PARTIAL FRACTIONS The quotient of ovo numbers or algebraic expressions is called a fraction. The quotient is indica ed by a bar (—). We write, the dividend on top of the bar and the divisor below the bar. 2 For example, is a fraction with x - 24 0. If x - because x-2=0 => x=2 which make the = 0, then the fraction is not defined denominator of the fraction zero. {Rational Fraction; An expre (a) sion of the form—— , where N(x) D(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x with real coefficients, is called a rational fraction. The polynomial D(x) #0 in the expression. 2 2 +3 and ——**_ (x#1)2(x+2) (x=1)(x+2) are rational fractions. *) N A rational fraction N(x) with D(x) # 0 is D(x) called a proper fraction if degree of the For example, polynomial N(x) in the numerator is less than the degree of the polynomial D(x) in the 2 2x-3 3 and denominator. For example, ——, xt] x44 3x? are proper fractions +] er Fraction N(x) . with D(x) #0 is (x) iy A rational fraction called an improper fraction if degree of the polynomial N(x) is greater or equal to the degree of the polynomial D(x). 5x 3x?+2 6x* x42" x24 7x+12 fractions. How we can we reduce the improper fraction into proper fraction? Every improper fraction can be reduced by division to the sum of a polynomial and a proper fraction. This means that if degree of the numerator is greater or equal to the degree of the denominator, then we can divide N(x) by D(x) obtaining a quotient polynomial Q(x) and a remainder polynomial R(x), whose degree is less than the degree of D(x) N(x) _ R(x) Dey 2) * Dix) R(x where Q(x) is quotient polynomial and at ) (x) oper fraction ese Resolve the fraction xt into proper fraction. eg, 7 ae improper Thus , with D(x) 0, Solution: Let N(x By long divi 3—x24x+1 and D (x)= x? +5 ision, we have wt a x24 5q[S ate tl txt box =f detSeparate proper and improper fractions Verel 2x5 Wii) = — xt+2 (x4 1)(e+ uid) (vy —* (x-1)(x-2 Improper Fraction Proper Fraction Improper Fraction (iv) Proper Fraction FERIA Convert the following improper fractions into proper fractions: (i) (i) Solution Let N(x) =3 -1 and D(x) = x°-x+1 By long division, we get x -x+1 Thus (ii) Solution: Let N(x) = 6x"+5x°-6 and D(x) = 2x°-x-1 By long division, we get 3x44 aetax-l | ge + 6x Thus 6. 5. 6 Tx tO OL 3x4 — 2x? - 4-1 Resolution of Fraction into Partial] [ETE CE Every proper fraction“), with Dox) # 0 D(x) can be resolved into an algebraic sum of components fractions, These components fractions of a resultant fraction are called its partial fractions. Here four cases of partial fractions are discussed, as follows: Resolution of an algebraic fraction into partial fractions, when D(x) consists of non-repeated linear factors: If linear factor (ax + b) occurs as a factor of D(x), then there is a partial fraction of the , A form , where A is a constant to de ax+b found. N(x) In ——~., the polynomial D(x) may be written as, D(x) D(x) = (aix + by) (aox + ba) all factors distinct. (ax + by) with We have Nix) A A A No) _ + te Dix) anid, axa, ayxtb, Where AiAo....An are constants to be determined Resolve —>**4 _ into partial fracti solve ~*~" into partial fractions. mae actions, Solution +4 A B Let 7 _=_* 4° (v-4)(v42) ¥—4 42 o Multiplying throughout by (x ~ 4)(x+2), we get Sx #4 =A(x42) + BOX =). (i)Equation (ii) is an identity, which holds good for all values of x and hence for x = 4 and x Putx-4=0iex=4 in equation (ii) We get SU) 445A 442) +4 =A 6) oA = 24 => [A=4 Put x+2 = 0 ie, x = -2 in equation (ii) We get 5(-2)+ 4= B2 ~10+4 = B (-6) => -6B=-6=> [B=] Putting the value of A and B in equation (i) 41 aa Thus required partial fractions are x+2 Hence 2844 1 4, (x-4)(x42) a 4? This method is called the zeros’ method. This method is especially useful with linear factors in the denominator D(x). CEN An identity is an equation, which is satisfied by all the values of the variables involved. For example, 2(x + 1) = 2x+2 and 2x are identities, as these equations are satisfied by all values of x. eres Resolve into partial fractions. 34x-2x? 1 Solution: can be written as for 34x22 convenience —————— 2x?-x-2 The denominator D(x) = 2x?- x -3 = 2x?-3x+2x-3 (2x - 3) + 1 (2x - 3) = (x+1)(2x—3) el a “3 (e+ I)(2x—3) x41 2x-3 Multiplying both sides by (x + 1) (2x -3), We get. -1= A(2x-3)+B(x +1) (i) =2Ax -3A +Bx +B Equating coeff AX + Bx -3A+B Ox —1 = (2A+B) x -3A+B ients of x and constants on both sides, We get 2A+B = 0...(i) -3A+B=-1...fii) Subtracting (ii) from (i), Thus, Note: a (i) (iii) (iv) () (vi) (vii) (2A + B) -(-3A +B) = 0-(-1) —— _ 34x-2x S(x+1) 5(2x—3) General method applicable to resolve N(x) all rational fractions of the form is as follows: The numerator N(x) must be of lower degree than the denominator D(x) If degree of N(x) is greater than the degree of D(x), then division is used and the remainder fraction R(x) can be broken into partial fractions. Make © substitution of. accordingly. Multiply both the sides by L.C.M. Arrange the terms on both sides in descending order Equate the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides, we get as many as equations as there are constants in assumption Solving these equations, we can find the values of constants constantsEXERCISE 4.1) Resolve into partial fractions. 7x-9 (x+1)(x-3) (i) “x33 Multiplying equation (i) by (x + 1) (x 3) IX-9=A(x-3)4+B(x4#)) ...... Ci) As equation (ii) is an identity which is true for all values of x. Put x-3=0 ie x=3 and Put x+1=0 ie x Putting x = 3 and x=~1 in (ii) we get For x=3 For x=-1 73-9 =+B3+1) | 7-1)-9= A(-1-3) 21-9 = 4B -1-9 = -4A 12 = 4B -16 = -4A = [B=3 => [A=4 Putting the value of A and B in equation (i) We get the required partial fractions as. 4 3 44 x41 x-3 x-9 4 Thus Tx = (x+I)(x—3) x x-ll py Q2 Baines) xl Solution: th 4)(x+3) x-ll (x=4)(x+3) Multiplying by (x-4)(+3) on both sides, we get x11 =A (x+3) + B(x)... (ii) Let (i) As equation (ii) is an identity which is true for all value of x 3 x = 4 in (ii) we get Putting x+3=0 ie x and. x-4=0 ie For x=-3 For x=4 =3-Il= B(-3-4) |4-11= A(4+3) -14 =-7B -1=7A => |B=2) => |A=-I Hence the required partial fractions are x-ll -1 Let ix —1(x+) = Multiplying both sides by (x-1)(x+1), we get 3x-1 =A (41) +B (x1) Gi) As equation (ii) is an identity which is true for all values of x. Let x+1l=O0ie x=-land x-1=50 ie x=1 and x= 1 in (ii) We get For x=1 | For x =-1 Putting x = 3()-1=A(1+1)] 31) B(-1-1) 3-1=2A 3-1 = 2B 2 =2A 4=-2 = [A=l = [B=2] Hence the required partial fractions are 3x-1Qa N+ 2x Solution: -5 © x(x+3)—I(x +3) x-5 (x=1)(x+3) : AB - (x=1)(x+3) 0 x-1 x43 077 o Multiplying both sides by (x-1) (x+3), we get x-S=A (x +3)+B(x-1) Gi) As equation (ii) is an identity which is true for all values of x. Let x43 =0 > x=-3 and x-l=0 > x=l Punting —3 and x=1 in equation (ii) we get For x For x =1 +B (-3-1) | 1-5 = A(1+3) -4B -4 = 4A re 4 = [A=-1 Hence the required partial fractions are KS 2x3 3 as — ets _ (x-1)(x+2) Solution: ——**>—_ pon Taye +2) be HS AB in tT