walk
Jach k'oja'anen = I am very sick Binen xot kij = I went to cut henequen
stalk.
Binen xook = I went to study, to read.
Practice the exercises with:
Cha'an = Like, attend a show.
Ch'in ch'íich' = Throw birds.
Ts'oon = Hunt.
Janal = Eat, food.
K'íiwik = Plaza, center.
Páak = Weeding, mowing.
K'aay = Sing.

39
 EXERCISE Nº 10 EXERCISE Nº 11
Ba'ax ka jaantik = What do you eat? Ba'ax ka jaantik = What do you eat?
Tene' íik kin jaantik = I eat chili Teen kin jaantik chaay = I eat chaya

 Tene' je' kin jaantik = I eat egg  Teen k'abax bu'ul kin jaantik = I eat
 Tene' sikil kin jaantik = I eat nugget. beans.
 Teen póok chúuk kin jaantik = I eat
meat on charcoal.

EXERCISE Nº 12 OTHER WAYS TO ANSWER

Ba'ax ku jaantik = What does he eat? Leti'e' ku jaantik k'éek'en = He eats pig
Leti' ku jaantik abal = He eats plum. Leti'e' ku jaantik kaax = He eats chicken
Leti'e' ku jaantik chooch = He eats blood
 Leti' ku jaantik iis = He eats sweet sausage
potato Leti'e' ku jaantik ch'ujuk = He eats sweets
 Leti' ku jaantik ja'as = He eats Leti'e' ku jaantik oon = He eats avocado
banana
 Leti' ku jaantik chi' = He eats Nance

TO DIALOGUE

TSIKBAL No. 1

PETER: Bix a k'aaba' =

FELIPE: In k'aaba'e' J-piil =

FELIPE: Kux teech bix a k'aaba' =

PEDRO: Tene' in k'aaba'e' J-Pedro =

FELIPE: Ma'alob tak sáamal =

PETER: Ma'alob, xi'iktech uts =

The teacher can apply this dynamic within the classroom with all students.

40
TSIKBAL No. 2

JUAN: Tu'ux ka bin =

ANDRES: In ka'aj meyaj =

ANDRES: Tu'ux taalech =

JUAN: Taalen tu najil ka'ansaj =

JUAN: Yaan k-bin cha'an sáamal =

ANDRES: Ma', yaan in beetik uláak' ba'alo'ob =

ANDRES: Ma'alob, k'a'abéet in bin =

JUAN: Ma'alob, xi'iktech uts =

The teacher can improvise other dialogues with the students.

TSIKBAL No. 3

CARLOS: Bix a beel j-Pedro =

PEDRO: Chéen beya j-Kalin =

CARLOS: Tu'ux ka bin =

PEDRO: Táan in bin xook =

CARLOS: Ba'ax ka xokik =

PEDRO: Maaya t'aan =

CARLOS: Táan a kanik wáa =

PEDRO: Bey, so in chan kanik =

CARLOS: Ma'alob beyo' =

PEDRO: Kux teech a woojel wáa maaya =

CARLOS: Bey, in woojel =

PEDRO: Tu'ux ta kanaj =

CARLOS: Tin wootoch =

PEDRO: Ma'alob túun xi'iktech utsil =

41
TSIKBAL No. 4
JUAN: Kula'anech wáa x-Luisa

LUISA: Bey, kula'anen

JUAN: Ba'ax ka beetik

LUISA: Táan in chuuy

JUAN: Ba'ax ka chuyik

LUISA: U nook'in wíits'in

JUAN: Ta'aytak a ts'o'okol wáa

LUISA: Bey, jach ta'aytak

JUAN: Ma'alob, pa'tik in jáan bin

LUISA: Ma'alob, xí'iktech utsil

TSIKBAL No. 5

JUAN: Kula'an wáa j-Piil

CHAN XI'IPAL: Ma', ma' kula'ani'

JUAN: tu'ux yaan letí

CHAN XI'IPAL: Bin xíinbal tu yotoch in chiich

JUAN: Yaan wáa u xáantal

CHAN XI'IPAL: Ma', ta'aytak u suut

JUAN: Ma'alob túun pa'tik in jáan bin

CHAN XI'IPAL: Ma'alob túun xi'iktech utsil.

