PENMAN NOMOGRAM

To use the nomogram, the following information is required:

t = Average air temperature in ˚C.
h = Average relative humidity
u
2 = Average wind speed at 2 m. height, in m/sec.
n/a = Relative duration of sunshine.
n = Duration of effective sunshine (measuredby aheliograph)
d = Length of the astronomical day (from theexituntil sunset).

n/a = 0 • Completely overcast sky

n/a = 1 • Completely clear sky

EXAMPLE

Calculate the value of Eo

Season The hope

Department Piura
Province Paita
Study Month March

SOLUTION

DETERMINATION OF CALCULATION PARAMETERS

SUMMARY

ANNEX 3: List of meteorological stations used

THE T LONG
ALT (masl)
CODE SEASON DEPARTMENT PROVINCE
(S) (W)
110110 The strait Loreto Maynas 2'35' 72’45' 240
110130 Rich Beach Tumbes Tumbes 3=48' 80’27' 29
110132 Puerto Pizarro Tumbes Tumbes 3°30‘ 80’28' 1
110133 Zarumilla Tumbes Zarumilla 3=30' 80’17' 1

110134 Papayal Tumbes Zarumilla 3=34' 80 = 14' 1

110135 The jump Tumbes Zarumilla 3°26‘ 80’19' 1
110136 Reedbed Tumbes c. Villar 3=56' 80’39' 1

110172 Tamshiyacu Loreto Maynas 4900’ 73’09' 141

110176 San Roque Loreto Maynas 3=45' 73’15' 126
110180 Pebas Loreto R. Castile 3°19' 71’51' 100
110204 Paita Piura Paita 5=17' 81’08' 3
110209 The tall Piura Talara 4916’ 81=13' 295
-
1 IU22Q Al el ales ri ui a Ayabaca

110231 Chusis Piura Piura 5=3T 80’50' 4

110232 Chilaco Piura Sullana 4°42‘ 80’30' 90
110235 Morropon Piura Morropon 5011’ 79’59' 140
Source: Atlas of Solar Energy of Peru - SENAMHI

t (°C) h (%) u2 (m/s) n/a RA (Cal/cm2)

SENAMHI 23.70 0.738 2.30 0.61 451.42
PUCP 24.40 0.738 2.30 0.61 920.08
POT 25.10 0.738 2.30 0.61 583.83

NOTE: The "t" value of the PUCP was obtained as the average of the SENAMHI and NASA
data.
The value "h" and "u2" were obtained from the data provided by NASA.
The "n/D" value was obtained from the data provided by SENAMHI.

DETERMINATION OF E1, E2, E3 IN THE NOMOGRAM

FOR SENAMHI

E1 = -1.20 mm/day
E2 2.50 mm/day
 E3 = 1.20 mm/day

FOR PUCP

E1 = -1.15 mm/day
E2 = 5.40 mm/day
 E3 = 1.20 mm/day

FOR NASA
e!p/uuul ST'T- = 13
 E3 = 1.25 mm/day

SUMMARY OF EVAPORATION OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF THE PENMAN NOMOGRAM

E1 E2 E3 E (mm/day)
(mm/day) (mm/day) (mm/day)
SENAMHI -1.20 2.50 1.20 2.50
PUCP -1.15 5.40 1.20 5.45
POT -1.15 3.35 1.25 3.45

RESULTS
FINALS

From the results obtained it can be seen that using Table 3.1 (RA Values - PUCP 1989)
a very conservative evaporation is obtained.
CALCULATION OF SOLAR
Country Level Solar RADIATION
Energy ACCORDING
Maps - Daily IncidenceTO
by SENAMHI
Month

Depending on the location, the RA is in the following range of

values:

Max. = 5.50 kWh/m2

Min. = 5.00 kWh/m2

average RA 5.25 kw h/ m2

Boivid
Source: Atlas of Solar Energy of Peru - SENAMHI

It must be taken into account that the Penman Nomogram

cannot be entered with this unit "kW h/ m2", however the
text "Atlas of Solar Energy of Peru - SENAMHI", provides a
conversion factor to convert it to " Cal/cm2" CORRECTION FACTOR = 85.984194

average RA 5.25 kw h/ m2
Annex 2: Conversion table of units used in solarimetry

Correction factor multiply

average RA
Unit of Target drive 451.42 Cal/ cm2
Origin by
85.984194 calcm
kW hm?
3.6 MJ/m

MJ/m? 277,777778 W hm?

2,777778 W h/m?
J/cm2
0.238845 calcm

kJ/m 0,0238845 calcm

J/m 0.000277778 w hm?

