Orbitals are for mathematicians - Organic chemistry is for people who likes to cook!

- Alexander Shulgin

MDMA / MDA
Comprehensive Safrole FAQ
Safrole from Plants
Safrole - Synthesis & Reactions (Beilstein Crossfire search)
Distillation of Safrole
Determination of Essential Oil Safrole Content
Safrole Isomerization (Review)
Notes on the synthesis of Chloro/Bromo/Iodosafrole
Phenyl-2-halopropanes (Beilstein Crossfire search)
Alkyl halides to carbonyls using 2-Nitropropane (for example bromosafrole to MDP2P)
Alkyl halides to carbonyls using NaIO4/DMF
Notes on the Delepine reaction
MDMA via direct aminomercuration of safrole
Propenylbenzenes from propiophenones
Aryl ketones (Propiophenones) to Aryl alkenes (Propenylbenzenes)
The Complete Book Of Ecstacy
Manufacture of MDA Analogs by Dal Cason (Really comprehensive)
Safrole purification with Mercury(II)acetate
MDA from MDP2Pol; the Mitsunobu reaction
Purification of MDP2P with Sodium Bisulfite
Purification of MDP2P via its NaI complex
Complete MDMA Synthesis by Bright Star
Complete MDMA Synthesis by Dr Drool
MDA from Bromosafrole using PTC and an azide
MDMA via Tosyl Chloride Intermediate?
Photoamination - One step from isosafrole to MDMA
Pseudonitrosite FAQ
MDP2P by 2-Nitropropene Alkylation of 1,3-Benzodioxole
Impurities in Commercially Available MDP2P
A Study of the Precursors, Intermediates and Reaction Byproducts in the Synthesis of MDMA

Epoxide related

Peracid (Performic/Peracetic) oxidation of isosafrole to MDP2P (Review)

Oxidation of propenylbenzenes to P2P's using Peracetic Acid
Meinwald Rearrangement of Propenylbenzene Epoxides to Phenyl-2-Propanones
Electrolytic oxidation of safrole to MDP2P
Procedure for the oxidation of isosafrole to MDP2P using Oxone
Epoxidation of propenylbenzenes using dimethyldioxirane or oxone
MDP2P from (iso)safrole via epoxide intermediate
Epoxidation of Safrole, using H2O2 and a peroxotungstate catalyst
Epoxidation using a Manganese Catalyst (PDF)
MDP2P from isosafrole via the dibromide, bromohydrin and epoxide
Isomerisation of Epoxides to Carbonyl Compounds by Iodides in DMSO
Electrochemical Rearrangement of Isosafrole Epoxide to MDP2P
Photochemical Conversion of Halohydrins to Ketones
Epoxidation of Olefins without Metal Catalysts
Oxidation of Alkenes to Diols with KMnO4/PTC
Oxidation of Alkenes to Diols with Iodine and KIO3
Synthesis of N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS) and using it to prepare iodohydrin acetates from alkenes

Piperonal/Catechol/Eugenol related

Piperonal from Pepper

Piperonal from isosafrole
Alkenes to Aldehydes with KMnO4
Isosafrole from piperonal
Novel synthesis of Piperonal
MDMA precursors from Eugenol
Demethylation (Vanillin/Eugenol) and Methylenation (Piperonal/Safrole)
A Re-examination of the Methylenation Reaction
Synthesis of 4-allylcatechol (3,4-dihydroxyallylbenzene)
Synthesis of 4-allylcatechol (Mechanism of Claisen Rearrangement in Catechols)
Synthesis of Safrole from catechol
Synthesis of Safrole and o-Safrole
MDP2P from piperonal via 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl-2-nitropropene
Large-scale MDA from piperonal
Preparation of MDP-2-nitropropene from piperonal with MeOH/NaOH
Electrooxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal (PDF)
Electrochemical Oxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal and Isosafrole Glycol
Isomerization of Eugenol to Isoeugenol - Kinetic Studies

Reductive amination
Reductive amination of MDP2P with NaBH4
MDA by reductive amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride
Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P using nitromethane as methylamine source [Pictures]
Preparation of Aluminum Amalgam
Osmium's variation of the Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P
MDP2P/Methylamine reductive amination Osmium/BrightStar Style
Impurities detected in MDMA made by Al/Hg Reductive Amination
Catalytic hydrogenation of MDP2P/Methylamine to MDMA
Reductive amination with NaBH4 and titanium(IV)isopropoxide
Reductive amination with NaBH4, titanium(IV)isopropoxide and methanolic methylamine
Reductive Amination of Ketones to Primary Amines using NH4Cl/NaBH4
Reduction of Oximes and Phenylacetonitriles with ZrCl4/NaBH4
MDA from MDP2P via the oxime, reduced by sodium metal
MDA by Al/Hg reduction of MDP2P oxime in acidic EtOH
MDMA and MDA via the Leuckart reaction
MDE synthesis via reductive amination with nitroethane
MDE synthesis via reductive amination with ethylamine
Sodium Dithionite for the Reduction of Imines and Cleavage of Oximes
Electrochemical Reductive Amination Method
Electrochemical Reductive Amination of P2P's over a Mercury Cathode (PDF)
Reductive Amination with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride (PDF)
Reductive amination using metallic magnesium
Reductive amination of ketones using Pd/C and formic acid (PDF)
Synthesis of Secondary Amines - A Review
Aqueous NaBH4 Reductive Amination of Phenylacetones
Hydrogenation of imines (DejaVu Format)
Reductive Amination Using Potassium Formate and Palladium Acetate (PDF)
Reductive Amination using Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER)
Methylation of Amines with NaBH4 and ZnCl2 in DCM

Wacker Oxidation Methods

Benzoquinone/DMF Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
Benzoquinone/Methanol Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Methyl Man)
Improvements to the Benzoquinone Wacker
DMF/O2 Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
KRV/SRV Methanol/O2 Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
Discussions about the Alkyl Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Improvement)
Regioselectivity in the Wacker oxidation of Propenylbenzenes (PDF)
Cyclodextrin - Palladium Chloride as a Ketone-selective Wacker Oxidation System