42

TSIKBAL No. 6

JUAN: Kula'anech wáa j-Piil

FELIPE: Bey, kula'anen

JUAN: Máanen in wilech jo'oljeak. Chéen ba'ale', ma' kula'anech ka'achi'

FELIPE: Binen xíinbal tu yotoch in chiich.

JUAN: J-taalen in wa'altech ka k'uchkech tin wotoch

FELIPE: Ba'ax k'iin

JUAN: Samamal

FELIPE: Ba'ax yani'

JUAN: U k'iin in k'aaba'

FELIPE: Ma'alob, je in bine'

JUAN: Ka taakech wale', bik tu'ubuktech

FELIPE: Ma'alob, tak sáamal

TSIKBAL No. 7

LUIS: Bix a beel xunáan

MARÍA: Ma'alob, je'el ba'al a kutalo'

LUIS: Ba'ax ka beetik

MARÍA: Táan in chan je'elskinbaj

LUIS: Jáan táalen in xíinbaltech

MARÍA: Ma'alob, jach ki'imak in wóol úuchik a taal

LUIS: Je'el wáa u páajtal chan k-tsikbale'

MARÍA: Je'ele', ba'axten ma'.

From this exercise, free conversations in Mayan begin with the students.

43

READINGS

U K'AAY T'EEL.
Tu kíinilo'ob chichan t'eele', ken káajak u yáax k'aayo'obe' jats'uts u yu'ubal, tumen bek'ech
u k'aay.
Jujunp'íit u jelpajal u k'aay tak ken u'uya'ak u k'aay bey nojoch t'eele'.
U kajnáalilo'ob chan kaajo'obe' ku ya'aliko'ob: ken a wu'uy u k'aay t'eel ich áak'abe', u
k'áat u ya'ale' ken sáasake' nookoy wa yaan u k'áaxal ha'.

K'áat chi' = QUESTIONS

1.-Ba'axten jats'uts u yu'ubal u k'aay t'eel.
2.-Ba'ax u k'áat u ya'al u k'aay t'eel ich áak'ab.

TSAAB KAAN.

Tu noj k'áaxilo'ob yúucatane', je' bix yaano'ob xaman, noojol, lak'ine', te tu'ux ku pa'ak'al
ixi'ime' ti ku jach yaantal tsáab kaani'.
Le tsáab kaano' uts tu t'aan u kajtal ich áaktuno'ob wa ich joolo'ob ku beetik weech u
tia'al u kajtal.
Le k'iin ku k'áaxal ya'ab cháake', le ja'o' ku beetik u jóok'ol tu'ux u ta'akmubaj.
Ku ya'alale' yéetel u tsáabe' ju páajtal u yojéeta'al jayp'éel u ja'abil.

K'áat chi' = QUESTIONS

1.-Tu'ux ku yantal tsáab kaan.
2.-Tu'ux ku kajtal tsáab kaan.
3.-Ba'ax beetik u jóok'ol tsáab kaan.
4.-Ba'ax yéetel ku yojéeta'al jayp'éel u ja'abil tsáab kaan.

LOW.