tee2) wat ee Multiplying both sides by (x-I)(+2), we get 3x43 =A (x +2) + B(x 1)....... (ii) As equation (ii) is an identity which is tue for all values of x. Let x-1=0 ie x 1 and x+2=0 ie x=-2 Putting x =land x =~2 in equation (ii) we get For x For x =-2 3(1)+3= A(1 +2) | 3(-2)+3 = B(-2-1) 3+3 =3A -64+3 3B 6 =3A 3 — 3B oe Be23 3 | 3 => |A=2| => |B=l Hence the required partial fractions are 3x43 2 (x=1(x+2) x= Tx—25 Q6 7~——— (e-4)(x=3) 7x -25 Solution: ——_——_ olution: (-4)(x=3) Let 78-25 = 1A, BL (x-4)(x-3) 0 k-4 x3 Multiplying both sides by(x—4) (x — 3), we get 7x —25 =A (x — 3) + B (x - 4)... (ii) As equation (ii) is an identity which is true for all values of x. ~ Let x-3=0 ie x =3 and x-4=0 ie x=4 Putting x =3 and x = 4 in equation (ii) we get For x =3 Forx=4 13) -25 =BG 4) | 7(4) -25=A (4-3) 21-25 -B 28-25 1A 4 = -B 2 =A = [Beal | = @e3 Hence the required partial fractions are 7x-25Solution: isan improper (x=2)(x¥3) fraction. First. we resolve it into proper fraction. By long division we get \ 2 Fearne N?4+X—6VX74 2x +1 E4xF6 x+7 242 Wehave S2H2X#1 Ly kT x?4x—6 P4x-6 Let X47 os ele eos 0 (x+3) x43 y Multiplying both sides by (x-2) (x +3), we get X#7=A (x43) 4B(K- 2)... Gi) As equation (ii) is an identity which is true for all values of x. Let x+3=0ie x=-3 and x-2=Oie x =2 Putting x =~3 and x = 2 in equation (ii) we ge, For x =-3 For x =2 —34+7 = B-3-2) |2+7 = A(2+3) 4 = -5B 9 = SA = |p --4 = |a=2 5 5 Hence the required partial fractions are text] 5, 9 4 (x—2)(x+3) 5(x—2) 5(x+3) 6x3 + 5x2-7 3 Q =2x-1 6x3 +5x2=7 Solution: 2**°* —~ js an improper fraction. 3x2—2x—1 : First we resolve it into proper fraction. 2as3 sete da 1 Jom SF kGx FAR? Y 2x 7 9x24 2 49K FOX 4S “teed 6x34 5x?=7 —8x-4 = (2x43) + 4 gear O89 * GG Now ete ee (Gx+I)(x-l) 3x41 x “i Multiplying both sides by(3x+1) (x-1), we get 8x -4=A (x—1) + BGx +1) (ii) As equation (ii) is an identity which is true for all values of x. Let x-l=Oie x=1 and 3x+1=0 ie x= Putting x= 1 and x Forx=1 &(1)-4 = B[3(I) +1) 4 =4B => 4B=4 p=4 4 => [Bel Hence the required partial functions are 6x3 + 5x2-7 2x1 Resolution of a fraction when D(x) consists of repeated linear factors If a linear factor (ax + b) occurs n times as a factor of D(x), then there are n partial fractions of the form,\ \ (are) (arte)? Ay Ad » Ay ave constants and n> 2 is. positive integer MA Dix) (aeed) (arth) (ar+b)" Dey Resolve into partial (x-1 fractions. Solution: Let. (x-1) (x- x-l Multiplying both sides by (x1)? (x-2), we get ISA(x — D(x = 2) + BOx = 2)4C(x = 1? 3x +2) + B(x = 2) #C (x®2x41) = 1 (i) As Since (i) is an identity and is ue for all values of x Put x-1=0 or x = 1 in (i), we get Bil-2) = -B=! or (B= Putx-2 =0 or x=2 in(i), we get CQ-Is 1 cis! > iC =1 Equating coefficients of x?on both the sides of (i) A+C=0 = A=-C A=-() = Thus, = - > He(x=2) x-2 (x-I) (x-1)RCISE 4.2 Resolve into partial fractions: w-3x+1 (x-1)°(x-2) Solution Qu Multiplying both sides by (x~1)%(x-2),we get 3 A(x-1)(X-2)4 B(x-2)+C(X-1)? Gi) X23x4 1S A(x2-3x+2)4B(X-2)+C(x2-244 1) Putting x-1=0 ie x=1 in(ii) we get (PF-30) + b= (1-2) 1-3+1= Bl) =>B Putting x-2=0 ie x (2-3 2) +1 2 in (ii) we get 4-6+1 - -l=C Equating the coefficient of 32 in (ii) we get A+B 20 (x+2)2(x+3) Solution: Let 47x + A B a (x+2)2(x+3) x420 (x42 ‘ Multiplying both sides by (x#2)? (x + 3) SHIN HL SA(8+2](X43)4B(X43)40)x 42)? PHT SACP X+6)4B(X+3)4C(x244 N44 )..C41) Putting x+2=Oie x =—2 in (ii) we get (-2)2+7(-2)+11=B(-243) 4-14+11=B => [Bel Putting x = () Le x= 3 in (ii) we get(38+ 7(-3) 411s C(-342)2 9-2 lL=CElyt Hence the Txt Ll x a 3 ae Solution: . Let — @ (p02 Multiplying both sides by (x — 1) (x + 2)2, we get 9 =A (x 42)? + B(x = 1) (x + 2) +C (x = 1).