(Meth)amphetamines
Crystal Creations (Archived Website Snapshot)
Worlock's Meth Synthesis Page (Archived Website Snapshot)
Resolution of Racemic Amphetamines into d- and l-Amphetamines
Methamphetamine and P2P from phenylacetaldehyde
Notes on the synthesis of chloroephedrine and reduction to methamphetamine
Chloroephedrine Reduction to Methamphetamine
Synthesis of phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
CTH reduction of Phenyl-2-Nitropropene to Amphetamine
Uncle Fester's Electroreduction of (pseudo)Ephedrine
Phosphoramidomercuration of allylbenzene to give amphetamine
Syntheses of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
A review of amphetamine and methamphetamine reduction methods
The Clandestine Drug Laboratory Situation in the United States 1978-81
Reductive amination overview with references
Reductive alkylation overview with references
Methamphetamine from P2P with NaBH4
Al/Hg reductive amination under pressure
Large scale meth production via catalytic hydrogenation
Preparation of amphetamine phosphate (electrolytic reduction of phenylnitropropene)
One Pot Amphetamine synth from BzCN, MeI and NaBH4
Amphetamine from P2NP using Urushibara Nickel (NiCl2/Al)
Meth from Benzylmagnesium chloride alkylation of acetaldehyde methylimine
Methamphetamine from Phenyl-2-Propanone
Methamphetamines from Amphetamines
Synthesis of Allylbenzene from Cinnamaldehyde
Synthesis of Benzyl Chloride
Synthesis of Benzyl Cyanide
Synthesis of Phenylacetic acid
Allylbenzene - PhMgBr/CuI/Allylbromide
PTC Willgerodt synthesis of Phenylacetic acids from Acetophenones
Synthesis of Phenyl-2-nitropropene
Comprehensive Leuckart Reaction Overview from Organic Reactions (PDF)
Synthesis of Allylbenzene and Phenyl-2-bromopropane
Direct Amination of Phenylpropenes to Amphetamines (German PDF)
Preparation of Amphetamines from Phenylpropanolamines
Optically pure Amphetamines by the way of alpha-Methylhydrocinnamic Acid
Amphetamine Synthesis via an Acetoacetate Intermediate
Reduction of benzylic alcohols to hydrocarbons with iodotrimethylsilane
Dehydration of Phenyl-1-propanol to Propenylbenzene
Synthesis of (S)-(+)-Amphetamine from (1S,2S)-2-Amino-1-Phenyl-1,3-Propanediol
Amphetamine by Al/Hg reductive amination of P2P
Efficient Isomerization of Allylbenzene with NaOH/PTC
Synthesis of Deuterio-l-Amphetamine d1 Sulfate
Synthesis of Deuterated Methamphetamine, DOB, PCP and Methaqualone

Birch reduction

The Complete Birch by Mr Clean

Birch reduction of pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine
The Birch Reaction: Methamphetamine from (pseudo)ephedrine
Chem Guy's notes on Birch-like reductions
Birch Reduction kinetics (PDF)
Anhydrous ammonia additivies inhibiting Birch reductions (PDF)
Patent for Birch reduction inhibiting ammonia additives (PDF)
How to reclaim Lithium metal from Lithium batteries (with pictures)

P2P related

Phenyl-2-Propanone (P2P) Syntheses - a Review

Synthesis of Phenyl-2-Propanone via Phenyl-2-Propanol
Phenyl-2-Propanone from Allylbenzene via P2Pol
Phenyl-2-Propanol from Styrene Oxide
Synthesis of P2P from 3-phenyl-1-chloropropane
The Nef Reaction - Phenyl-2-nitropropane to P2P
Improved H2O2/K2CO3 Nef Reaction
Synthesis of p-Methoxy-P2P
P2P from propenylbenzenes
Azlactone Route to Phenyl-2-Propanones from Benzaldehydes
Tin(II)Chloride reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
CdCl2-Mg-H2O reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
Raney Ni-Na2PO2 reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
Strecker degradation of α-Methyl-Phenylalanine to P2P
P2P by Hydroboration-Oxidation of Phenylpropyne
Phenylacetones from O-Methyl Bromoacetone Oxime
Phenylacetone by Wacker Oxidation of Propenylbenzene
Differentiation of P2P Synthesized from Phenylacetic Acid with Acetic Anhydride vs. Lead(II)Acetate
P2P trough Meerwein Arylation of Aniline
Reaction of Aryllithiums with Epichlorohydrin
Electroreductive Acylation of Benzyl Chloride to P2P
Electroreductive Arylation of Chloroacetone to P2P
P2P from n-Propylbenzene using the Étard Reaction

Ephedrine related
Ephedrine: Synthesis, extraction and esterification
Synthesis and resolution of racemic Ephedrine
Enantioselective Synthesis of (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine
Racemization of Optically Active Ephedrines
Comprehensive reference work on the extraction and synthesis of (pseudo)ephedrine
Comparison of the Properties of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine
Ephedrine and its Salts - Isolation and Properties
Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine and (Pseudo)Ephedrine
[Patent] Synthesis of Ephedrine
Synthesis of the Norephedrine Precursor (1R*,2S*)-1-Phenyl-2-nitropropanol
Catalytic reduction of Ephedrine overview with references
Ephedra (Ma Huang) as a source of (pseudo)ephedrine
Chapter 5: Supercritical extraction of Pseudoephedrine from pills (PDF)
Biotransformations for Ephedrine Production (PDF)
l-Phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) from Benzaldehyde (PDF)
Phenylpropanolamine by reductive amination of L-PAC, made by fermentation of Benzaldehyde
Debunking the Myth of Ephedrine/Methamphetamine in Chicken Feed
dl-Ephedrine by reductive amination of 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione
Ephedrine-type Alkaloid content of commercial Ephedra/Ma Huang preparations (PDF)
Separation of methamphetamine from ephedrine through steam distillation
Comprehensive article on (pseudo)ephedrine acetyl ester and amide (PDF)
Pseudoephedrine pill denaturant patents US6136864 (PDF)
Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Waterless A/B
Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Full Turps Cure
Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: E-Gull & IDEA Method
Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to Bee
Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to E
Extraction of OTC Medications: A Preliminary Study Report by G.N. Gietzen (PDF)

HI/P reduction of ephedrine

Methamphetamine Synthesis Via HI/Red Phosphorous Reduction of Ephedrine
Meth via HI/P by Wizard X
Hypophosphorous Acid synthesis and reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine
Hypophosphorous Acid reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine (with pictures)
Placebo's meth synthesis
Workup of the RP/HI Methamphetamine Synthesis
The Mechanism of HI generation from RedP/I2

Phenylalanine Related
Reduction of D-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine
Reduction of D-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine and d-Methamphetamine
Phenylalanine to Amphetamine-d3
Possible electrochemical conversion of L-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine
Reduction of Tyrosine to Optically Active para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA)

Methamphetamine Impurities

Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P

Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized via chloroephedrine
Impurities Found in Illicit Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
References regarding impurities from the synthesis of methamphetamine
Impurities in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P
Impurities in methamphetamine tablets found in Thailand (PDF)
Reidentification of a Major Impurity in Illicit Amphetamine
By-Product Contamination of Clandestinely Prepared Amphetamines and Cocaine
The Origin of Alkenes in Illicit Amphetamine: Examination of the Illicit Synthesis of P2P
[Bull. Narc.] Impurities in clandestinely produced amphetamine; A review
[Bull. Narc.] Leuckart-specific impurities in amphetamine and methamphetamine
[Bull. Narc.] Methamphetamine Impurity Profiling

