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Ladies of Excellence
NOTEBOOK
Grade Biology- Ladies of
Excellence
Coordinaton &
Control
Objectives
Three

One
Deduce the importance of
responding to changes in
the environment.

Two
Identify the sensory
(receptor) cells in each
sense organ and the stimuli
they detect. .
Thought for today

.
Let’s watch a video
Sense Organ
 Overview of Sense organs
⬜ The Eye – the eye is the organ of sight
and responds to the stimulus of light.Seeing
occurs when eyes detect and focus on these
images. Photoreceptors present in the eye’s
retina are what translates light into images.
Rods and cones are the two types of
photoreceptors. Rods are more sensitive to
light and motion while cones are more
sensitive to colours and details. The optic
nerve is what carries the impulses to the
brain.
 Overview of Sense organs
The Skin – the skin is the sense
organ which covers the whole
body. It mainly receives stimuli
such as touch, pressure, heat,
cold and pain. Skin receptors
generate an impulse which is
carried to the spinal cord then to
the brain.
 Overview of Sense organs
The ear – the ear is the sense organ which allows
us to hear and also helps us to maintain the
balance or equilibrium of our body. The ear has 3
main sections: the external, middle and inner ear.
The ear is sensitive to the stimulus of sound.
Vibrations are transmitted through a medium such
as air. These vibrations are mechanically carried
on from the eardrum through the tiny bones
named the malleus, incus, and stapes. Receptors
in the inner ear turn vibrations into electrical nerve
pulses. An impulse is then sent through the
cochlea to the cranial nerve then to the brain
 Overview of Sense organs
The Tongue - this is the sense organ used to
perceive taste. Taste buds that protrude from the
tongue contain receptor cells that detect salt,
sweet, sour and bitter flavours. The small bumps
on the tongue are the papillae. In between the
papillae are the taste buds.Taste buds are the
sensory organs on the tongue’s upper surface.
The different parts of the tongue detect distinct
flavours: front for salty and sweet, back for bitter,
and sides for sour. These taste buds sends the
information to the nerve fiber which sends it
to the brain.
 Overview of Sense organs
The nose – the nose helps in recognizing
smells. It is sensitive to chemicals in the air.
There are hundreds of olfactory receptors
that interpret the smells around us. When
you smell a substance, the chemicals
present bind to the cilia in your nasal cavity.
Afterwards, it produces a nerve impulse
which is transported through the olfactory
cell, then to the olfactory nerve fiber, then to
the olfactory bulb and ultimately, to the
brain.
All living organisms must be able to respond to
changes in their environment to help them
survive. Animals can respond quickly to these
changes whereas the responses of plants are
generally much slower.
Stimulus
And
Response
What is a
stimulus and
Response?
 Identify the stimulus..."A loud noise causes you to cover your
ears"
Identify the response..."An organism is hungry so it eats some
food"
Identify the response..."A squirrel scratches at a flea bite
a) Identify the response: You are at the mall walking through the
food court. You smell fresh baked pizza and realize that you skipped
lunch. You buy a piece of pizza and eat it before going to buy your
book.
b) Identify the stimulus: You are walking home from school one day
when a large dog jumps out at you from behind a tree. He starts to
growl and shows his teeth. You quickly turn around and walk in the
opposite direction.
c) A chef picks up a hot pot and drops it. What was the stimulus?
 Stimulus Response
This is the change in the organism
This is a change in the
brought about by the stimulus.
environment that an organism
reacts or responds to.
The response to the stimuli is
Example: light, temperature,
important to the survival of the
texture, chemicals in the air etc.
organism.

Anything that causes a Reaction to an event is

response is a stimulus. called a response
N.B Stimuli is plural of
stimulus
Stimulus & Response
A stimulus can either be external or internal.

External stimuli- comes from factors found in the environment.

Examples- temperature, predators, food etc

Internal stimuli comes from factors within an organism.