(ii) Putting x-1=0 ie x = 1 in (ii) we get 9 =A(14+2" 9= A(3) 9 =9A = =1 Putting x +2 x = 2. in (ii) we get 9 =C- 9 =-3C => €e3 - Equating the coefficient of x? in (ii) we get A+B=0 B=-A B=-l| al fractions are Hence the part 1 3 xl et2 (x¥2)2 S41 4 —— 4 Piel) +l +l Solution: = is an improper x?(x—1) a fraction, First we resolve it into proper fraction. (i) (i) (x1) Multiplying both sides by x?(x - 1) we get x? +1SA(x)(x=1)4+B(x-1)+Cx? (iii) Putting x =0 in (iii) we get 0+1=B@-1) 1=-B => [B=-1 Putting x—1=0 ie (y+ = cap 1+1=CU) x = 1 in (iii) we get C= Equating the coefficient of x2 in (iii) we get AtC=1 > |A==l| Putting the value of A, B and C in equation(ii) Thus required partial fractions are Solution: (3x42)(x41)2 Txt4 = ¢ Let ra Ai) (Bx 2) (+1)? Multiplying both sides by (3x +2) (x # 12 we ge Txt4 =A(x+1)7+BQIX+2)(X41) +C(3N42)... (ii) 22 Putting 3x+2=0 ie v= I in (ii) we getPutting x+1 = 0 iex =—1 ini) we get TD +4 = C(3(-1)+2) T+4=-C > -3 = -C => C= 3| Equating the coefficient of x? we get A+3B=0 -6+3B=0 3B=6 p=® = [B=2 Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions. Tx+4 -6 2 3 —_*** es 4+ (Bxt2)(et1)2 3x20 x1 (+l)? 1 6 u (x-1)?(x41) ee I Solution: ix Nxel) Let___! =A, 8 ,C (i) (x1p?(x+l) (=p x41 Multiplying both sides by (x — 12 (x + 1) we get 1s Alx-ly (x+y + Blx + 1) + C(x = 12.fii) Putting x-1 = 0 ie x=1in (ii) we get | B(l+1) 1=2B [n= Putting <+1=0 ic x= —1 in (ii) we get Equating the coefficient of x? in (ii) we get A+C=0 A=-C az-(4 =A 4 4 Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions. 1 = (1G) 40-1) g7 Seelseti6 . (x42)? Solution; 2 */5*#16 _ 3xt+15x +16 "(x42 x 44x44 The given fraction is improper fraction. First we resolve it into proper fraction, By long division, 3 x2 4x +4 3x24 15x +16 £3x?12x 412 3x+4 Bx2-415x +16 3xt4 a Se tt i (x+2)? xee4x $4 Let 3x44 A B (i) (x¥2)? x42 (Op Multiplying both sides by (x42)? we get 3xtd = A(X 42)4B...... (ill) Putting x+2=0 ic x = —2 in(iii) we get 3(2)+4=B 6+4=B Equating the coetticient of “x” we get 3=A > A=3Putting the value of A and B in equation (i) ant si qquation (2) We get required partial fractions: 3 2 x2. (+2)? Qs ( > t | Sol — = Solution: (2-41) (GAC) ; ame eeies 1 B Let ———_____ = x41 ‘DoDI ot tee Multiplying both sides by (x-1) (x+1)? we get 1s A(x)? + BOxt 1)(X-D C(x = 1) fii) Putting x-1=0 ie x=1 in (ii) we get l= A+ le 1=AQy l= 4A = Putting 1 in (ii) we get ating the coefficient of x? in equation (ii) A+B=0 Putti we get the value of A and B in equation (ii) quired partial fractions. Fe tt (x-I(x41)? 4(x-1) 4(x¥l) 2(x 41)? Re Resolution of fr action when D(x) consists of non-repeated irreducible quadratic factors: If a quadratic factor (ax? + bx + ©) with a 40 a factor of D(x), the partial Ax+B (atbete) and B are constants to be found. f occurs once fraction is of the form , where A UX+3 into partial fractions. (x-3)(8 +9) Resolve Solutio Moltiplying both sides by (x ~ 3) (x? + 9) => Lx #3 = A(x%+9) + (Bx +) (x—3) => 11x43 = AG? + 9) + BO? - 3x) + C(x - 3)... Since (i) is an identity, we have on substituting x-3=0 >x=3 3 in equation (i) 3343=A(9+9) 36 =A (18) I8A = 36 Comparing the coefficients of x? and x on both the sides of (i), we get A+B = B=-A B=-(2) > -3B+C= II => -3(2)+CsU 6+C= 11 C=1l-6 > Putting the value of A, B and C, we required partial fractions Ux+3 2 (x =3)(x?49)EXERCISE 4.3) Resolve into partial fractions. 