(Meth)cathinone
Methcathinone FAQ 2.2
Criticism on the Cat FAQ
Notes on the Synthesis of Methcathinone
The Hyperreal Methcathinone Document
Methcatinone via Jones Reagent Oxidation
Synthesis and resolution of Cathinone from Phenylpropanolamine
Comprehensive Methcatinone FAQ (In German)
Synthesis of Dimethylcathinone
Potentially Psychedelic Cathinone Analogs
Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
Stereospecific synthesis, and optical resolution of Norpseudoephedrine
(Methylenedioxy)Cathinone Characterization (PDF)
Methcathinone Radiolabeling
Ephedrone: 2-Methylamino-1-Phenylpropan-1-One (Jeff)
The Identification of Cathinone in Khat (Catha edulis)
TLC Identification Test for Khat (Catha edulis)
Synthesis of Ephedrine & Methcathinone from Propionic Acid

Misc. Phenethylamines
PiHKAL - THE phenethylamine synthesis reference, by Alexander Shulgin
A structural tour of Pihkal
A comprehensive review of Pihkal, by Tyrone Slothrop
Psychedelic Chemistry by M. V. Smith
Novel Fluoro and Nitro analogs of TMA-2 and MMDA-2
A new route to 2,4,6-DOM and related compounds
A new route to 3,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted-phenethylamines
Ethylenediammonium diacetate - a novel nitrostyrene synthesis catalyst
Decarboxylation of phenylalanines to phenethylamines
Synthesis of 2C-D
Synthesis of STP (DOM)
2,5-Dihydroxyalkylbenzenes from Benzoquinone
Synthesis of DOC
DOB Syntheses Without LAH
Phenyl-2-nitropropenes from Propenylbenzenes
Nitroalkenes from Alkenes using NaNO2/I2/Ethylene Glycol
Nitroalkenes from Alkenes using KNO2/I2/THF/PTC
Electrochemical transformation of alkenes to nitroalkenes
Rhodanine route from benzaldehydes to phenylacetonitriles
Synthesis of Indanylamphetamine (IAP)
Formylation of Indane
Synthesis of 5-Methyl-MDA
Synthesis of 3-Methoxy-4-Methyl-Amphetamine (MMA)
Synthesis of 4-Fluoroamphetamine
Phenylnitropropenes and phenylacetones from benzaldehydes (Org. Syn.)
Benzaldehydes from propenylbenzenes or cinnamic acids using KMnO4/alumina
Synthesis of 2,5-dimethoxyallylbenzene
Preparation of unsymmetrical 2,5-dialkoxybenzaldehydes
Preparation of Phenethylamines from Benzyl Alcohols
Preparation of Anethole and Asarone epoxide with H2O2/MeCN
Synthesis of 4-Alkylthio-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehydes
Alkylthio-benzaldehydes from Bromo-Benzaldehydes
Synthesis of Phenethylamines from Phenylacetic Acids
Synthesis of 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamines
Ultrasound Promoted Nitrostyrene Synthesis
2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone via Darzen Condensation
4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone
Synthesis of 3-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Synthesis of 2C-CN
Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenol
Synthesis of 3-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Synthesis of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-methoxybromobenzene
Synthesis of Fenfluramine, with an immense amount of novel amphetamine synthesis reactions
Sodium Percarbonate Dakin Reaction: Benzaldehydes and acetophenones to phenols
Benzaldehydes to phenols using H2O2
Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2,6-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Oxidation of benzylalcohols to benzaldehydes with acidic DMSO
Benzaldehydes by reductive oxidation of benzoic acids
3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Hydroxypropenylbenzene
Synthesis of all the Trimethoxyphenylpropenes
Synthesis of Croweacin and some of its derivatives
KG-60-NEt2 as Henry reaction catalyst
Synthesis of 3-Methyl- and 4-Methyl-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenol
2,5-Dimethoxyacetophenone from Hydroquinone
Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Fluoroethylamphetamine (DOEF)
The Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by the Henry Reaction
Synthesis of 4-Fluoro-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOF)
High-yielding synthesis of Amphetamines using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Olefination
Alkyl Bromides to Secondary Amines using an aza-Wittig Reaction
Oxidation of Allylbenzenes to Phenylacetaldehydes and Phenylacetaldoximes
Synthesis of 2C-T-X Nitrostyrenes
2-Methoxy-3,4-Methylenedioxybenzaldehyde (Croweacinaldehyde) from Pyrogallol
Synthesis of Croweacinaldehyde by Vilsmeyer Formylation
Shulgin's first report on TMA
First Synthesis of DOB
Synthesis of 4-Methyl-3-Methoxy-Amphetamine (MMA)
Alkylation of phenolic aldehydes with trimethyl phosphate
Thiolation of 4-Methoxyphenol to 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxythiophenol
Shulgin & Nichols: First report on Aleph and 2C-T
First Reported Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA)

MMDA related

Shulgin's first report on MMDA

Shulgin: MMDA Psychopharmacology
Conversion of Eugenol to Myristicin and Elimicin
Composition of the Myristicin Fraction from Oil of Nutmeg
Synthesis of Myristicin
Myristicinaldehyde (3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Methoxybenzadehyde)
Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and Apiolealdehyde
Homomyristicinic Acid, Myristicinaldehyde etc. from Myristicin
Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and 5-Hydroxypiperonal
5-Hydroxyvanillin and 5-Hydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin

DMMDA-2 related

Synthesis of DMMDA-2, 6-Br-DMMDA-2 and DMMDMA-2

DMMDA-2 from dillapiole via the Delepine reaction
Isodillapiole Pseudonitrosite and Nitropropene
2,3-Dimethoxy-4,5-Methylenedioxy-Phenylacetone from Isodillapiole
4,5-Dimethoxy-2,3-Methylenedioxyallylbenzene (pseudo-Dillapiole)
Syntheses of Dillapiole and its 4-Methylthio analog
Synthesis of Dillapiole and 1,2,3,4-Tetramethoxyallylbenzene
Shulgin's first report on DMMDA and DMMDA-2

TMA-2 related
2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene from asarone via the benzaldehyde
TMA-2 from Calamus oil, using Wacker Oxidation and Leuckart amination
TMA-2 from Calamus root bark - by Randolph Carter
Reduction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene to TMA-2
Synthesis of 2-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, a TMA-2 precursor
CTH Reduction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene to the ketoxime
Reactions of Asarone
GC Behavior of Asarone, Isosafrole, Isoeugenol and Methyl Isoeugenol cis/trans isomers
Asarone Epoxidation Using Sodium Hypochlorite
Why Asarone Cannot be Used in the Performic Oxidation
New synthetic route for analogs of alpha-asarone
Conversion of beta-Asarone into 2,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamaldehyde and gamma-Asarone

