OCEANIA

Oceania is an island continent of the Earth made up of the continental shelf of Australia, the islands
of New Guinea, New Zealand and the coral and volcanic archipelagos of Melanesia, Micronesia and
Polynesia. Oceania is a continent full of cultures, traditions and different languages, dependent on
each region that makes it up.

It has an area of 9,800,458 km², making it the smallest continent on the globe. It is surrounded by
the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The climate is strongly influenced by ocean currents, including El
Niño, which causes periodic droughts. , and the seasonal tropical low pressure system, which
produces cyclones in northern Australia.

Oceania is culturally and traditionally divided into four regions: Australasia, which has continental
dimensions, and the Pacific Island archipelagos, located in the regions of Melanesia, Micronesia
and Polynesia, which are always included in Oceania. This division comes from the beginning of the
19th century and was postulated by French explorers based on cultural, ethnic and linguistic
aspects, in which architecture was developed differently from each other, sometimes having some
similarity, either in techniques, or materials.

THE ARRIVAL IN AUSTRALASIA

About two million years ago, Homo erectus was the first hominid to leave Africa and live in Asia. It
spread across a large part of the continent until it populated what is known as Southeast Asia;
evolving and giving rise to other human species.

PREHISTORY OF OCEANIA AND FIRST SETTLER

It is estimated that 50,000 years ago was when homo sapiens arrived on the island of New Guinea
and through the Torres Strait, they reached what is now Australia; It is thought that these
migrations were by land, taking advantage of the sea level, although it is also believed that they
could have built boats.

The first inhabitants of Australia known as Sahulians were hunter-gatherers; They dispersed
throughout Australia and Tasmania. They developed boats made of fibers and ropes, axes with
wooden wizards, and the different tribes also created trade networks.

About 30,000 years ago the Sahulians divided into two: the Australian aborigines who lived in
Australia and the Papuans who lived on the island of New Guinea.

ABORIGINES AUSTRALIANS

The Australian aborigines, whose name means "people who were there from the beginning,"
believed they were the first humans to build shelters. The ancestors transmitted, from generation
to generation, the most efficient methods for building homes. Many Aboriginal people continue to
live in shelters, similar to those of ancient times. While there are no "buildings" of ancient
Aboriginal culture, the fossil records add credibility to the fact that 40,000 years ago Aboriginal
people built the first dwellings.
Originally, there were two types of Aboriginal people who inhabited Australia: those who lived in
the tropical forests of the north and coastal regions of the northwest, and those who lived in the
cold forests of the south. The type of housing and structures they built were determined by the
materials available in their region. The different seasons of the year also played a key role in the
construction of structures. Aboriginal shelters were often temporary and could be easily modified
to meet changing climate conditions.

Northern dwellings
Northern Aboriginal people built two types of structures. During the rainy season, when the rains
were heaviest and temperatures usually reached more than 37º C, they built shelters with large
bark covers. These homes were more elaborate than the dome-shaped ones, had bark roofs and
were designed to house up to a dozen people.

When the rains decreased to avoid health risks caused by swarms of disease-carrying insects,
houses were built with platforms made of wooden stakes and floors made of palm leaves. Then,
they made small bonfires under the structures to scare them away.
Southern homes
The desert Aborigines placed quickly erected barriers against the wind, which were made of
spinifex (dry fibrous grass abundant in the Australian desert). They had to move frequently in
search of food and water, so their homes were temporary.

In the more fertile southeast, people built sturdy houses made of young trees glued together with
mud. These homes are considered their strongest and most sustainable constructions, and could
be used for several months.

Other homes
Aboriginal people were gatherers and nomads by nature, so they often sought natural dwellings,
such as caves, sheds, and shelters under the canopy of trees. They often adapted these natural
dwellings to make them safer and better suit their needs.

Archaeologists have found houses that were made of stone walls, which reached approximately
1.50 m, and served to secure the sides and support the branches of vegetation that were placed on
top.
 Photo bg Mr. R. PhiUipt] [Brutol.
NATIVES OF RIVER ENDEAVOUR, NORTH QUEENSLAND.