3x-11 2.1 _— . (x (841) Solution: - ™ (x43) 3x-11 A Bx+C Let —"S— es ce <(xt3)(x?41) x43 x24] @ Multiplying both sides (x+3) (x2+1), we get Bx- 11 = A(@+1)+(Bx +0) (+3)... Gi) 3x — LISA (3? + 1) + Bx (x 43)4C (x 43)... (ii) Putting x + 3 =O ie x =-3 in (ii), we get 3(-3)-I1= A[C32 +1) -9-Il= A(9+1) =20 = 10A -20 10 > A=-2/ Now equating the coefficients of x? and x we get from equation (iii) A+B = 0 3B+C = 3 -2+B= 0 32)+C= 3 B ~ 6+C= 3 C = 3-6 > €=-j Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions. 2x-3 x] 3x-W 2 (e+3)ORel) x43 3x+7 2. ~ Q2 Geax) 3x+7 Solution: —————__ omen Gerl)(x +3) ea (x?41)(x+3) 0 xPH1 x43 Multiplying both sides by (x2+1) (x + 3) 3x +7 = (Ax +B) (x 43) +C (X41) 3x47 SAX(x+3) + B(x + 3) + CO#1) (ii) Putting x+3 = Oie x = —3in (ii), we get 3C-3)+7 = CI-3)#1] 947 = C(9+1) 2=10C Now equating the coefficients of x? and x in equation (iii) we get A+C=0 | 3A4+B = 3 as(Z) = 0 | (jes 5 5 A-4 <0 5 = a=} => jp-2 5 5 Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions. 3x47 x+12 I (x241)(x43) 5(x?+1)1 (x#0(e 41) 1 Solution: ————___ olution en 1 Let ———____ = (x#I(241) a Multiplying both sides by (x+1) (a%+1),we get 1 = AGH +(Bxe Cy K+) l= A (t+ 1) + Bx(x4+ 1) +C(x+ D... Gi) Putting x+1=Oie x=-1 in (ii), we get 1 = A(Cle+1) 1 =Ad+h 1 = 2A ee 2 Equating the coefficients of x? and x in equation (ii) we get A+B =0 B+C=0 tip =o Licszo 2 2 = = |e=4 2 Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions. 1 i x (x+1)(x?+1) 2(x+l) 2(1+x?) 9x-7 OF Gra(ert) Ox=7 Solution: (x+3) (1) ayer i) er 9x-7 = A Bx+C ra —t (xt3)(241) x43) 41 Multiplying both sides by (x+3)(x2#1) we get 9x-7= A(x? +1) + (Bx +C) (x +3) 9x = T= AGL) + Bx(x43) +C(X #3)... (4) Putting x+3=0 i.e x=~3 in (ii), we get 9(-3)-7 = A[(-3%+1] -27-7 = A(9+1) 34 = 10A Equating coefficients of x? and x in equation (ii) we get A+B =0 3B+C =9 “peo 3 Z\ec=9 5 5 > pe Siczs 3 5 > Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions. 9x-7 -l7 eo 17x-6 5(x+3) S(a? #1)Solution; —8*7__ (x+3)(8 +4) i S847 A Bx¥C é) (x+3)(x?44) 0 x43 244 Multiplying both sides by (x+3)(? + 4) we get 3X +7= A (244) + (Bx+ C(x + 3) 3X +7 = A (x2+4)+Bx(x + 3)4C(x 43)...(4i) Putting x+3=0 ie x = -3 in (ii) we get 3(-3)+7 = A((-3P +4) =947 > Equating the coefficients of x? and x in equation (ii) we get A+B =0 3B+C = 3 2 +B =0 3{2 ec = 3 13 1B 2 6 B== 4c =3 13 BS 6 = Cc =3-5 a 13 _ 39-6 2B 33 cer ~ iB Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions, Bx+T =, +33 (x4+3)(x244) 13(x+3) 13(x?+4) yj ere " (x+2)(xt+4) " x? Solution: wae x? A, Bx+C yf — DY -i) (x+2)(x244) x42 x74 Multiplying both sides by (x+2) (x2#4) we get x? = A(x?+4)+ (Bx +O) (x +2) x? = A (x? + 4)+Bx (x+2)+C (x + 2)... (ii) Putting x+2=0 ie y = -2 in (ii) we get (27 = A[(-2P +4] 4=A(444) 4= 8A = a= Equating the coefficients of x? and x in equation (ii) we get A+B=1 2B4+C= 0 1 (3) =+B=1 Zisl+c=0 a Zz 1+C=0 > |p=4 - 2 Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions.1 Q7 w+ Solution: —— 3 et 1 AL, Bae (x41) (x?=x41) xt) text Multiplying both sides by (x+1)(- x+1), we get 1s A(@-x+1)+(Bx+O K+ 1S AG? x41) + Bx(x + D#C (x + D..ii) Putting x+1=0 i.e x =~ 1 in (ii) we get 1=A (Cl?-Cl+1) 1=A(1+1+1) 1= 3A 3 Comparing the coefficients of x? and x in equation (ii) we get Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions. x-2 3(x2=x +1) w+ xed Qs 241 Solution; ~*~ Hl x41 eel x?