11,622447 w h/m?
Ly = calcm
0.0418682 MJ/m?
IMPORTANT : The Solar Energy Atlas of Peru - SENAMHI, provides other maps where you can obtain Sole Radiation (RA) by department; However, its
main disadvantage is that it only provides that information for some months.

In this case, the station analyzed is located in the department of PIURA .

RIPUBLIEADrL PERU

NATIONAL METEOROLOGY AND

HYDROLOGY SERVICE
SENAMHI
DDE ena GEEALDE nTVESIIGACDON YA SUMIOS AMBLEN TALES

SOLAR ENERGY DAILY INCIDENT

Department of Piura
(1975-1990)
LTMA-DERG
EMERO 2003
000000000
average AUGUST
23.70 °C NOVEMBER

temperature
3. Average temperature

EXTREME TEMPERATURES
4. Relative Duration of Sunshine (n/A)
N“ CODE SEASON Maximum Minimum
Average Std.Dev. Average Std.Dev.
4.1. Effective sunshine duration (n)
1 110110 The strait 31,3 1.8 21,7 1.1
2 110130 Rich Beach 32.6 2,0 21,3 1,9
3 Annex
110132 5 - Atlas Puerto
of Solar Energy of Peru
Pizarro - SENAMHI2,3
29,0 22,2 1,8
4 110133 Zarumilla 29,5 2,1 20,9 1,9
5 110134 Papayal 30,8 1.8 21,3 1,5
HELIOPHANIA 7.4
6 110135 No. CODE
The jump SEASON
27,6 2,2 21,5 1,7
Average Std.Dev.
7 110136 Reedbed 31,0 1,6 20,8 2,3
8 110172 1 Tamshiyacu
110133 Zarumilla
31,8 1,8 4,6
21,2 3,0
1,4
9 110176 San Roque 32.1 2,0 21,7 1,4
2 110136 Reedbed 6,2 2,7
10 110180 Pebas 29,9 2,1 21,8 1,3
11 110204 3 110176
Paita San Roque
28,1 2,8 4,418,9 2,9
2,6
12 110209 The tall 27,7 2,5 17,9 2,5
13 110228 4 110228
Arenales Arenales
14,6 1,3 5,96,6 3,6
1,3
14
I 110230 5 110230
The hope The
27,8hope 2,6 7,4
19,6 2,5
2,6
15 110231 Chusis 28,8 2,8 19,2, 2,6
6 110232 Chilaco 6,8 2,5
16 110232 Chilaco 31.3 2,2 19,2 2,7
17 110235 7 Morropón
110235 31,5
Morropón 2,2 18,8
5,5 2,8
3,0

8 110236 Elms 5,8 3,2

Depending on the location, the temperature is in the following range of values:

Max. = 27.80 °C
Min. =4.1. Length of the °C
19.60 astronomical day (D)
From sunrise to sunset

Annex 5 - Atlas of Solar Energy of Peru - SENAMHI

HS: Sunrise time

HP : Sunset time
N: Astronomical length of day

The t 0° 2° 4° 6° 8°
(S) H.S. H.P. x H.S. H.P. N H.S. H.P. N H.S. H.P. N H.S. H.P. N

Jan 06:06 18:13 12.1 06:03 18:16 12.2 06:00 18:19 12.3 05:56 1822 12.4 05:53 1826 12.6
Feb 06:11 18:18 12.1 06:09 18:19 12.2 06:07 1821 12.2 06:05 1823 12.3 06:03 1825 12.4
Sea 06:06 18:12 12.1 06:05 18:12 12.1 06:05 18:13 12.1 06:05 18:13 12.1 0604 18:13 12.2
Apr 05:57 18:03 12.1 05:58 18:02 12.1 05:59 18:01 12.0 06:01 17:59 12.0 06:02 17:58 11.9
May 05:53 18:00 12.1 05:56 1757 12.0 05:58 17:54 11.9 06:01 17:52 11.9 06:04 17:49 11.8
Jun 05:57 18:04 12.1 06:00 18:01 12.0 06:04 17:57 11.9 06:07 17:54 11.8 06:11 17:50 11.7
Jul 06:02 18:10 12.1 06:06 18:06 12.0 06:09 18:03 11.9 06:12 1800 11.8 06:15 1757 11.7
Aug 06:01 18:08 12.1 06:03 18:06 12.1 06 «5 1804 12.0 06:07 1802 11.9 0609 1800 11.9
Set 05:52 17:58 12.1 05:52 17:58 12.1 05:53 17:58 12.1 05:53 17:57 12.1 05:54 17:57 12.1
Oct 05:42 17:49 12.1 05:41 17:50 12.2 05:40 17:52 12.2 05:39 17:53 12.2 0538 17:54 12.3
Nov 05:41 17:48 12.1 0535 17:51 12.3 0536 17:54 12.3 05:33 17:56 12.4 0530 17:59 12.5
Die 05:51 17:59 12.1 05:48 18:02 12.2 05:45 18:06 12.4 05:41 1809 12.5 0538 18:13 12.6
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - NOAA (2002)

