Exercise physiology

• Human physiology is dedicated to the study of the

functions performed in the human being by organs,
devices and systems, both in their most specific and
concrete aspects and in the most global and
functional integration aspects.
Exercise physiology, as a specialty of physiology, covers the
study of the following issues:

• Functioning and interactions of the organs, devices and

systems of the human body during physical exercise.
• Mechanisms that limit the performance and functioning of
organs and systems under conditions of physical exercise.
• Adaptations or temporary changes caused by physical
exercise in the structure and functions of the organs, and
systems that make up the human body at a molecular, cellular,
tissue, organic and systemic level.
 MAIN OBJECTIVES IN
PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE

• Understand the physiological functioning of 2. OBJECTIVE • Plan

the body in the face of different types of effort • Understand the and
periodize mechanisms that
workloads limit the
1. OBJECTIVE performance and
according to scientific
functioning of
knowledge
organs and
systems under
conditions of
severe stress.
3. OBJECTIVE
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 HISTORY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE
EXERCISE
PRECLASSIC PERIOD CLASSIC GREECE ROME

ILLUSTRATIO RENAISSANCE MIDDLE AGES

N

•> 20TH CENTURY

SCIENCE IN THE 19TH
CENTURY
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

PRECLASSIC PERIOD: THE EXERCISE VALUES IN THE

PRIMITIVE PEOPLE

DEMONSTRATION OF PHYSICAL VIGOR

HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
 HISTORY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE
EXERCISE

PRECLASSIC PERIOD E * GREECE CLASSICS ROME

• RENAISSANCE MIDDLE AGES

ILLUSTRATION 4l

SCIENCE IN THE 19TH TWENTIET

CENTURY H
CENTURY
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

IN THE 5TH AND 6TH

CENTURIES BC

THE PRIMORDIAL CONCEPT OF PHYSIOLOGY EMERGED, AS THE SET OF

KNOWLEDGE OR SCIENCE WHOSE OBJECT WAS THE STUDY AND
UNDERSTANDING OF NATURE
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
MERIT OF THE GREEKS WAS ALSO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE FIRST FORMS OF ORGANIZED TRAINING

AND THE METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT

OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

WITH THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF THE PRACTICE OF ATHLETICS, AMERICA

THE FIGURE OF THE
GYMNASTIC

PROGRESSING WHEN RETIRING IN

SPORTS COACHES EVOLVING TOWARDS THE DOCTOR

 HISTORY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE
EXERCISE

PRE-CLASSICAL PERIOD E> CLASSICAL GREECE —• ROME

ILLUSTRATION 4 RENAISSANCE (m MIDDLE AGES

SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY mb 20TH CENTURY

 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

ONE OF THE GREAT FIGURES OF SCIENCE IN ROME WAS

HE COLLECTED AND CRITICALLY EXPOSED ALMOST ALL GREEK MEDICINE IN 83 TEXTS.

TWO OF WHICH DESERVE SPECIAL MENTION.............................................
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

BECOME A SOURCE OF SHOW

AND A FUNDAMENTAL PART OF THE TRAINING OF THE SOLDIER

 HISTORY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE
EXERCISE

PRECLASSIC PERIOD •>

ILLUSTRATION 4 CLASSICAL GREECE m ROME

Yo
x 1 RENAISSANCE 4m MIDDLE AGES
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• TIME WHEN THE SOUL IS THE FORCE THAT SUPPORTS LIFE AND REGULATES
BODY FUNCTIONS.

• THEREFORE THE FORMATION OF THE BODY IS OF NO INTEREST COMPARED TO

THE FORMATION OF THE SOUL. SO PHYSICAL EXERCISE DOES NOT CONFER ANY
EDUCATIONAL VALUE.
 HISTORY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE
EXERCISE
PRE-CLASSICAL PERIOD •> CLASSICAL GREECE •> ROME

ILLUSTRATIO RENAISSANCE MIDDLE AGES

N

SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY TWENTIET

H
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• RENAISSANCE . INTEREST IS REVIVED IN EVERYTHING RELATED TO MAN AND