Baje' juntu'ul chan ba'alche' ma' jach nochi' bey juntu'ul ch'o'e'.
Le chan ba'alche'a yáanal lu'um ku kajtal. Tu'ux yaan junp'iit boox lu'um wa k'áankab.
Chéen u moots che' ku jaantik, jach ki' tu chi' u moots nal wa u moots kij.
Kolnáalo'obe' ku beetko'ob u ba'alil u tia'al u chu'ukul baj wa ku buts'ta'al u jool u tia'al u
jóok'ol yóok'ol lu'um.
Lela' le ken jóok'ke' ku beeta'al loob tu yich tumen le k'iino', le óolale' jach séeb u
chu'ukul.
U tia'al u jaanta'al baje' ku póoka'al u tia'al ka lu'sa'ak u tso'otsel u yootél. Ku ts'o'kole'
ku to'obol yéetel u le' bo' wa ja'as.
Ts'o'okole' ku mu'ukul ich u ta'anil k'áak' u tia'al ka tajak ma'alob. Le ken jo'osa'ake' ku
beeta'al junp'éel tsí'ik jach ki'. Baje' tuláakal u wíinkilil ku jaanta'al, tak u choochel yéetel u
ta'.

44
U PAALAL J-KOLNÁAL.

U paalal juntuul j-kolnáale' chichano'ob ken jop'ok u bino'ob k'áax, p'íis u yantal wakp'éel

wa uukp'éel u ja'abilo'obe' táan u bino'ob tu paach u yuumo 'ob. Lelo'oba' ken jop'ok u

bino'obe' yaan k'iine' mixba'al ku beetko'ob chéen ku yiko'ob bix u meeyjil k'áax. Ba'ale'

ichil u máan k'iino'obe' ku jop'oj u chan meeyajo'ob je'bix: páan iis, páan chi'ikam; t'ok

bu'ul, t'ok p'áak yéetel t'ok iik.

Chen ken u yil máake' ts'o'ok u kanko'ob páak, xot si', kool yéetel jooch.

Le mejen paalo'oba' táan u sáastal ken xi'iko'ob ich kool u tia'al ka suunako'ob ken jop'ok

u t'úubul k'iin letene' ma' tech u jach baaxalo'ob tumen yaan u bino 'ob k'áax sáamsamal.

Ba'ale' ken ch'íijiko'obe' u yoojlo'ob meeyaj, uts tu yich u bino'ob k'áax yéetel ku ki'maktal

u yóolo'ob ken beychajak o koolo'ob tumen ti' ku yantal ba'alo 'ob u tia'al jantbili'.
ALUX.

Ku ya'alik úuchben nukuch máake' ku beeta'al u yantal Alux ichil kool. Ku beeta'al yéetel

k'at; yéetel áak'abe' ku kuxtal.

Ba'axten ku beeta'al tuun Alux.

Ku núukik nukuch máake', tumen bintúul j-kolnáale' ma' táan u páajtal u kanáantik ba'ax u

pak'maj ichil u kool bul k'íin yéetel bul áak'ab, le beetik Alux u tia'al ka kanáanta' ak u

kool.

X-TURIX.

Ku ya'ala'e' le kan okok x-turix ichil naaje' yaan u taal u'ula', le beetike' yaan máake' ku

beetik janal u tia'al u k'amik u yu'ula', yaan xane' , chéen ku jats'utskíinsik u najil.

45

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. CORDEMEX MAYA DICTIONARY.

Barrera Vázquez, Alfredo.

Cordemex Editions, Mérida, Yuc., 1980.

2. LINGUISTIC STUDIES. Volume I.

Barrera Vázquez, Alfredo.

Mérida, Yuc., 1980.

3. YUCATANENSE ENCYCLOPEDIA. Volume VI.

Mexico, 1977.

4. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MAYAN LANGUAGE

Mediz Bolio, Antonio.

Mexico, 1943.

5. NOTES OF MAYAN LANGUAGE, (manuscript).

Tec Poot, José.

6. MY MAYA BOOK, First Grade.

General Directorate of Indigenous Education.

Mexico, D. F. 1988.
7. MAYAN LANGUAGE PROGRAM.

Vega Sabido, David – Rodríguez Dzib, Delio.

Mérida, Yucatán, 1989.

8. IN BOOK MAAYA
Dzul Polanco, Desiderio.
National Institute for Adult Education.
Mexico DF 1987.

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