Mescaline related
Mescaline from 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde via the Phenylacetonitrile
Mescaline synthesis monograph from The Alkaloids Vol III
Synthesis of Mescaline from eucalyptus sawdust
Synthesis and Pharmacology of 2,6-Dichloromescaline
MMDA & Mescaline synthesis from vanillin
Electrosynthesis of mescaline
Mescaline through catalytic hydrogenation
Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin
5-Iodovanillin and 5-hydroxyvanillin from Vanillin
Synthesis of Syringaldehyde
Syringaldehyde from Spruce and Maple Woods
Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from p-Cresol
Extraction of Mescaline from Cacti
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde or p-Cresol
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Gallic Acid (3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic Acid)
An Improved Synthesis of Mescaline from Gallic Acid
Syringaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin by Ester-catalyzed Methanolysis
Synthesis of Mescaline from 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol using the Mannich Reaction
Syntheses of Mescaline from Gallic acid
Shulgin: Mescaline - The Chemistry and Pharmacology of its Analogs
Illustrated Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-beta-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane

2C-B related

2C-B Synthesis from 2,5-DMB

Beaker's 2C-B synthesis using borohydride/CTH
Improved NaBH4 reduction of nitrostyrenes to phenylnitroalkanes
High-yield synthesis of 2C-H using LAH
2C-B Synthesis via Mannich reaction
2C-H via Darzen condensation
Discussions of possible new 2C-B syntheses
Reports on different successful 2C-B syntheses
Synthesis of 2C-H via a mandelonitrile intermediate
A novel route to 2C-B (and 2C-D/2C-E)
Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to give 2C-H
Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to 2C-H
Improved bromination of 2C-H to 2C-B
Bromination of 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Selective Bromination and Iodination of 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Large-scale 2C-H bromination with pictures
Synthesis of 2C-B from Anise Oil (PDF)
Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetic Acid, the corresponding aldehyde, alcohol and ethyl ester

Aromatic Iodination/Chlorination #

Iodination of methoxybenzenes with I2/NaNO3

Iodination of substituted benzenes with N-iodosuccinimide/TFA (PDF)
Iodination of Methoxyamphetamines (I2/AgSO4)
Iodination of Methoxybenzenes with NIS
Aromatic Iodination
Halogenation of methoxybenzenes with N-halosuccinimides
2C-C and DOC with N-chlorosuccinimide and perchloric acid
Synthesis of 4-Chloro-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-C)
Regioselective Halogenation of Aromatics Using Potassium Halides and Oxone
Regioselective Oxyiodination of Aromatics Using KI/Oxone
Regioselective Bromination of Aromatics Using KBr/Oxone
Regioselective Chlorination of Aromatics Using KCl/Oxone
Aromatic Iodination with Lead Tetraacetate as the Oxidant
Aromatic Chlorination with Sodium Hypochlorite
Synthesis of 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Iodination of Methoxybenzenes using Alkali Iodides and H2SO4
Iodination of Methoxybenzenes using a Mixture of Potassium Iodide and Iodate
Shulgin: Synthesis of Radio-Iodinated N,N-Dimethyl-meta-Dimethoxyamphetamines
Shulgin: Synthesis of 121I and 125I Radioiodinated 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI)
Shulgin: Synthesis of 123I Radioiodinated 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI)
Synthesis of 77Br Radiobrominated 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (DOB)

Reductions
Reduction of Nitroalkenes with Zinc and Aluminum Amalgams
3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Alkoxy-Phenethylamines by Zn/HCl Reduction of Nitrostyrenes
Phenethylamines fron nitrostyrenes via 1 atm catalytic hydrogenation
Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles and Nitrostyrenes to PEA's with LiBH4/ NaBH4and TMSCl
Notes on the LAH reduction of nitrostyrenes
Reduction of Nitrostyrenes with Red-Al (Vitride)
Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines using Red-Al
Miscellaneous reductions of oximes to amines
High-Yield Oxime Preparation using CaO/Hydroxylamine·HCl
Nitrostyrene reduction using diisobutylaluminium hydride
Zinc Borohydride Reducing Agent (PDF)
Sodium Cyanoborohydride - Synthesis, Purification and Use (PDF)
Sodium Cyanoborohydride Reduction - Review (DjVu)
Borch Reduction - Cyanotrihydridoborate as a selective reducing agent (PDF)
Sodium Borohydride/Carboxylic Acids - Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride (PDF)
Sodium Borohydride in Carboxylic Acid Media - Review (DjVu)
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrostyrenes at 1 atm H2
Aqueous CTH with PdCl2/HCOOH/NaOH of cinnamic acids to hydrocinnamates
Synthesis and Reduction of Azides
Reductive Acetylation: Azides to N-acetylamines with AlI3/Ac2O
Reduction of Azides to Amines with Zinc/NH4Cl
Reduction of Nitriles to Primary Amines with Nickel Boride
Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes
Oximes from Conjugated Nitroalkenes using Pd/C-Ammonium Formate CTH
Oximes from Conjugated Nitroalkenes using Lead Powder
Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Ammonium Formate
Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Hydrazinium Formate
Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Magnesium/Hydrazinium Formate
Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with 2-phenylbenzimidazoline
Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with Triethylamine-Formic Acid
Poisoning and Deactivation of Palladium Catalysts (PDF)
Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Methanolic Sodium Borohydride
Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER)
Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles to Phenethylamines
Electroreduction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (DejaVu Format)
Reduction of Phenolic Nitrostyrenes with LAH
Electroreduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes and Amines
Reductions with Sodium Borohydride/Sulfur - NaBH2S3 (PDF)
Reductions with Alkyloxyaluminohydrides, Red-Al etc. (PDF)
Selective Reduction of Aldehydes with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride
CTH Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes using Pd/C-Decaborane
Ultrasound-Promoted Aluminum Amalgam reduction of Nitroalcohols to Aminoalcohols
Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Hydroxylamines using Boranes
One-Pot Preparation of N-Substituted Hydroxylamines from Nitroalkenes using Boranes
Reduction of Nitroalkanes to Amines or Hydroxylamines using SmI2
Reduction of Oximes to Amines with a Zn-Cu Couple
Selective Reduction of Nitro Compounds Using Formic Acid and Raney Nickel
High-yielding reduction of nitrostyrenes to amines using Al/Hg
Reduction of oximes to amines using Magnesium/Ammonium Formate
Catalytic Reduction of Nitriles and Oximes
Reduction of Amides and nitriles to amines using Tetrabutylammonium Borohydride
CTH reduction of aldehydes and ketones to carbonyl compounds
Pd/C- Hypophosphite CTH Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes
Varma & Kabalka: Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes with Boron Reagents (Review)
Varma & Kabalka: Synthesis and Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes (Review)
Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Amines with Titanium(II) Reagents
Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Amines with in situ prepared BH3·THF
Reduction of Nitroalkenes and Nitroalkanes to Amines Using NaBH4/NiCl2 and Ultrasound
Zinc/Ammonium Formate: Reduction of Oximes to Amines
Benzyl Group Hydrogenolysis Using Zinc and Ammonium Formate
Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes using Chromium(II)Chloride
Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Ketones using Chromium(II)Chloride
Review: Catalytic Hydrogen Transfer Reductions Using Ammonium Formate
CTH Reduction of Nitroalkanes to Amines