Examples- germs, dehydration, lack of energy, pain

 Internal Stimulus External Stimulus
Feeling hungry or thirsty
Touching a hot pot
Ingesting bad food (food poisoning)
Hearing a sound
Needing to sneeze
Predator:
Virus
Organisms’ natural reaction to
run away from danger
 Receptors & Effectors

⬜A receptor is a specialized cell (part of sense

organ) that receives stimuli.
In animals, the sense organs contain the
receptors, e.g. the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and
skin contain specialized receptor cells that detect
stimuli. In plants, the very tips of roots and shoots
act as receptors
 Receptors & Effectors
⬜An effector is a muscle or gland which
carries out an action, often in response to a
stimulus.
In animals, muscles and glands are effectors.
In plants, the regions just behind the tips of
roots and
shoots and the petioles of leaves are effectors.
 Sense organs
Receptor cells and their Stimuli
Nose: olfactory cells detect chemicals and lead
to a perception of odour
Tongue: receptor cells on taste buds only detect
flavours
Ear: auditory receptors in the cochlea detect
sound.
 Sense organs
Receptor cells and their Stimuli
⬜Each sense organ is made up of cells that are
sensitive to only one kind of stimulus, that is,
◼Skin: temperature receptors – temperature

pressure receptors – pressure

pain receptors – pain
◼Eye: cells of rods and cones at the back of the
eye detect light
 Importance of responding to
stimuli
⬜The ability to detect and respond to stimuli is
known as irritability.
⬜Irritability is necessary for:
 Responding to
stimuli
1. Mating eg. due to 4. Protecting the
scent of another body from damage
organism
2. Finding food 5. Survival eg -
3. Moving away from hot escape from predators
to cold temperature
Importance Of Response (con’t)
Stimulus Possible response Importance of response
to organism

Chemical from an Move toward organism Organism may be a

organism potential mate
Light Move from light to darker Escape from predators
areas since it is harder to be
seen in darker areas.

Cold temperature Move away from cold Organism cannot survive

temperature in cold temperatures.
Think-pair-share
The importance of the organism responding to the
stimulus.
A driver stops the car, because she sees a red
light.
A stranger enters a yard with dogs and they start to bark
and growl.
Plants responses
to stimuli
Plants detect and respond to
stimuli in the environment.
Some of the stimuli to which
plants respond are light,
gravity, water, touch and
temperature.
 Growth movement
Growth movements are brought about by parts of
plants growing in response to a stimulus.
• Shoots grow and bend towards unilateral light. This
maximises the amount of light they have available for
photosynthesis. In the absence of light, or when
illuminated evenly, shoots grow upwards against gravity
to ‘search’ for light or to maximise the amount of light
they receive.
Growing upwards also ensures that flowers are held
in the best position for pollination, and fruits and
seeds for seed dispersal.
• Roots grow and bend downwards with the pull of
gravity. This enables them to anchor the plant in
the ground and to obtain water and minerals. Roots
also grow and bend towards water to maximise
the amount of water they can obtain for
photosynthesis.
 The Importance of
Responding to a Stimuli
Plants
● plants grow towards sunlight for
photosynthesis.
● roots grow downwards for water and
minerals.
Types of Tropism
Positive or negative growth movements occur in
response to various stimuli as follows:

◦ Chemotropism – chemicals
◦ Those stimulated by gravity- geo- or gravi -tropism◦
Those stimulated by water- hydrotropism
◦Tropism stimulated by light- phototropism◦
Thigmotropism – touch
This is an example of ?
Responses of
invertebrates
Responses of invertebrates
Invertebrates such as millipedes, earthworms and woodlice move their
whole bodies towards or away from stimuli. These responses aid the
survival of the organisms and can be investigated using a choice
chamber in which the organisms are provided with adjacent
environments with different environmental conditions, e.g. dry or moist.
The organisms are placed in the centre of the chamber and their
distribution is recorded after a fixed length of time.
 Responses of invertebrates
Stimulus Response How the response aids survival

Light Most move away from the light Makes the organisms harder to be seen by
into darkness. predators.

Moisture Most move away from dry areas Prevents desiccation (drying out), especially
into areas with moisture. if the organisms do not have waterproof body
coverings.

Temperature Move away from very low or Prevents extremes of temperature affecting
very high temperatures. enzyme activity.

Chemicals Move towards chemicals given Enables organisms to find food which is essential
off by food and away from for survival, and avoid being harmed by
harmful chemicals. chemicals such as pesticides.

Touch Move away or curl up if Helps the organisms escape from predators or
touched. gives protection against predators.
 Exit Ticket
List three things you learned in today’s class
How well did you like this lesson?
Homework
Demonstrate using a picture or video of how organism
responses to a stimulus.
Examples:
a) Shining a light on you pupils
b) Insect responding to light.
A plant bending towards sun light.
Thank You