Fig B 3.23.1 shows the four main part: Each of these parts continually grows 25 thE FT i The four parts of a plant have very different 4" roots ))) do not normally r The roots are the part of a plant that we do Nr not g See because they are buried in the soil. Roots 27° 1 "Roots because they do not contain the pigment chlorophy! have the following important functions: «They anchor the plant in the soil, whic! being blown about in the wind. + They absorb water containing disso the soil. This is sometimes called soil water and the minerals it contains are esst plant to flourish. © They are a place where the plant can st Thisis stored as starch. Examples of plants th food in their roots are carrots and sweet potatoes. =) The stem is the part of the plant that joi leaves and to the flowers. It has the following im functions: + tsupports the parts of the plant that are above the ‘ground. These are the leaves and the flowers. ‘© It allows water and minerals to move up from to the other parts of the plant, and the movement o nutrients down from the leaves to the roots for storage. + In climbing plants, like beans, the stem provides attachment by growing in a spiral around another plant or an upright support. * Green stems carr carry out photosynthesis to make sugars, but the leaves are more important for carrying out this process, + Some plants, for example sugar cane, also store food in their stems, h prevents it from ved minerals fro™ ins the roots to the portant the roots Yq plant ferent parts of flower leat root y6 83.231 Main parts of @ flowering plant iG 8323.2 Yellow yam containg lots of starch interesting fact some plants, like begonias, have leaves that are not green or not totally green, These leaves do contain chlorophyll but they also contain other pigments that mask the green colour. FIG 8 3233 This begonia does rot have completely green leaves‘the leaves are the most obvious part of a plant. Each leaf has a network of veins that allows water and nutrients to be transported into and out of the leaf cells Leaves are green because they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which is able to trap bnergy from sunlight. This energy is used by the plant to convert carbon dioxide and water to the sugar glucose, and oxygen is also formed. i The leaves have the following important functions: + They make nutrients by the process of photosynth + They are involved in gaseous exchange. The leaf has tiny openings, or pores called stomata, through which carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air and oxygen is released. + They also lose water vapour in a process called transpiration. This water is replaced by absorption through the roots. ‘+ They store some nutrients in the form of starch. Onions, for example, store food in their leaves. » Flowers contain the organs for sexual reproduction of a flowering plant. Activity B 3.23.1 Observing the different parts of a plant You should work in a group for this activity. You need a plant that is in flower. 1. Carefully examine each of the four parts of the plant mentioned above. Make a drawing of the four parts you have examined. fd Eocene 1. Fig B 3.23.5 shows a green plant in ajar, a) Water passes through the plant from the container. List the parts of the plant through which water asses, in order. 'b) What change took place during the 5 days that the plant was left in the container? Suggest a reason for this change. teat sae / branching veins FIG 83234 Veining in a leat vapour J earbon dioxide — root part of plant in the ground that absorbs water and nutrients stem part of plant that joins roots to leaves and flowers leaf part of plant where food is made, gases are exchanged and water is lost flower plant organ of sexual reproduction cotton woo 2 ater. aher 5 days F1GB8 323.5 Agreen plant in ajar™“ we a ey » learning how to: We are I 24 Substances + kent substances anspor plants transported in plants Plants obtain the substances they need to flourish in @ 'mpletely different way to animals. 5 0 Animals eat complex chemicals that are broken down Provide those substances * Plants absorb and use simple chemicals to create those Substances themselves Consequently substances are transported in different WaYs E==I=)) You learned in the previous unit that: this * all organisms carry out respiration to obtain eneray, Process requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide * green plants carry out photosynthesis to make food: Process requires carbon dioxide and produces oxyge" his Process Gas needed Gas produced respiration ‘oxygen carbon dioxide Photosynthesis carbon dioxide ongen TABLE B 3.24.1 Plants have no organ corresponding to the lungs or gills of an animal. They rely on diffusion for transport of gases. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass into and out of the plant through tiny pores. Many of these pores, or stomata, are located on the underside of leaves. This is not an active method of transport so gases take much longer to move through a plant than through an animal. FIG 8 3.24.1 Section through a leafeen neta )) nts cannot ingest solids in the same way that animals or .o al of the chemicals they need must be absorbed in Piixion from the soll a soi water pases water Up the tem elise root 83242 Movement of water from sil into plant rot and stem Koil water containing dissolved minerals is absorbed into ‘ot hair cells by osmosis, The solution passes from cell to ll in the root by the same process until it reaches the stem. inside a plant stem there are two types of vessels called the iylem and the phloem. You will learn more about these essels later in this unit. «The solution of minerals passes up from the roots to the rest of the plant through the xylem. 