PAPUES, NEW GUINEA

Papua Islands
It is a sovereign country in Oceania that occupies the
eastern half of the island of New Guinea, is located
north of Australia, west of the Solomon Islands and
southwest of the Pacific Ocean, in a region defined
since the beginning of the 19th century as
Melanesia. It is the only country in Oceania that has
a land border.

Vernacular architecture in the Papua Islands, New

Guinea:

Most people in Papua New Guinea lived

along the coasts, so it is not surprising that life revolved around water and housing coincided with
this lifestyle. Most of the oldest architecture in the region is in the form of stilt houses over the
water. In general, these were very simple in design and style, as men usually lived in one house,
while women and children often lived in a separate house. As people moved inland, they generally
remained divided by sex, but houses grew in size and design.

Although many were still built on stilts, whether that means stilts over a river or lake or simply on
land. With the arrival of the Europeans, several things changed
 quickly in Papua New Guinea, especially with the types of building
materials, techniques and types of construction. These changes often
led to stronger, more durable houses, while introducing new types of
buildings, especially in the form of churches and schools, which were
most often found in urban centers that had a strong European
influence. As more Europeans settled in the region and cities, such as
Port Moresby, began to expand in European style. Over time,
construction in these cities has been slightly altered. Although they
continue to use modern materials and techniques, most of the stylistic
elements and designs have been removed to save money. Today,
many of the housing structures in Papua New Guinea are simple gray
block buildings and office blocks that dominate urban landscapes.
Papua New Guinea has a rich architectural history and a great range
of various buildings. Architecture is linked to tradition, culture and
religion.

In the lush jungle of Papua, in Western New Guinea, far from the coast and south of the mountain
axis that divides the island, live different peoples who have
remained hidden from the outside world until a few decades
ago. Among them, the Korowai town stands out with its
spectacular buildings high in the trees. The Korowai people settle
in communities that do not exceed five houses, in which groups
of up to 15 people live together. The typical family home rises 8
to 12 meters above ground level. However, in certain areas,
some of the houses reach heights of 50 meters. These tree
houses protect families from swarms of mosquitoes, predatory
animals, neighboring tribes with whom they are in conflict, and
significant flooding during rainy periods. Their positioning in
height allows them to make fire without the luxuriance of the
jungle retaining too much smoke. They also have a trapdoor so
that the fire falls to the ground, clean of vegetation, without the
risk of spreading. For the construction of the house, a Baiano
tree is selected with a robust trunk that will act as an axis, the
crown of the tree is cleaned from which the branches will be
used to make the floor framework, for the rest palm trees will be used. of sago, whose leaves and
branches will form the cover, other branches will be the walls and the bark of the palm tree will
cover both the roof and the enclosure inside.

The access staircase can be from a simple dry tree

trunk with small notches to a more elaborate one
made of branches that make up
 steps. The construction of the house, in which all the neighbors participate, becomes a ritual that
consecrates a new home and that can be carried out in just one day.
Right in the center of Australia is the uluru or the rock of yesterdays, a sacred place for the
aborigines, it is a sandstone mountain 350 meters high; Nearby there is also another rock
formation, the Kata Tjuta or Mount Olga.

With climate changes, aboriginal tribes began to live more commonly in coastal areas. In general,
they were semi-nomadic tribals because in almost 40 thousand years they did not develop complex
agriculture or create fixed settlements.

indigenous people of the torres strait

They settled on the islands between Australia and New Guinea, developed
agriculture, but were mostly hunter-gatherers; Although they are not from
the same ethnic group as the Australian aborigines, they are still
Austronesian. Also known for making masks with turtle shells and thread
figures called uam. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities in
the nearby mainland coastal areas of Bamaga and Seisia.