Tryptamines
TiHKAL - THE tryptamine synthesis reference, by Alexander Shulgin
Tryptamine Synthesis from Tryptophan
Synthesis of Tryptamine and 5-MeO-Tryptamine
Synthesis of 5-Methoxytryptamine (Mexamine)
alpha-Methyltryptamine (IT-290, AMT) Synthesis
Indole-3-acetaldehyde from Tryptophan
Synthesis of 5-Bromo-Indole
Synthesis of Indoleacetic acid
Synthesis of 5-Cyano-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-CN-DMT)
Synthesis of 7-bromotryptamine HCl
Indole-3-acetonitrile by Cyanomethylation of Indole
Preparation of alpha-Substituted Tryptamines from Isatins
The Speeter-Anthony Tryptamine Synthesis

Psilocybin related

Extraction, TLC Analysis and Purification of Psilocybian Alkaloids

Synthesis of Psilocin
Synthesis of Psilocybin and 4-Acetoxy-DMT (O-Acetyl-psilocin)
Psilocin Analogs, bromine or formyl substituted at either the 5- or 7-position (PDF)
Psilocin synthesis through Pd-catalyzed alkyne cyclization (PDF)
Large-scale synthesis of Psilocin and Psilocybin (PDF)
Extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass
Psilocin Extraction from Psilocybe Mushrooms

DMT

DMT and DET synthesis

Synthesis of DMT (and analogs) from Tryptamine
Synthesis of DMT from Indoleacetic acid
Synthesis of DMT via Tryptophol
DMT synthesis via direct Fischer Indole Synthesis
DMT from 2-nitrostyrenes
DMT and 5-MeO-DMT from Me2NH/Cl-CH2CHO/Indole
DMT tartrate prep, starting from Acacia maidenii bark
5-Methoxy-N-Methyltryptamine (O,N-Dimethylserotonin), synthesis, isolation and analysis
5-MeO-DMT Analysis: Quantitative & Qualitative TLC (PDF)
Synthesis of DMT by Alkylating Indole Grignard Reagents
Synthesis of Deuterated DMT and 5-MeO-DMT

LSD

LSD from Ergotamine Tartrate

Novel synthetic route to LSD from elymoclavine
LSD Synthesis: Discussion & References
LSD Material Safety Data Sheet
How to field test blotters for presence of LSD
Possible two-step synth of LSD from LSA and iso-LSA
LSD Syntheses from 'Recreational Drugs' by Prof. Buzz
LSD Synthesis Patent
LSD Synthesis using Peptide Coupling Reagents
LSD Trafficking overview by the DEA
LSD Manufacture overview by the DEA
Field Identification Manual for Claviceps Ergot Fungus (PDF)
Synthesis of Lysergic Acid from Paspalic Acid
Ergot Alkaloid article by Arthur Stoll (PDF)
LSD Total Synthesis by Cobalt-catalyzed cyclization of 4-Ethynyl-Indole-3-Acetonitrile (PDF)
Synthetic Studies on (+)-Lysergic Acid (PDF)
Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis, Tet. Rep. #14 (PDF)
Fermentation Experiments with Claviceps Paspali
Lysergic acid from ergocristine
Hydrolysis of Ergotinine to Lysergic Acid
R. B. Woodward's Total Synthesis of Lysergic Acid
Novel Total Synthesis of Lysergic Acid
Synthesis of 14C-Diethylamine and 14C-LSD

Opiates and Opioids

Codeine to Morphine Conversion Review
"Homebake" Labs: Codeine to Morphine and Heroin
Extraction and purification of morphine from opium
New patent on the extraction and purification of morphine from opium
Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture
Morphine and Opium Alkaloids
Identification tests of morphine
Synthesis of Dimenoxadol
Total synthesis of (-)-Morphine (PDF)
Total synthesis of (+)-Morphine (PDF)
Synthesis of Levorphanol (levo-Dromoran)
Synthesis of Pethidine (Demerol)
One-step synthesis of Prodine
Morphine and structurally related analgesics
Pethidine-type Analgesics Overview
The Stereochemistry of Morphine
Total Synthesis of Morphine
Codeine FAQ
Chromic's Coldwater Codeine Extraction
Synthesis of a Clonitazene/Etonitazene Analog
Conversion of Thebaine to Codeine
Anileridine Synthesis and Pharmacology

Hydrocodone/Hydromorphone
Codeinone from Thebaine
Catalytic rearrangement of Morphine/Codeine to Hydromorphone/Hydrocodone
Quantitative Conversion of Codeine to Hydrocodone
14-Hydroxycodeinone from Codeine (PDF)
14-Hydroxycodeinone from Thebaine (PDF)

Oxycodone/Oxymorphone

Oxycodone and Codeinone from Codeine

Oxycodone and Oxymorphone from Codeine
Oxymorphone from Oxycodone
Oxymorphone from Oxycodone with BBr3

Methadone
Synthesis of Methadone
Dibenzo-18-crown-6 as PTC in Bockmühl's synthesis of Methadone
Methadone Chemistry: A Review

Fentanyl related

Fentanyl Synthesis
Discussions on a Fentanyl analog suggested by Drone #342
Carfentanil synthesis
Total Synthesis of Sufentanil
Synthesis and evaluation of 4-Methyl-Fentanyl (PDF)
Synthesis and evaluation of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl (PDF)
Theoretical study of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl and other Fentanyl analogs
Fentanyl Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects
The Identification of China White
Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects

Heroin related

Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture

Heroin manufacture
The original article on the synthesis of heroin
The making of heroin
Heroin Synthesis Review, focusing on 4-DMAP Catalyzed Acetylation of Morphine (PDF)

Misc Drugs
GHB related

GHB Synthesis FAQ

Preparation of Sodium GHB by Chem-R-Us
Synthesis and evaluation of 4-Methyl-GHB
Synthesis and evaluation of the GHB analogs MAB and DABD
Dehydrogenation of 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD) to gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)
References for the oxidation of THF to GBL
Synthesis of GHB/GBL from GABA (Sandmeyer Reaction)
Sodium bromate oxidation of THF to GBL (PDF)
Solvent-free Permanganate oxidation of THF and 1,4-butanediol to GBL
Hypochlorite oxidation of 1,4-butanediol to GBL
Potential for gamma-Butyrolactone Synthesis from Tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-Butanediol
1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD, BDO) - Forensic Profile
Oxidation of THF to GBL with Calcium Hypochlorite