NATURE

• IT IS APPROACHED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CLASSICAL KNOWLEDGE SUCH AS

PHILOSOPHY AND ESPECIALLY MEDICINE.
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• THE HEALTH ORCHARD - 1542- LUIS LOHERA DE AVILA

• THE BOOK OF BODY EXERCISE AND ITS BENEFITS - 1553 - BY CRISTOBAL MENDEZ
• THE HEALTH NOTICE - 1569 - FRANCISCO NUÑEZ DE CORIA
• OF GYMNASTIC ART - 1569 - ITALIAN PHYSICIAN JERONNIMUS MERCURIALIS
• THE CONSERVATION OF THE HEALTH OF THE BODY AND THE SOUL-1597- BLAS ALVAREZ
DE MIRAVAL
LEONARDO DA VINCI, THE MOST IMPORTANT FIGURE OF THE 15TH CENTURY. I

HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

WOULD ESTABLISH THAT "MECHANICS IS THE PARADISE OF MATHEMATICAL
SCIENCES"
THE SAME TYPE OF DISCOURSE EMERGES FROM GALILEO'S WORDS “THE GREAT
BOOK OF THE UNIVERSE IS WRITTEN IN MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE”
LEONARDO DA VINCI IS THE GENUINE PRECURSOR OF MODERN SCIENCE AND
RESOURCE OF MODERN FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
 HISTORY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
EXERCISE
PRECLASSIC PERIOD^ CLASSICAL GREECE ROME
Yo
ILLUSTRATION ^ RENAISSANCE 4mm MIDDLE AGES

SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY mb 20TH CENTURY

HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
ILLUSTRATION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
2 MOVEMENTS:
ANIMISM-CONSIDERS THE SOUL AS THE ACTION PRINCIPLE
OF ALL VITAL PROCESSES
18TH CENTURY VITALISM - SEPARATES LIVING BEINGS
THAT HAVE THE VITAL FORCE. FROM THE REST OF THE
NATURAL OBJECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

NONE OF THE 2 CONTRIBUTED TO THE STRENGTHENING OF THE

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE FOR THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE WERE THE

CONTRIBUTIONS OF MARCELLO MALPIGHI (1628-1694) WHO DISCOVERED THE
PULMONARY BLADDER (ALVEOLUS) AND THAT THE AIR DOES NOT COME IN
IMMEDIATE CONTACT WITH THE BLOOD.

• ALSO DISCOVER THE PULMONARY CAPILLARIES AND THE BLOOD CELLS.

CANCELING THE GALENIC THEORY THAT THE BLOOD WAS A MIXTURE

: Italy17th :
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• LAVOISIER - DISCOVERED THAT INSPIRED OXYGEN COMBINES WITH CARBON

PRODUCING CARBONIC ACID AND WATER.
• HE COMPARED BREATHING TO COMBUSTION AND ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN BREATHING AND DIGETSION, SINCE FIRE IS NOT CONCEIVED WITHOUT
FUEL CONSUMPTION.
• HERMANN BOERHAVE, CONTRIBUTED PHYSIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN HIS BOOK
MEDICUE INSTITUTIONS, TRANSLATED AS A TEXT OF PHYSIOLOGY.
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• ELECTRICITY APPEARS IN THE 17TH CENTURY BUT IT WAS STUDY WITH SUFFICIENT
SCIENTIFIC RIGOR UNTIL THE 18TH CENTURY
• ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY WAS INITIATED BY LUIGI GALVANI, WHO DEMONSTRATES THE
EXISTENCE OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS IN LIVING THINGS. ESPECIALLY IN THE MUSCLE.
• THE ADVANCES IN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY DURING THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
WILL FRUCTIFY THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES SUCH AS ELECTROMIOGRAPHY,
ELECTRONEUROGRAPHY AND ELECTOSTIMULATION, WIDELY USED IN THE STUDY OF
ADAPTATIONS TO STRENGTH TRAINING. STUDY OF FATIGUE AND IN GENERAL THE
STUDY OF THE NERVOUS CONTROL OF MOVEMENT, OF GREAT INTEREST IN THE
CONTEXT OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
 HISTORY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
EXERCISE
PRECLASSIC PERIOD^ CLASSICAL GREECE ROME
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ILLUSTRATION ^ RENAISSANCE 4umm MIDDLE AGES

SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY •> 20TH CENTURY

 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• CLAUDE BERNARD PROVIDES KNOWLEDGE BY EXPERIMENTAL WAY, DELETING OR

ALTERING ONE BY ONE AND OBSERVING THE RESULT.
• THE FREIBURG INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY APPEARS, CREATED BY SCHULTZE
• APPEARANCE OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
• VITALIST FIBRALARISM. CONSIDERS THAT THE BODY WAS FORMED BY FIBRILLAR
ELEMENTS (VISIBLE MACROSCOPIC AND
MICROSCOPIC), ALONG WITH INVISIBLE ELEMENTAL FIBERS)
THE CELLULAR THEORY DEVELOPED BY SCHLEIDEN AND SWANN APPEARS
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• THE CELLULAR THEORY. MARKS A NEW CONCEPTION OF THE HUMAN BEING.

INTEGRATED BY CELLS. UNDERSTANDING THESE AS STRUCTURES CAPABLE OF
HAVING ISOLATED LIFE AND ON OCCASIONS OF REPRODUCING THEMSELVES

• RUDOLPH VIRCHOW WITH HIS PRINCIPLE OMNIS CELLULA E CELLULA (EVERY CELL
COMES FROM ANOTHER CELL)
• IN PHYSIOLOGY, FRANCOIS MAGENDIC, CLAUDE BERNARD, JOHANNES MULLER
STANDOUT. CARL LUDWIG
• CLAUDE BERNARD RECOGNIZES THE CELL AS A FUNCTIONAL UNIT, THUS CELLULAR
PHYSIOLOGY WAS BORN. THAT WILL ADVANCE SO MUCH THROUGHOUT THE 20TH
CENTURY.
 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• IN SPAIN, RAMON Y CAJAL OUTSTANDED WHO SHOWED THAT THE NERVOUS TISSUE
IS NOT A CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE, BUT IT IS FORMED BY CELLS, NEURONS
WHICH ARE NOT RELATED TO EACH OTHER BY CONTINUITY, BUT BY MERE
CONTIGÜITY
 HISTORY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
EXERCISE
PRECLASSIC PERIOD^ CLASSICAL GREECE m) ROME

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ILLUSTRATION ^ RENAISSANCE 4mm MIDDLE AGES

l
SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY •> 20TH CENTURY
• THERE IS GREAT DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTED ADVANCES IN PHYSICS. CHEMISTRY, BIOCHEMISTRY,

HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

GENETICS DUE TO THE TREMENDOUS EXPANSION OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTING

NEW TECHNIQUES APPEAR SUCH AS ELECTROPHORESIS, IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS,

CHROMATOGRAPHY, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, PCR, IN SITU HYBRIDATION. MAGNETIC RESONANCE.
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY. GENETIC ENGINEER, BIOINFORMATICS.
THE MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL
KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENTIRE 20TH CENTURY HAS BEEN THE DISCOVERY OF THE STRUCTURE OF DNA
AND THE GENETIC CODE BY WATSON AND CRICK
 ¿¿¿..???
• Is there a "genetic gift" of speed to be one of the best
athletes in the world, or is it all a product of training?
What happens to heart rate when you perform an exercise
test in which the intensity increases every minute? What
changes occur in the muscles as a result of a resistance
training program that allows greater distances to be
covered sooner? Which source of energy is more
important, carbohydrates or fats, when participating in a
marathon?
• Research in the field of exercise physiology offers
answers to these and similar questions.
 Brief history of exercise physiology

• The history of exercise physiology requires a global

perspective, given that scientists from numerous countries
have participated. This section recalls the influence of
European scientists on the development of this discipline. As
a singular fact, the role played by the Harvard University
Fatigue Laboratory in its advancement in the United States
is described. USA
 European
legacy

TO. Archibald V. b. August Krogh. c Otto F.