THE FIRST AUSTRONESIAN MIGRATIONS

The Austronesians are a group of people that spread throughout Taiwan, the Philippines, Southeast
Asia, Micronesia, Polynesia and even Madagascar. These Austronesian peoples came from the
island currently known as Taiwan; These early Taiwanese called Dapeng culture arrived thousands
of years ago from mainland China; around 3,000 BC They began a migration that led them to
expand first through the Philippines and then throughout the Malay archipelago, the Celebes
islands, Borneo, Java, Sumatra and the Moluccas; They were very good navigators and managed to
create wooden boats capable of crossing seas. Their first boats were canoes and log canoes and
later they developed double-hull or outrigger catamarans, they developed sails and they also
guided themselves thanks to the sun and stars. of the firmament.
Between the years 1500 to 1000 BC these Austronesians migrated again, they moved from the
mountainous island of New Guinea inhabited by indigenous Papuans, they settled in the Bismarck
Archipelago and from there they colonized all of Melanesia, to this Neolithic culture that was
imposed in this area. I call it Lapita culture and it was the precursor of the current Polynesians; This
Lapita culture began to settle in villages near the coast, notable for its reddish clay pottery, they
made tools made of flint and obsidian.

Polynesia

Polynesia is a region of Oceania that includes a triangular area of 30

million square kilometers and has islands with coral formations and
islands with volcanic formations, such as Tahiti and Hawaii. Polynesia is
made up of: Hawaii and Midway Islands, Tahiti, Samoa, Tonga, Dubai,
Marquesas, Dubai, Cook, Tuamotu, Ellice, Pascua, Sala and Gómez.

The multiple islands that make up Polynesia constitute the last of the
world's regions to be populated by man. This population was formed
through several migrations from the large islands of Indonesia.

Lapita Culture

Most Lapita sites are coastal towns and in some cases the people appear to have built their houses
on stilts in the water. The sea provided a good amount of food - fish and mollusks - and the shells
were used to make hooks and adzes, as well as decorations such as bracelets, beads and other
decorative and valuable objects.

The expansion of the Lapita seems to have been rapid, which suggests that they had sophisticated
naval and navigation techniques. Their trips were not just one-way, as there is evidence of the
existence of long-distance trade networks to obtain obsidian and other objects that they kept.
constantly united to the Lapita communities. The Lapita culture appears to have persisted for
about 1,000 years.
The Lapita people lived in villages located on the shores of the beaches, taking advantage of the
shallow lagoons of the coral reefs. Remains of piles supporting their houses were found in Papua
New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and the Santa Cruz Islands. This may have been due to a desire
to avoid already populated areas on the New Guinea coast, or mosquitoes carrying malaria against
which the Lapita people had no immune defenses. In New Britain settlements were also found
inland, near obsidian deposits, but always with direct access to the sea.

MELANESIA
The Melanesia region is made up of a group of island islands that are spread across a large part of
Australia, some of the most notable are the Marianas, Fiji, Tahiti and the island of Melanesia, to
which this region owes its name. They are islands that have an oceanic climate with moderate
temperatures around 30°. This makes it a region that predominates mostly based on a subsistence
economy.

Fiji
The Fiji Islands are 333 islands located in the south Pacific Ocean
that have many beaches, coral reefs and rainforests. The richness
of Fiji's architecture can be understood from various styles of
architectural designs for different types of buildings, as well as
being influenced by different regions. The local style of
architecture in Fiji is reflected in the materials used and the
various architectural designs. The use of palm wood, cane wood,
and the town's layout patterns contribute to the country's
distinctive urban architectural style.

While the country's rural community is highly hierarchical, local style architecture is also based on
hierarchy. The houses are called “bure”, or “valley”; These valleys are rectangular huts made of
wood and dried palm leaves and have no windows and only one door, the length and size of the
door also depend on the class and level of the man in society, the one who was called the owner of
the home.
As mentioned previously, architecture in Fiji changes style depending on the use of the buildings
for which they were built, we see this in the notable differences between; resort, residential
buildings, offices, among others.

Hotels and resort villas in Fiji have their own unique architectural patterns, and they also promote
ecologically sustainable development through their designs that include materials that have
ecological viability, such as cane and palm wood, to create a healthy environment. and
comfortable. Additionally, resorts and villas on the islands have attempted to fuse local Fijian
architectural styles to maintain authenticity and introduce tourists to what their country and
heritage are all about. In addition, the use of local raw materials in its architecture is also notable.
For example, located on Taveuni Levu Island, the villa at the Vacala Bay Resort has been built
primarily by using locally available raw materials.