Dissociatives

Synthesis and Effects of PCP Analogs - A Review

Illicit Synthesis of Phencyclidine (PCP) and Several of Its Analogs
The detection of PCC contamination in PCP and TCP
Synthesis of Eticyclidine and Rolicyclidine
Synthesis of Ketamine
Synthesis of Ketamine with all precursors made from scratch
Synthesis of 4-Methoxy-PCP

Benzodiazepines

Synthesis of Diazepam
Synthesis of Nordiazepam
Synthesis of Nitrazepam
Synthesis of Clonazepam

THC related
Fantastic THC synthesis overview
The Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids (78 p. - 6 MB PDF)

Cocaine Related
Illicit Production of Cocaine - A Review
A Practical Total Synthesis of Cocaine's Enantiomers
Synthesis of Cocaine
Synthesis of Cocaine analogs from Arecoline
[Bull. Narc.] Topics in the chemistry of cocaine
Coca Cultivation & Cocaine Processing
Nitrone Synthetic Route to Cocaine
Cocaine containing plants
SAR and Synthesis of Cocaine Analogs (PDF)
Phenyltropane analogs with >60x the potency of Cocaine itself (DejaVu Format)

Other Stimulants

Synthesis of the stimulants Adrafinil and Modafinil

Synthesis of 1-Benzylpiperazine (BzP, A2)
4-Methyl Aminorex synthesis FAQ (beta)
Large info/synthesis collection on 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh)
Appearance of Aminorex as a Designer Analog of 4-Methylaminorex
The Stereoisomers of 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh)
A Fatality Involving U4Euh
para-Fluoro-4-Methylaminorex
Pemoline Synthesis
Chemistry of 2-Amino-Oxazolines
Diarylpiperidines as potential CNS stimulants
Synthesis of diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methanol and diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methane
Synthesis of BPAP, a Potent and Selective Catecholamine Activity Enhancer (PDF)
Synthesis of optically pure threo-methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Other Drugs

Methaqualone (Quaalude) Synthesis

Synthesis of Meprobamate (Miltown)
Synthesis of Chloral Hydrate
Preparation of trichlorobutanol (Chlorbutol)
Synthesis of phenylpiperazine derivatives
Hormones and Other Anabolic Drugs
BZ and related substances
BZ and Other Incapacitating Agents
Review: Amanita Muscaria (Fly Agaric) - Chemistry, Biology & Ethnomycology (PDF)
Synthesis of Muscimol
Synthesis of several Barbiturates
Barbiturates, their chemistry and synthesis
Notes on Adrenochrome
Improved extraction of Salvinorins from Salvia Divinorum
Salvinorin Extraction and Refinement FAQ v7.6
Possible synthesis of Salvinorin
The Salvia Divinorum Grower's Guide
The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kava-Kava
Synthesis of Thiomuscimol, a potent muscimol analog
Synthesis of Moclobemide
Synthesis of Melperone
Synthesis of Benzocaine
First Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)
Development of the Commercial Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)
One-pot synthesis of Bupropion (Wellbutrin/Zyban)

Precursors and Reagents

Organic

Methylamine Synthesis FAQ

Nitroalkane Synthesis FAQ
Nitroethane Synthesis: A Compilation
Oxalyl chloride
Phenylhydrazines
Alkylation of phenolic aldehydes with trimethyl phosphate
Methylene bromide
Methylene iodide
Cinnamic acid and beta-Bromostyrene
Allylbenzene from cinnamyl alcohol
Diethyl ether
Acetic anhydride, Propionic anhydride and Acetyl chloride
Formic acid
Acetamide
Amides from Carboxylic Acids and Amines
Various formylation procedures
Modified Duff Formylation with HMTA/TFA
Aromatic Formylation using Triformamide
Gattermann Aromatic Formylation
Synthesis of Aromatic Aldehydes (Review)
Anilines to Benzaldehydes (Organic Syntheses)
Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners
Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners (Improved Method)
Info on nutmeg, extraction of nutmeg oil and isolation of myristicin
Bromobenzene
Iodobenzene
Mandelic Acid and Derivatives
para-Benzoquinone
Toluquinone and Toluhydroquinone
Ethyl Acetoacetate
Notes on the use of 1-dimethylamino-2-nitroethylene (DMANE)
Preparation of Acetophenones
Acetophenones and Propiophenones
Easy preparation of Chloroform
Citric acid from lemon juice
N-methylformamide
Dichloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroacetone and Bromoacetone
Methyl Iodide from Methanol
Great reference on natural propenylbenzenes and aldehydes (in German)
Natural amphetamine precursors (with pictures)
2-Phenylpropanal
Allyl Alcohol
Preparation of Diphenylacetic acids (PDF)
Alkyl Bromides from Alcohols
Alkyl Nitrites from Alcohols
Isopropyl Nitrite doc 2.0
Ketene
Acetonedicarboxylic Acid
Diethyl Sulfate
N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS)
Aromatic nitration with KNO3/H2SO4 in DCM (ortho-Selective)
Aromatic nitration with NaHSO4/NaNO3/SiO2 in DCM
Acetaldehyde and Paraldehyde
Tetrabutylammonium Bromide (TBAB)
2-Nitropropene
Ethyl Acetate
Diethyl Azodicarboxylate (DEAD)
Nitrobenzene and Aniline
Chloroacetic acid
Benzylamine and its N-Methyl and N,N-Dimethyl derivatives
Methylisopropylamine
Alkyl Chlorides to Alkyl Bromides using CaBr2/PTC
alpha-Phenylethylamine, Synthesis and Optical Resolution
Synthesis and resolution of alpha-Phenethylamine
3-Hydroxythiophenol (mono-thioresorcinol)
Acids to aldehydes using Saccharin and Red-Al
Silica Gel Supported Jones Reagent for the Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes
One-pot Conversion of Alcohols to Primary Amines
Phenol methylation with Betaine
Oxone Promoted Nef Reaction
Propionic Acid from n-Propanol or MEK
6-Nitro- and 4-Nitro-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Optically active cyanohydrins by use of Almond meal
The preparation and use of Diazomethane
The preparation and use of Methylene Sulfate
The preparation of Ethyl and Methyl Sulfonic Acid Esters from Ortoformates
Bromination Method for Anilines and Anisoles Using NH4Br/H2O2 in Acetic Acid