Latitude 4.92
 12.1 hrs

Therefore

n/a = 7.4 / 12.1 = 0.61

CALCULATION OF SOLAR RADIATION ACCORDING TO PUCP

Study Month = March

Degrees Minutes Seconds Degree

Latitud 4 55 0 s
e 4.92

2. Solar radiation

TABLE 3.1: RA values in (Cal/Cm2-Day)

SOUTHERN
LATITUDE
AND F M TO M J. J. TO Yes EITHE N d
0° 885 915 925 900 850 820 830 870 905 910 890 875 R
10° 965 960 915 840 755 710 730 795 875 935 955 960
20° 1020 975 885 765 650 590 615 705 820 930 1000 1025
30° 1050 965 830 665 525 460 480 595 750 900 1020 1065
40° 1055 925 740 545 390 315 345 465 650 840 995 1080
50° 1035 865 640 415 250 180 205 325 525 760 975 1075
SOURCE: HYDROLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS - PUCP - WENDOR CHEREQUE MORAN

We interpolate to obtain the value of RA

R.A.
0 9 4.92 920.0
1 2 8
0 5
9
1
5
CALCULATION OF SOLAR RADIATION ACCORDING
TO NASA
Study Month = March

Degrees Minutes Seconds Degree

Latitud s
4 55 0 -4.92 Yes

e
Degrees Minutes Seconds Degrees
Length 81 4 0 -81.07 W
 g
. ■■ . ATMOSPHERIC or SCIENCE .DATACENTER
NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy: RETScreen
Data

Latitude -4.92! Longitude -81.07 was chosen.

unit Climate data location

Latitude N -4.92

Longitude :
E -81.07
Elevation m 140
Heating design temperature °C 17.00
Cooling design temperature °C 29 04
Earth temperature amplitude °C 7.81

Frost days at site day

0

Daily solar radiation -

Mouth
Air Relative humidity Atmospheric pressure wind speed Eai'th temperature Heating degree-days Cwling degree-days
horizontal
temperature

°C % kWam? d kPa ms °C °Cd CD

January 23.7 72.8% 6.85 99.5 2.6 26.7 0 433

February 25.2 72.5% 6.81 99.5 2.5 28.0 0 434
March 251 73.8% 6.79 99.5 2.3 27.9 0 471
April 245 72.0% 6.68 99.5 2.4 27.1 0 444

May 242 66.6% 5.95 99.5 2.7 26.3 0 454

June 236 63.4% 5.21 99.6 31 25.1 0 425
June 23.3 60.4% 5.03 99.6 3.2 24.7 0 432
August 22.4 62.2% 5.27 99.7 3.0 24.4 0 403
September 21.6 66.4% 5.85 99.7 2.9 24.5 0 362
October 21.2 68.9% 6.29 99.6 2.8 25.0 0 361

November 21.4 69.6% 6.61 99.6 2.7 25.1 0 353

December 22.5 71.4% 6.75 99.6 2.7 25.5

0 397

Annual 23.2 68.3% 6.17 99.6 2.7 25.9 0 4969

Measured at (m)

CORRECTION FACTOR 85.984194

R. 6.79 kWh/m2
A.
average RA = 583.83 Cal/cm2

3. Medium temperature

t= 25.10 °C

5. Average Relative Humidity (h)

73.8 0.738

6. Average wind speed at 2m height (u2)

u2 2.3 m/s
PENMAN ENERGY BALANCE

EXAMPLE

Calculate the value of Eo

Season The hope

Department Piura
Province Paita
Study Month March

t (°C) h (%) u2 (m/s) n/a RA (Cal/cm2)

SENAMHI 23.70 451.42
PUCP 24.40 0.738 2.30 0.61 920.08
POT 25.10 583.83

SOLUTION

1. Calculation of es

es = Pressure of saturated vapor at temperature t.

The "es" can be obtained by using the following table.