+1 = Fe (x+)(@—x41) x41 x41 Multiplying both sides by (x+1)(x%-x+l), we get xtel= A(Q?-x41) +(Bx+O) (K+ 1) x? 415A (x2 xt D+Bx (x41) +C (x + 1)... ii) Let oi) Putting x+1=0 ie x = -1 in (ii) we get CIe+l = ALCD+CD+ l+1 = A(14+1+1 2=3A 2| | Equating the coefficients of x? and x in equation (ii) we get A+Be=1 -A+B+C=0 243 2itie 3 303 Putting the value of A, B and C in equation (i) we get required partial fractions. x4 2 x+l HT 3x41) 30R-Rs Resolution of ction when D(x) has repeated irreducible quadratic factors: Ita quadratic t “tor (ax? + bx +e) with a #0, rs twice in the denominator, the corresponding partial fractions are Solution: ~~ is a proper fraction as degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator. x3—2x2-2 Ax+B Cx+D. Le, <7? - (x?+1) e+] (x8+1)? Multiplying both the sides by (x2+1)?, we get x3 — 2x? - 2 = (Ax + B) (x?+1)+Cx+D x°-2x? = 2 = A(x? + x)4B(x? + 1)+Cx +... (i) Equating the coefficients of x3, x2, x and constant on both the sides of (i) Coefficients of x3: A=l Coefficients of x?: Coefficients of x: A+C Constants: Putting the value of A, BC and D, we get required partial fractions. 2x+1 (x-1)(e#1) Resolve into partial fractions. Solution: Assume that 2x4 (x-(x2+1)) x= Bx+C | Dx+E x?+1 (x241) Multiplying both sides by(x =I)? + 1)? we get 2x + 1 = AGL)? + (Bxt C)(x- 1) (x? + 1) + (Dx +B) (x= 1...) Now we use zeros, method. Put x-I = 0 or x= 1 in (i), we get 2) 41 =(dy + IP 3= A412 3=AQy 3=4A > |A Now writing terms of (i) in descending order. 2x +1 = A (x'42x241) + Bax 2 +x = 1) +. C6 x? + x =1)4D(x? = x) + E(x = 1) or 2x + 1S A (x442x241) +B (x xt? x) + C (08 = x24x-1)+D(x? = x) E(x = 1)vs 4 Equating coetfivients of x4, y and x on both the sides. Coefficients of x: A+ B=0 Coetficients of x*: > Coefficients of x? : 2A+B - C+D =0 ag =)+p= 0 be areEquating coefficients of x4, x3 x both the sides. and x on Coetticients of x) A+B=0 Coefficients of x*; -B+C=0 C=B Coefficients of x?: 2A+B -C+D =0 Ag} SHLa ho Qeftes Thus required partial fraction ~—_ are -3 3 3(x+l) (3x1)EXERCISE xe ve (x24)? Solution: _ Ax+B) Cx+D x244 (x244)? ao Multiplying both sides by (x? + 4)2, we get x3=(Ax +B)(x?+4)+(Cx+D) XP = Ax(x444) + B(x244) + (Cx4D) «.......(4i) Equating the coefficients of x*, x2, x and constants, we get Coefficients of x3: A= Coefficients of x: B=0 Coefficients of x: 4A+C=0 41) +C=0 => Ca-4 Constants: 4B+D = 4(0)+D = 0 > D=0 Putting the value of A,B,C and D in equation(i) we get required partial fractions (xt+4)? x44 (xP44)? xt x 4x x 43x24x41 (x(t 412 X'43x24x 41 (x(a? Solution: Let Xb3xt+ x41 Bx+C Dxt+B (jy (x#I)(P41)2 Set tT (aT? Multiplying both sides by (x+1)(241)? we get NBN? AHL = ACRPET)? + (BX $C) (x4 1)(N241)+(DxHE)(x +1).....(4i) Nie ANT EN EL SAGE EB (EEL) , 4C(S4N4N+DEDNOCHL) + E(x + 1) NY+3N2 NEL = AGS 2N24 LEB (x HPN) + C( EN ENED ED(x+x) HEC 1)... (ili) Putting x +1=Oie x =- lin eq.(ii),we get (D'+3CDF+ CD41 2A (CI + IP 143()-1+1=A (41? 4a4A => f®&=7 Now equating the coefficients of x*, x3, x2, x and constants, we get from equation (iii) Coefficients of x*: A+B =1 14+B=1 B=1-1 = B=a Coefficients of x: B+C=0 0+C=0 = sd Coefficients of x?: 2A +B+C+D=3 2(1) +0+0+D = 3 D=3-2 =] Coefficients of x: B+C+D+E 0+0+14+E= 1 > Putting the value of A, B, C and D in equation(i) we get required partial fractions. xis3xtex¢] oT x (ee tGeetye xtl (x2 +1) e +1) (241) , x? Solution: ~—"—— (x+1)(x2 +1)? x? _A Let —_7___=_A_, Br, Des (xFD(x241)? xT PT (741)? Multiply both sides by (x+1)(2+1)? we get Xt = A (P41) + (BxtC)(x41) (X41) + (DxtB) (x41...) (i) x2 A(x*+2x74 1) + BX(x94+X24X41) $C(XF4X74X41)4Dx (x+1) +E(X+1) x2 =A (x442x241) 4 BOX XP eNPX) +C(x3ex24x+ 1) +D(x24x) +E(K+1). (Gil) Putting x+1= 0 i.e x =— 1 in equation (ii) we get Cis ACD +1P 1 = A(+l? 1s hel 4 Now equating the coefficients of x", x, x2, x and constants we get from equation (iii) Coefficients of x‘: A+B = 0 14 ps0 5B =-! 