4+ Solutions of substance pass from one part of a plant to another through the phloem. Plants have no organ corresponding to the heart of an ‘animal. Solutions of substances are not pumped around a plant in the same way as blood circulates in an animal and consequently transport takes much longer. Cea) 41. a) How are gases transported in and out of plants? 'b) Why does the movement of gases in plants take much longer than it does in animals? a) How are nutrients transported from the soil through the roots of a plant? 'b) Through which vessels are substances transported ina plant? Key term diffusion net movement of particles spreading from an area where they are in high concentration ‘to one where they are. low concentration ‘osmosis net movement ‘of water from an area of high concentration to ‘one of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane, Se ate jeamning how to 25 Plant roots 1 sy the fUNtinSof apy ferent tyPes Of plan, i, They The roots are the part of the plant that isin the $0, ‘absorb water containing dissolved minerals fro™ water oven partes ard og 3 iS uy root FIG B 3.25.1 Fibrous roots (lft and tap roots (right) A plant, such as a pepper plant, might have a fibrous root that divides into thinner and thinner roots, or it may \ more like a carrot and have a tap root, which is large swollen root with smaller roots growing from it. Plant roots are ideally suited to absorbing water from - soil. They divide many times so that there is a large sur 2 Plant oot die area available for absorption. weet ‘vie any soil particle Plant roots consist of plant root cells. Each cell has @ root hair that grows out into the gaps between soil particles, increasing the surface area of the roots even more. Water ing minerals is absorbed through the root hairs. water root ha root hair cll sol particle FIG 83.253 Plant root cells,[ 26 Xylem and ' phloem di You have already seen how water containing r r minerals is absorbed by the roots and passe “other Ww parts of the plant. However, there is als @ flor substances in the plant. inthe food The leaves use energy from sunlight to make TS. she form of glucose, The glucose is then distribute es cells other parts of the plant either to provide the with energy, or to be stored as starch ort The plant therefore needs two vessels to trans dissolved substances: * The xylem transports water and water $0 from the soil to different parts of the pla™ * The phloem transports glucose, proteins and organic chemicals within the plant r In the root of a plant the xylem and phloem together form a vascular cylinder. Inside the vascular cylinder the xylem forms the centre which is surrounded by the phloem. conbium ima primary oem | phoer ‘vascular bundle FG 8 2.263 Vascular bundle ina plant stem Across section of a plant stem shows that the vascular glinder forms a series of vascular bundles. These are arranged symmetrically around the stem but the pattern is different in different plants. Each vascular bundle consists of xylem cells towards the centre of the stem and phloem cells towards the outside. These cells are separated by vascular cambium cells. ‘The flow through the xylem vessels is upwards from ‘the roots towards other parts of the plant. The flow issolved juble minerals other ning how to: ye leat mn and the phiog sity the * Dem iden D 1683.26. Vascular der inthe pl, ep roothalt Phen iG 8 3.26.2 Section through vascular finder in the plant root syle phloem ——a xjlem ‘phloem vascular cambium F168 3.264 Direction of flow in avascular bundough the phloem may be in either direction as substances re carried between the different parts of the plant. enon rrangements of vascular bundles re is what you need: 1+ poster-sized sheet of paper 1+ different coloured card x 2 je scissors: J+ glue jee is what you should do: 41, Cut 20 discs of two different colours and sizes from coloured card. 10 will represent the xylem and 10 the phloem. 2. Arrange the discs to show how the xylem and phloem are arranged in the root of a plant and in the stem of a plant. 3. When you are satisfied with your arrangement, glue your discs in place so your poster can form part of a classroom display. eet use) 41. Fig B 3.26.5 shows a section across a plant stem. 8 Aa c FIGB 3.265 Asection across a plant stem a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C. 'b) What is carried in: aA ii) B? ©) In which direction is the flow through: dA i) 8? Key terms xylem vessels carrying solution of minerals from the soil to different parts of the plant phloem vessels carrying solution of nutrients and other chemicals around the plant vascular bundle structure containing xylem and phloem vessels vascular cambium cells between the xylem and phloem in a vascular bundleN MR Jearning how to we ye the movernent of sup 27 Movement + dt Comoe the Of substances plant through the xylem and phloem Mo jong thin Both the xylem and the phloem appear to be tong tre tubes, like narrow drinking straws, but their stl very different. ==) - Phloem tissue consists of two main types of cells; a f elements and companion cells, together with other tyPes 9 cells that make up the structure. Sieve elements are long narrow cells that join