TABLE 1.1 SATURATION VAPOR VOLTAGE ( is in

mm. OFAIRCURY

t 0 .1 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
10 2.15
9 2.32 2.30 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.24 2.22 2,21 2.19 2.17
8 2.51 2.49 2,47 2,45 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34
7 2.71 2.69 2.67 2.65 2,63 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53
6 2.93 2.91 2.89 2.86 2.84 2.82 2.80 2,77 2.75 2,73
5 3,16 3,14 3.11 3.09 3.06 3.04 3.01 2.99 2,97 2.95
4 3.41. 3.39 3.37 3,34 3.32 3.29 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.18
3 3.67 3.64 3.52 3.59 3.5? 3.54 3,52 3,49 3.46 3.44
1 3.97 3.94 3.91 3.88
3.85 3.82 3.79 3.76 3.73 3.70
1 4.26 4,23 4.20 4.17 4.14 4.11 4.08 4.05 4.03 4.00
d 4.58 4,55 4.52 4.49 4.46 4.43 4,40 4.36 4.33 4.29
OR 4.58 4.62 ' 4.65 4,69 4.71 . 4.75 4.78 4.82 4.86 4.89
1 4,92 4,96 . 5.00 5.03 5.07 5.11 5.14 5.10 5.21 5.25
2 5.29 5.33 5.37 ’ 5.40 5.44 5.48 5.53 5.57 5.60 5.64
3 5.68 5.72 5.76 5.80 5.84 5.89 5.93 5.97 6.01 6.06
4 6.10 6.14 6.IB 6,23 6.27 6.31 6.36 6.40 6.45 6.49
5 6.54 6.58 6.63 6.68 6.72 6.77 6.82 6.06 6.91 6.96
6 7.01 7.06 7.11 7,16 7.20 7.25 7.31 7,36 7.41 7,46
7 7.51 7.56 J.61 7.67 7.72 7.77
7.82 7.88
7,93 7.98
8 8.04 8.10 8.15 8.21 8.26 8.32 8.37 8.43 8.48 8.54
9 8.61 8.67 8.73 8.78 8.84
8.90 8.96 9,02 9.08 9.14
10 9.20 9.26 9.33 9,39 9.46 9.52 9.58 9.65 9,71 9.77
11 □ an or on 0 Qi in n in n in 17 in M in ii in iQ in AE
-.OR" 3 » JU 3.3. IU.UN IU-IU IU.I/ IU.L"t IU.-I IU + JU IU,'-
12 10.52 10.58 10.66 10.72 10.79 10.86 10.93 11.00 11.08 11.15
13 11.23 11.30 11.38 11,46 11.53 11.60 11.68 11.76 11.83 11.91
14 u.ga 12,06 12.14 12.22 12.30 12.38 12.46 12,54 12.62 12.70
15 12. za 12.86 12.95 13.03 13.11 13.20 13.28 13,37 13,45 13.54
ES 13,63 13.71 13.80 13.90 13.99 14.08 14.17 14.26 14,35 14.44
17 14.53 14.62 14.71 14. BO 14.90 14.99 15.09 15.17 15.27 15.38
ia 15.46 15.56 15.66 15.76 15.86 15.96 16.06 16.16 16.26 16.36
19 16.46 16.57 16,60 16.79 16.90 17.00 17.10 17.21 17.32 17.43
20 17.53 17.64 17.75 17.86 17.97 18.08 18.20 18.31 18.43 18.54
21 18.65 ES. 77 18.88 19.00 19.11 19,23 19.35 19.46 19.58 19.70
22 19.82 19.94 20.06 20.19 20.31 20.43 20.58 , 20-69 , 20.80 20.93
23 21.05 21,19 21.32 21.45 , 21.58 t 21,71 21,04 1 21,97 | 22.10 22.23
24 22.27 , 22.50 , 22.63 22.76 1 22.91 | 23.05 23.19 23.31 23.45 23.60
25 23.75 I 23.90 | 24.03 24.20 24,35 24.49 24.64 24.79 24.94 25.08
26 25.31 25.45 25.60 25.74 25.89 26.03 26.18 26.32 26.46 26.60
27 26.74 26.90 27.05 27,21 27.37 27.53 27.69 27.85 28.00 28,16
28 28.32 28.49 28.66 28.83 29.00 29,17 29.34 29,51 29.68 29,85
29 30.03 30.20 30.3B 30.56 30.74 30.92 31.10 31.28 31.46 31.64
30 31.82 3Z.OQ 32.19 32.38 32.57 32.76 32.95 33.14 33.33 33.52
SOURCE: HYDROLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS - PUCP - WENDOR CHEREQUE MORAN

t (°C) es (mmHg)
SENAMHI 23.70 21.97
PUCP 24.40 22.91
POT 25.10 23.90

2. ea calculation

ea = h * es

Where:
eah = Current vapor pressure at temperature t.
is = Saturated vapor pressure at temperature t.
h = Average relative humidity

h (%) ea (mmHg)
SENAMHI 16.21
PUCP 0.738 16.91
POT 17.64

3. Vapor Pressure Deficit Calculation

Vapor Pressure Deficit = es - ea

es (mmHg) ea (mmHg) es - ea (mmHg)
SENAMHI 21.97 16.21 5.76
PUCP 22.91 16.91 6.00
POT 23.90 17.64 6.26