Inorganic
Iodine Fact File
Iodine crystals from Povidone-Iodine
Iodine from Iodides with Ultrasound
Iodine from Iodine tincture
Phosphorus Fact File
Red Phosphorous from matchbook strikers
Chemical Behaviour of Red Phosphorus in Water
Cyanogen Iodide (ICN)
Potassium dichromate
Palladium & Platinum catalysts preparation FAQ
Urushibara Catalysts - New Hydrogenation Catalysts
Rochelle salt (Potassium Sodium Tartrate)
Sodium Cyanide
Copper Chromite (dehydrogenation catalyst)
Cuprous Chloride
Mercury Salts (HgCl2, Hg2Cl2, HgSO4)
Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH)
Lead Tetraacetate, Pb(OAc)4
Sodium Nitrite
Guanidine Nitrate from Calcium Cyanamide
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
Manganese(III)acetate
H2O2 FAQ from H2O2.com
Cyanogen Bromide (CNBr)
Liquid Anhydrous Ammonia
Aluminum Chloride and Aluminum Bromide
Lithium Borohydride
Dithionite Salts Preparation
Palladium(II)Chloride, PdCl2
Sodium Cyanoborohydride
Thionyl Chloride Purification
Hydrazine Sulfate (OTC Prep)
Tetrakis(Triphenylphosphine)Palladium(0)
Chlorotris(Triphenylphosphine)Rhodium(I) (Wilkinson's Catalyst)
Pyrophosphoryl Chloride
Preparation of the hydrated diacetate salts of Chromium(II) and Copper(II)

Preparation of Gases
Preparation of 57% Hydriodic Acid
Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide and 57% Hydriodic Acid
Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide from 57% aqueous HI and phosphorous pentoxide
Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride
Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride (Ghetto Prep)
Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride [ HCl(aq) + CaCl2 ]
Hydrogen Gas
Chlorine
Nitrous Oxide

Law Related
DEA's Suspicious Chemical Orders Task Force
Special Surveillance List of Chemicals, Products, Materials and Equipment
Code of Federal Regulations - Schedules of Controlled Substances
Watched and Listed chemicals in the US
Buying Chemicals, Glassware and Lab Equipment
Abstracts from the forensic journal J. Cland. Lab. Invest. Chem. Assoc.
Yogi Shan's Clandestine Chemistry FAQ
Clandestine Drug Laboratories
DEA report on future synthetic drugs of abuse
Alexander Shulgin elaborates on future drugs of abuse
Review: Clandestine Drug Synthesis
Methamphetamine Control Act
Methamphetamine Control Act FAQ
Methamphetamine Precursor Chemical Control in the 1990's
Precursors Frequently used in Clandestine Laboratories by INCB (PDF)
Drugs and Chemicals of Concern
Drug Precursor Chemical Control in Canada
Amphetamine-type Stimulants - A Global Overview (PDF)
Chemical Diversion and Synthetic Drug Manufacture (PDF)
Code of Practice for Supply Diversion into Illicit Drug Manufacture (Australia)
The Control and Monitoring of Drugs and Chemicals to Prevent their Diversion for Illicit Use (Australia)

Controlled Substances and Precursors

CSA - Canada
CSA - Canada, with structural diagrams
CSA - United States (Schedules 1999)
CSA - United States (Entire Act)
CSA - United States (Controlled substances and exemptions)
CSA - Germany
Grundstoffüberwachungsgesetz (Germany, PDF)
Regulation on narcotic substances (Iceland)
Sweden - Controlled Substances
Norway - Controlled Substances
Norway - List of herbs and compounds classified as pharmaceuticals
CSA - Estonia
Drug precursors subject to EU authorisations
List I and List II Chemicals (US)
UN Report INCB/1999/4 on illicit drug precursor trafficking
UN Report INCB/1998/4 on illicit drug precursor trafficking

Equipment & Lab Technique

Setup for standard, vacuum and fractional distillation
All-glass rotary evaporator
Aspirator vacuum station with no need for running water
Improvised Overhead Stirrer
Homemade microgram scale
Natural pH Indicators
Digital vacuum gauge
Build your own high-quality still (PDF)
Do it yourself buchner funnel (PDF)
Tips for Safe Parr Hydrogenator Use (PDF)
A Simple and Easy Quick-Connect System for Condenser Hoses
How to set up distillation equipment and much more (in German)
Handling of air- and moisture-sensitive reagents (Aldrich Bulletin)
Ground Glassware - Sizes and standards (PDF)
Efficient Kugelrohr Distillation Cooling (PDF)
Cheaply made Glove Box
Very detailed distillation setup instructions
Construction and Selection of Fume Hood Designs (PDF)
Construction of a Liebig condenser from copper tubing
How to perform a vacuum filtration
How to perform extractions and washes with a separatory funnel
Destruction and neutralization of hazardous lab waste
Magnetic Stirrer Plans
How thick is your Aluminum Foil?
Construction and operation of a catalytic hydrogenation bomb
Recrystallization Technique
Basic Lab Skills - Crystallization, Distillation, Extraction, TLC, melting point
Designing a Chemistry Laboratory (DejaVu Format)
Constructing a good fume hood (DejaVu Format)
Scientific Glassblowing, Part 1 (DejaVu Format)
Scientific Glassblowing, Part 2 (DejaVu Format)
Description of Equipment and Basic Lab Setups
The Glassware Gallery - Drawings and Descriptions of Lab Equipment
Needle Gauge sizes
Simple Glass to Fancy Glass
Construction of an Inline Gas Dryer (moisture protection tube)
Cheap and efficient hydrogenation apparatus
The Visual Organic Chemistry Laboratory - Lab technique explained in detail with pictures
Ultra-micro boiling point determination
Extraction Theory
Beginners Guide to Soxhlet Extraction (PDF)
Comprehensive Vacuum Pump FAQ with sections about Vacuum Gauges and Tubing
Heat sources and heating bath fluids
Titrating of Organometallic Reagents (such as RLi and t-BuOK)
Excellent Illustrated Tutorial on Simple & Vacuum Distillations, vacuum bp calculation etc.
Wine Corks as Stands for Round-Bottomed Flasks
Recrystallization and Acid/Base Extraction - The Basics
Condenser Ice-Cooling Setup
Rotary Evaporators - Theory & Practice
Parr Hydrogenation Apparatus Manual
Hydrogen Chloride Gas Generators Associated with Clandestine Drug Labs
Efficient and Inexpensive Apparatus for Hot Filtration
Inexpensive Microscale Magnetic Stirrer
Pump-less Condenser Cooling Water Circulator
Small Scale Reactor for Ultraviolet Photochemistry
New Glassware for Small-Scale Distillation
Microscale Vacuum Distillation Apparatus for Simple Separations
Design for a Miniature Portable Fume Hood
Construction of a Compact Steam Distillation Apparatus

Chromatography

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) tutorial from Zubrick (DejaVu Format)