4 4 Coefficients of x* B+C=0 1 -=+C =05 4 Coefficients of x2: 2A+B+C+D=1 at} dei+0 =1 4) 4-4Coefficients of x: B+C+D+E= 0 t ~tetilis- = 0 4472 Putting the value of A, B, C, D and E in equation(i) we get required partial fractions. ee ee (x4 (e41? 4(x +1) Bx+C | Dx+E L x eB : xPHT (Pele Multiplying both sides by (x ~ 1) (x? + 1%, we get x2 = A(x? +12 + (BxtC) (x 1) 0241) + (Dx +E)(x ~ 1)....(ii) xt = A (x*42x241) + Bx(x-1)241) #C(x-1)(x241) + Dx(x-1) + E(x = 1) x2 A (442x241) + BOX xt4x?x) . $C(x3-x24+X=1)+D(x?-x) + E(x - 1)... (iii) Putting x — 1 =O ie x = | in equation (ii) we get (yp = AI)+1P 1 = AU+1? : 4 Now equating the coefficients of x', x3, x? and «in equation (iii) we get A+B =0 ients of x* Coefficients of x:-B+C-D+E= 0 -f-l\-l_lig so 4) 42 Putting the value of A, B, C.D and & in equation(i) we get required partial fractions, x2 = (x-NQe41?a (st#2)2 Solution: = = is an improper xa laa tion. First we resolve it into” proper fraction. —— xi gdxted txttaxt td x? 4 -4x2—4. (x2+2)2 _ Ax+B) Cx+D x?4+2 (x?+2)? Multiplying both sides by (x? + 2)? we get = 4x? 4 = (Ax + B) (x? +2) +(Cx+D) dx? - (x3+2x) +B(x?+2) +Cx + D......(ii) Equating the coefficients of x3, x2, x and constants in equation (ii) we get Coefficients of x*: A =0 Coefficients of x: B = - Coefficients of x: 2A + (i) 20) + C= Constants : Putting the of A, B, C and D in equation(i) we get required partial fractions: (3242)? a (x42)? : 6 —— Q6 Gan: i Solution: ———— (eat x x — = * js an improper fraction (x24)? x4 42x24] First we resolve it into proper fraction Pa xfa2xtaty X° ~ S tx Ly weston (este * Gee 28- Let aX LAR+B, CxtD Gy (tee ee (xP)? Multiplying both sides by (+1)? we get ~ 2x3 — x = (Ax +B) (32 + 1) + (Cx +) 2x = A (8 +x) + BOP +1) + Cx+D Equating the coefficients of x*, x2, x and constants we get Coefficients of x3: A Coefficients of x2: B = 0 Coefficients of x : A+C = 2+C=-l1 C=-142 > Constants: B+ 0+D => D=0 Hence the required partial fractions are xt =2x x 4 eX xtel (x2+1)2 ~ (xt4l)}? uQ. | Multiple Choice Question: w on NRE Four possible answe the following questions. correct answer. (x+3)?? = x? + 6x + 9 is (@) a linear equation (b) an equation (©) an identity (d) none of these 2x+1 . (s#D(-1)" (a) an improper fraction (b) an equation (c) a proper fraction (d) none of these 341 (=1)(x+2)" (a) a proper fraction (b) an improper fraction (c) an identity (d) aconstant term A fraction in which the degree of numerator is less than the degree of the denominator is called (a) an equation (b) an improper fraction (c) an identity (d) a proper fraction are given for ick (7) the N(x) D(x)’ with D(x) # 0, where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x is called (a) anidentity (b) an equation (c) a fraction (d) none of these The identity (5x +4)? is true for (a) one value of x (b) two values of x (c) all values of x (d) none of these A function of the form f (x) = Sx? + 40x + 16 A fraction in which the degree of the numerator is greater or equal to the degree of denominator is called (a) a proper fraction (b) an improper fraction (c) an equation (d)_ algebraic relation Partial