Arrival in Polynesia

Around 1000 BC the Austronesians colonized the first islands of what we call Polynesia today, a
place that until then no human being had ever set foot on, they were; Samoa and the Tonga
archipelago. These people lived without worries

Polynesian Culture

Polynesia is divided into two distinct cultural groups: Western and Eastern.

Western Polynesia has greater economic and social development. It includes the groups of Tonga,
Samoa and Fiji. The settlement pattern began on the islands of Samoa to the atolls of Tuvalu, a
platform that has historically served as a link with Melanesia and Micronesia. In contrast, Eastern
Polynesian cultures are highly adapted to smaller islands and atolls, primarily Niue, the Cook
Islands, Tahiti, Hawaii, and other smaller island groups in the central Pacific. The large islands of
New Zealand are the only example of Polynesian colonization in a non-tropical environment.

Western Polynesia, Samoan culture

These islands are the most vulnerable to extreme weather conditions such as tsunamis, cyclones
and large storms.

They develop very simple but effective buildings developed with their surroundings in mind;
Samoan architecture is characterized by its openness in design reflecting the culture and life of the
people.

Creating round structures with strong support columns. The space is open, without walls, and
functions as a place of transparency and social cohesion. These constructions are called “fales”,
they act as a balance between opening and closing, and also function as centers of security and
protection. The Islands receive strong rains and winds that destroy communities and buildings
 modern, but the fales still stand. The designs and construction of these buildings are not very
complicated, but it requires talent and the collaboration of several people.
Round roofs allow rain to move away from the house. Support columns reinforce the structure
when strong winds pass through. Open spaces, which are welcome in warmer climates, promote
transparency and cohesion in the community. Spaces without walls give the opportunity to
appreciate what is around.
Two 'Traditional' Types of Prestige Structures

Figure 2 Two traditional types Fale tete (left) Fate afolau (nght)
Illustrator: Henry Utoaluga

Before the arrival of Europeans and the availability of Western materials, a Samoan house did not
use any metal elements in its construction, so the resources used to build these structures come
from nature: pandanus leaves, hibiscus wood, woven from coconut fibers to secure the roof
without the use of nails and metal.

AUSTRALASIAN CULTURE New Zealand

After the early simple huts of Polynesian immigrants, the simple pioneer farms and original
community centres, architecture in New Zealand began to exhibit heavy European influences. The
architecture of the Maori meeting house is the most authentic architecture in New Zealand.

A gabled composition structure, the Board House (or wharenui) type building features an open
porch at one end. The design is attributed to the Maori, and is unique to New Zealand.

The Wharenui architectural style originated in the early 19th century. They are often carved inside
and out with stylized images of the ancestors of the iwi ("tribe"). These styles vary from one iwi to
another. Modern wharenui follow a standard construction model.

Wharenui always have names, sometimes the name of a famous ancestor or sometimes a
character from Maori mythology.
Each of the parts of this construction represents a constituent element of the ancestor's body. It is
the ancestor present in the place. Preferably made with local wood, fiber fabrics from native flora
and, generally, in traditional colors (red, black, white), the body of the ancestor that welcomes the
local group and visitors, also represents the cosmological and kinship order. that mark traditional
behaviors.
Later periods focus on a range of renowned architectural styles from other countries, from Gothic
to Victorian. By the 1800s, these buildings were more elaborately sculpted. Arthur's Chapel and
Futuna Pass Chapel are examples of this design, with influences from European architecture. As
more Europeans entered the land, their influence on architecture became more noticeable.

Spectacular buildings in the Gothic style, such as the

ancient cathedral of St. Paul, emphasize the use of
woods that are easily accessible in New Zealand
forests. Although stone and brick became available to
builders as well in the Victorian era, abundant wood
was the focus of early colonial structures. The simpler
house designs of the colonial era gave way to British
architectural influences during the following century.
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