Making TLC Plates from Bulk TLC Silica Gels
How to Cut TLC Plastic and Aluminum Sheets correctly?
TLC Tutorial Movie (Quicktime)
How to perform flash chromatography
First journal article describing flash chromatography
Amateur Chromatography and Electrophoresis
Flash Pad Chromatography - Simple Alternative to Columns
Dry Column Vacuum Chromatography
Dry-Column Flash Chromatography
'Dry Flash' Column Chromatography
TLC Mesh Column Chromatography
Dry-Column Chromatography (High-capacity TLC Derivative Method)
Detection (Visualization) of TLC Zones
Manual Microscale Column Chromatography Pressurization Apparatus
Quantitative & Qualitative TLC Analysis: Digital Image Processing With any Digital Camera (PDF)
Column Chromatography Tutorial (Microscale)
Safe and Efficient Flash Chromatography Equipment for the Small Lab

Solvents

Instructions on how to use drying agents

Drying Agent Selection Guide
Drying Agent Data
Some Common Drying Agents
Drying of Solvents and Laboratory Chemicals
Drying solvents with Sodium/Benzophenone
Miscibility of Common Solvents
Solvent Miscibility and Polarity
Solvent recovery of Tetrahydrofuran (PDF)
Distillation and drying of solvents
Purification of laboratory solvents
Azeotrope database
Physical properties of solvents and other liquids
NMR Solvents
Technical Information & Safe Handling Guide for Methanol

Chemical Data

Calculate the boiling point of liquids under vacuum

Convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees
Convert vacuum, pressure, volume and length units
Convert between different pressure units
Chemputer - Calculate reaction yields
HTML Periodic Chart
Types and properties of hydrofluorocarbons/HFCs and freons/CFCs (PDF)
Celsius/Fahrenheit Concersion Chart (PDF)
Common Concentrations of Acids and Bases (weight%, molarity, density)
Comprehensive pKa table of organic compounds
Comprehensive pKa table of organic compounds in DMSO (PDF)
A collection of liquid reagents along with their molarities
Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook
Chemical calculator
Chemical resistance tables for a wide range of materials (PDF)
Useful Tables for Lab Use - Properties, Units, Solutions, Safety & a Periodic System (PDF)
Molarity of Concentrated Reagents, Acids & Bases

Multimedia
Clandestine Chemistry Photo Album
From Safrole to MDA
Reductive amination of MDP2P with Al/Hg and Nitromethane
Bucket Reductive Amination via MethylMan Al/Hg Nitromethane
Red P/Iodine Reduction of Pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine
PCP Synthesis via Enamine Intermediate
Methylamine from Ammonium Chloride and Formaldehyde
Illustrated Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-beta-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane
Distillation apparatus setup (Quicktime)
Vacuum distillation procedure (Windows Media File)
Organic Laboratory Instructional Video Clips
The best tribute to The Hive that has ever been seen

Miscellaneous
OTC Solvents FAQ 1.0
Extraction FAQ
An introduction to catalytic transfer hydrogenation
PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hydrogen Peroxide
PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hypochlorite
Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzaldehydes with NaBr-Oxone
Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzaldehydes with DMSO
General procedure for Collins reagent oxidations
Psychotomimetic Chemical Weapons
Technical information on hard gelatin capsules
Gelatin capsule size chart (PDF)
General Alkaloid Extraction Doc
Grignard Reaction Notes
Grignard Reactions in "Wet" Ether
Aldehydes from grignard reagents and formic acid salts
Aldehydes from grignard reagents using 2-(N-Methyl,N-Formylamino)pyridine
Reduction of Acid Chlorides to Aldehydes using Sodium Borohydride & Pyridine
Wizard X's Homepage
The Complete Organic Synthesis online (with structure search engine)
The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend POPeye
The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend Eleusis/Zwitterion
m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) Reaction Handbook (PDF)
m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) Technical Bulletin (PDF)
Color test drug identification reference (PDF)
Comprenhensive organic reduction overview
Essential Oils in Hundreds of Plants, all Containing Phenylpropene Derivatives
E-Book: Vogel's Practical Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. (DejaVu Format)
Nickel-on-Charcoal - A dirt cheap Pd/C alternative? (PDF)
Nickel-on-Charcoal - Improved preparation (PDF)
A Whirlwind Tour of Current Mitsunobu Chemistry (PDF)
Aryl Halides to Thiophenols using Thiourea
Organic Structure Determination Bibliography
The Watcher's Chemistry Works (Snapshot Jan 2003)
CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups
CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - Activation, Deactivation and Regioselectivity
E-Book: 'Hydrogenation Methods' by Paul. N. Rylander (DejaVu Format)
Synthesis of Methanesulfonate Esters (Mesylates) From Alcohols
The Biochemistry of Drugs and Poisons (PDF)
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Monographs
1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): One Designer Drug and Serendipity
Two-Carbon Homologation of Grignard Reagents to Primary Amines
One-Pot Synthesis of Carbamates: Alkylation of Amines with R-O-Ts/PTC/K2CO3/CO2
Rapid Reduction of Carbonyl Group to Methylene with PMHS-B(C6F5)3
Cyanuric Chloride: Converting Carboxylic Acids into Chlorides/Esters/Amides

References
Lilienthal's Pharmacological and Chemical References
Large collection of phenethylamine and tryptamine synth refs
Phenethylamine synthesis patents
Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines - Comprehensive Literature Search
Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by Condensation of Benzaldehydes with Nitroalkanes
Neurotransmitter.Net - Great Abstracted Neuropharmacology Archive
The collected works of hallucinogen researcher Richard A Glennon
Organic Structure Determination Bibliography
The Albert Hofmann Collection: LSD & Psilocybin References
MDMA: A Review of the English-Language Scientific and Medical Literature
Detection and Analysis of Drugs of Forensic Interest, Literature Review 1992-2001
Literature Review: Forensic Analysis of GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD

Microwave Chemistry Research

Microwave Chemistry tips
Microwave Chemistry FAQ
Dariusz Bogdall's Microwave Syntheses
Miscellaneous information on clays
MW-chem: Preparation of alkyl azides from alkyl bromides
MW-chem: Reductive amination with NaBH4
MW-chem: Reduction of carbonyl compounds with NaBH4
MW-chem: Nitroalkene preparation from benzaldehydes (PDF)
MW-chem: Benzaldehydes from alcohols using MnO2/Silica (PDF)
MW-chem: Preparation of beta-nitrostyrenes from styrenes
MW-chem: An introductory overview from New Scientist by Gavin Whittaker
MW-Chem: Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation
MW-Chem: Ethers from alcohols and alkyl halides
MW-chem: Theoretical and mechanistical background (PDF)
MW-chem: Organic Chemistry Review (PDF)
MW-chem: Wolff-Kishner reduction of ketones to hydrocarbons (PDF)
MW-chem: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones
MW-chem: High-yielding Azidation of Primary and Secondary Tosylates
MW-chem: Solvent-Free Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Inactive Aryl Halides

Copyright © 1998-2004 Rhodium

No part of this information collection may be copied and distributed for profit, nor mirrored on another public website without express permission from Rhodium.