ee) fractions of ___ are (x=1)(0+2) of the form. (a) ae Bo) AX, =I x+2 x-l (c) nh Bx+C (gy AX+B =1 x42 x= Partial fractions are of the form. (a) x?4+1 Partial fractions of ———— (x+1)(x- of the form (a) AB + Ax+B + { @ (x41)Q.2 Write short answers of the following questions: i) Define a rational fraction. N An expression of the form (x) Dla) Mie DW #0 and N(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x with real coetticients, is called a rational fraction. Every fractional expression can be expressed 8 « quotient of two polynomials. (ii) What is a proper fraction? N A rational fraction a with DQ) < 0 is Gy" called a proper fraction if degree of the polynomial N(x) in the numerator is less than the degree of the polynomial D(x) in the denominator. (iii) What is an improper fraction? N(x) (x) called an improper fraction if degree of the polynomial N(x) is greater or equal to the A rational fraction with D(x) # 0 is P41 degree of the polynomial D(x) e.g * = = (iv) What are partial fractions? Every proper fraction “with Dox) #0 D(x) can be resolved into an algebraic sum of components fractions. These components fractions of a resultant fraction are called its partial fractions. (vy) How can we make partial fractions x2, fy ay(ne3) Soluti x-2 ion: —— — mo Ce 2)(x +3) 2 A B ae (x42)(x4+3) x42 x43 Multiplying both sides by (x+2)(x+3), we get x-2=A(x+3)+B(x +2) - (ii) As both sides of the identity are equal for all values of x, Put «+ 2=0iex =~2 in cquation (ii), we get Let (i) ie x= —3 in equation (ii) we get B(-3 +2) Putting the value of A and B in equation(i) we get required partial fractions. x-2 4 5 (vi) 1 Solution: —— = ———__ ° 3-1 (x=I)(x4l) 1 A Let -——____ = —~_ (Deen) Multiplying both sides By (x — 1) (x + 1), we get TSA(K+D4+B(QK-1) GD As both sides of identity are equal for all values of x Putting x~ 1=0 ie x = lin equation (ii) we get 1= A+) l= 2A > last 2] Putting x+1 =0 i.e x =~ 1 in equation (ii) we get 1 =B(-I-1) | =-2B > p=-1 2 Putting the value of A and B in equation(i) we get required partial fractions.(ii) Find partial fractions of ——- 7 —~ (x+1)(x-1) Solution: ——> (+D-D 3 A B bet sg iy (x#I)(X-1) 7 xet 0 x= Multiplying both sides by (x+1) (x = 1), we get 35 A(x-1)+ B+). li) As both sides of the identity are equal for all values of x Put x + L=0 ie x =—Lput in equation (ii) we get (I-1) B(1+1) 3523 > B= Putting the value of A and B in equation(i) we get required partial fractions. 3 33 (x#(x-1)2(x+1) * 2(x-1) (viii) Resolve into partial fractions. (x3) Solution: Let = + i) (x-3)? x-3” (x-3)2 Multiplying both sides by (x-3)?, we get XSA(K-3)¢B eee os eealii) As both sides of the identity are equal for all values of x, Put x — Oie x=3 in equation (ii) we get Now comparing the coefficients of x, we have => Pel Putting the value of A and B in equation(i) we get required partial fractions I x3 (ix) How we can make the partial fractions of ~~. ee Sora x Solution: —— (x-¥a)(x—a) Le as ees i) * Gecray(xsa) x Multiplying both sides by (x + a) (x —a), we get X=A(k-a)+Bxta) . Gi) As both sides of the identity are equal for all values of x, Purx+a=Oie put in equation (ii) we get Now put x—a=0i.e x =a in equation (ii) we get a = B@ta) a = 2aB a => =e 2a 1 => a 2 Putting the value of A and B in equation(i) we get required partial fractions. x 1 ee (xta)(x-a) 2(x+a) 11 “kta x (x) Whether (x43)? = x? + 6x49 is an identity? Answer: Yes (x43)? = x2 +6x #9 is an identity because it is true for all the values of x