together to form a sieve tube. At the ends of each sieve element there is a sieve plate. Sieve plates are porous and therefore allow substances to flow between cells along the sieve tube. Sieve elements have no nuclei but they do have thick rigid i cell walls made of cellulose. These are needed to withstand 51g 53.27.1 Sieve elements ang the hydrostatic pressures that bring about the flow through companion cels inthe phioem the phloem. Sieve elements would not be able to function without companion cells. The companion cells make the movement of materials through the gre.way only sieve plates possible. ‘Substances can move in both directions water and: through the sieve tubes. Movement is the minerals result of hydrostatic pressure from the xylem. ‘ro end walls Goreme tei ))) between cel The xylem consists of stacks of dead cells, which are joined together to form tubules. clement companion cet thick walls stifened with lignin sylem vessel FIG 83.272 A stack of dead cells makes up a xylem ves!the xylem doesn't contain living cells "ot possible for the solution of mineral pass up the plant by osmosis HS oe the solution of minerals rises up ean the xylem by capillarity. This occurs onliquids are in tubes that have very vit diameters. f fn he narrower the tube {he greater te efet of copay ctivity B 3.27.1 xamining the tubes that carry water up a stem oo Cut flower stems can . oe absorb solutions that oe ill alter the natural stick ore colour of the flowers. sharp knife Jere is what you should do: 1, Cut off the bottom part of a fresh celery stalk and stand it in the red ink solution at the start of a lesson. 2, Near the end of the lesson take the stalk out of the ink solution and cut across the middle with a sharp knife. 3. Examine the cut part of the celery. Look for the cut xylem tubes which will look like red dots where the ik has been drawn up through the stem, A riGaa274 Interesting fact Florists use this trick ‘to make unusual floral 1. Decide whether each of the following statements displays. describes the xylem, the phloem, or both the xylem and the phloem. a are terms ) Carries substances dissolved in solution, sieve tube a tube composed of sieve ©) Substances can only travel by capillarity, elements in the phloem 4) Contains sieve elements. capillarity movement ) Consists of stacks of dead cells, Sees 2 aagen 'b) Substances travel in two directions,CER add ule! he The absorption of water and minerals not : soil is only one part of a bigger process calle transpiration, Transpiration isthe movement of water throug? plant. Water is absorbed by the roots and Passes through the plant, itis eventually lost PY evaporation, mainly through the leaves: This sometimes called a transpiration stream. Be sec FIG 8 3.282 Transpiration causes condensation inside a polythene bag If the stem and leaves of a plant are sealed in a polythene bag and left for 24 hours, condensation forms inside the bag. The water is not coming from the soil, but from the leaves of the plant. Asa result of transpiration, water is continually being lost from the surface of the leaves and more water is drawn up through the xylem to replace it. In turn, soil water containing minerals is absorbed by the plant roots to replenish the water in the xylem. This is called transpiration pull. fe learning how eee in the importance of | 28 Transpiration * ser ninerals through ine fig n3.281 Tanspiat aa to 1 to the moveme Mt ot ar evap ‘water travels through jon through a plant Interesting fact Although carnivorous plants, like the Venus flytrap, absorb water through their roots just like other plants, they do not rely on soil water for minerals. FIG B3.283 AVenus fiyrap Carnivorous plants obtain nutrients by trapping and digesting insectstigating water loss from both surfaces of a | re is what you need: blue cobalt chloride paper plant with green leaves br blue cobalt chloride paper plastic paper clip scissors is what you should do: / Cut out two pieces of blue cobzlt chloride paper “coe roughly the same size as a leaf. (They do not have to be exactly the same size as the leat) me experiment 2. using a paper clip, attach the cobalt chloride paper to each side of a leaf that is attached to a plant, as shown in Fig B 3.28.4, '3, Make sure the plant is well watered and leave it for several hours. , observe the colour of the'cobalt chloride paper covering the upper surface and the lower surface of the leaf. Blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink in the presence of water, Bey sere addition to allowing the uptake of minerals transpiration i ranspiration movement as some more important benefits for a plant. of water through a plant Transpiration allows the plant to get rid of excess water. ayaporate when a liquid Transpiration creates hydrostatic pressure, which allows changes to a vapour substances in water to be transported around the plant. _below its boiling point When water evaporates from the surface of a leaf it removes heat energy. A plant can increase the rate at which water is lost from the leaves in order to cool its leaves and prevent them being damaged by heat from ‘the Sun, pret een a) 1, Inan experiment carried out to demonstrate ‘transpiration, a polythene bag was placed over the leaves and stem of a plant. The open end of the bag was sealed around the stem, as shown in Fig B 3.28.5. a) Predict how the plant and bag will appear after 24 hours. 'b) Explain your prediction. 1683285 Transcration experiment