Hill. Meyerhof.
 Contributions

• The European contribution marks the starting point of

the history of exercise physiology. In particular, three
scientists, the British A. v. Hill, the Danish August Krogh
and the German Otto Meyerhof, won the Nobel Prize
for their research on muscles or muscular exercise. Hill
and Meyerhof shared the award in the Medicine or
Physiology section in 1922. Hill was recognized for his
precise measurements of heat production during
muscle contraction and recovery, and Meyerhof for his
discovery of the relationship between oxygen
consumption and lactic acid metabolism in muscles.
The "Three Musketeers": from left to right, Erling
 Asmussen, Erik Hohwü Christensen and Marius Nielsen .

• It is also worth remembering other European

scientists, not only for their contributions to this
discipline, but also because they are often cited in
presentations on the physiology of exercise. J. S.
Haldane did original work on the role of CO2 in the
control of respiration; He also devised the respiratory
gas analyzer that bears his name (15). c. g. Douglas
carried out pioneering studies, together with Haldane,
on the role of O2 and lactic acid in the control of
breathing during exercise, including tests carried out at
various altitudes.
Importance
• Immediate physiological responses to exercise
are sudden and transient changes that occur in
the function of a certain organ or system or
functional changes that occur during exercise and
disappear immediately when the activity ends. If
exercise (or any other stimulus) persists in
frequency and duration over time, adaptations
will occur in the body's systems that will facilitate
physiological responses when physical activity is
performed again.
Importance/Values/Usefulness of Exercise Physiology
For Sports Medicine:
Contributes/helps sports medicine through its study of
athletic/sports performance.
For the Exercise Physiologist :
It allows you to apply medical techniques to :
Facilitate sporting excellence.
 Reduce some of the risks associated with participating in
sports:
Example : The risk of exercising in hot and humid
environments on the human body and athletic
performance .
For Physical Education Teachers: Help for
physical education teachers :
Understand the adjustments that the body
makes to exercise.
Know how to prescribe exercise for
different purposes.
Identify those exercises that can be
performed and those that are not
recommended .
For the Aerobics Instructor:
Provides you with the effective and safe
scientific principles required for the
establishment/implementation of exercise
programs.
For the "Coach"/Trainer:
It provides you with some guidelines to
organize/prepare and distribute the planning of
the training program into divisions (sessions,
cycles, annual plan) .
For Body Movement and/or Ballet Teachers:
For this group of teachers, knowledge of exercise
physiology helps them safely and effectively carry out
individual training sessions for their students, just as
they would efficiently execute classical choreography
or ballet.
Provides the basis for the scientific planning of a
training program.
Provides the tools to accurately and correctly
evaluate students' physical fitness levels, as well as
physical fitness tests specific to dance/ballet skills.
In general: Provides a body of
knowledge about human well-being/health.
 MEDICAL EXERCISE
It has been proven that
practicing regular exercise
contributes to maintaining
good health and preventing
diseases .
Other Values:
Helps develop optimal levels of team or athlete
performance.
It will help future physical education teachers,
body movement/ballet teachers, coaches, and
exercise specialists better understand the role
exercise can play in developing a healthy
lifestyle so they can :
Promote/disseminate health knowledge.
Interpret and implement innovative
physical conditioning programs that appear in
magazines and books for the general
population : Exercise physiology can provide
you with a basis to make correct
recommendations regarding lifestyles and
identify exercise/health programs that have a
legitimate scientific basis. You gain an
appreciation of how the body functions under
the stressful conditions of exercise.
Clinical establishments:
Rehabilitation programs:
Types of programs :
Cardiac rehabilitation or
 cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
programs.
Respiratory therapy centers.
Physical therapy centers.
Possible places where these
programs can be implemented:
Hospitals.
Health centers.
Rehabilitation clinics.
Possible approaches to these
programs:
Preventive medicine.
Treatment of the disease.
Competitive athletic programs:
Sports medicine clinics.
Athletic teams.
Institutions/Establishments or Organizations
where the Exercise Physiologist can be
Employed and Apply their Knowledge
Academic/educational establishments: State
and Public Universities. Research institutes.
Other similar community organizations.
Industries/Private Corporations and
Government Agencies.
Trade:
Gyms.
Health clubs.
Recreation centers.
"Spas."
THANK YOU