4. Vapor saturation pressure curve slope (∆)

e's - is is Pressure of saturated vapor at a temperature t'

 t' - t its = Saturated vapor pressure at temperature t.
T' = Water surface temperature.
t = Average air temperature.

t' = t + tang (t)

t (°C) tang (t) t' (°C)

SENAMHI 23.70 0.44 24.14
PUCP 24.40 0.45 24.85
POT 25.10 0.47 25.57

The e's is calculated by entering with t' in the following table.

TABLE 1.1 SATURATION VAPOR VOLTAGE (es) IN

mm. OF MERCURY

t 0 .1 ,2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

10 2.15
9 2.32 2.30 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.17
0 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2'. 2.38 2.36 2.34
7 2.71 2.69 2.67 2.65 2,63 2.61 2,59 2.57 2.55 2.53
6 2.93 2.91 2.89 2.86 2,84 2.82 2.80 2,77 2.75 2,73
5 3,16 3,14 3.11 3.09 3.06 3.04 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.95
4 3.41 3.39 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.29 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.18
3 3.67 3.64 3.62 3.59 3.57 3.54 3,52 3,49 3.46 3.44
1 3.97 3.94 3.91 3.88 3.85 3.82 3.79 3.76 3.73 3.70
1 4.26 4,23 4.20 4,17 4.14 4.11 4.08
4.05 4.03 4.00
d 4.58 4.55 4.52 4.49 4.46 4.43 4.40
4.36 4,33 4.29
0 4.58 4.62 4.65 4,69 4.71 . 4.75 4,78 4.82 4.86 4.89
Yo 4.92 4.96 . 5.00 5.03 5.07 5.11 5.14 5.18 5.21 5.25
Yo 5.29
5,33 5.37 ' 5.40 5.44 5.48 5.53 5.57 5.60 5.64
3 5.68 5.72 5.76 5.80 5.84 5,89 5.93 5.97 6.01 6.06
4 6.10 6.14 6.IB 6,23 6.27 6.31 6,36 6.40 6.45 6.49
5 6.54 6,58 6.63 6.68 6.72 6.77 6.82 6.86 6.91 6.96
6 7.01 7,06 7.11 7.16 7.20 7.25 7,31 7.36 7,41 7.46
7 7.51 7.56 7.61 7.67 7.72 7.77 7.82 7.88 7,93 7,98
8 8.04 8.10 8.15 8.21 8.26 8.32 8,37 8.43 8.48 8.54
3 8-61 8.67 8.73 8.78 8.84
8.90 8.96
9,02 9,08 9.14
10 9.20 9.26 9.33 9,39 9,46 9.52 9.58 9.65 9,71 9.77
11 9.84 9.90 9.97 10,03. 10.10 10.17 10.24 10.31 10.38 10.45
12 10.52 10.58
10.66 10.72 10.79 10.36 10.93 11.00 11.08 11.15
13 11.23 11.30
11.38 11,46 11.53 11.60 11.68 11.76 11.83 11.91
14 11.98 12.06
12.14 12.22 12.30 12.38 12.46 12,54 12.62 12.70
15 12,78 12.86
12.95 13.03 13.11 13.20 13.28 13.37 13.45 13.54
16 13,63 13.71
13.80 13.90 13.99 14.08 14.17 14.26 14.35 14.44
1? 14.53 14.62
14.71 14. BO 14.90 14.99 15.09 15.17 15.27 15.38
18 15.46 15.56
15.66 15.76 15,86 15.96 16.06 16.16 16.26 16.36
19 16.46 16.57
16,68 16.79 16.90 17.00 17.10 17.21 17.32 17.43
20 17.53 17.64
17.75 17.86 17.97 18.08 18.20 18.31 18.43 10.54
21 18.65 18.77
18.88 19.00 19.11 19.23 19.35 19.46 19.58 19.70
22 19.82 19.94
20.06 20.19 20.31 20.43 20.58 20.69 20.80 20.93
23 21.05 21.19 21.32 21-45 21,58 21.71 21.84 21.97 22.10 22.23
24 22.27 22.50 22.63 22,76 22,91 23 05 23 19 23.31 23.45 23.60
25 23.75 23.90 24.03 24.20 24,35 24.49 24.64 24.79 24.94 25.08
ne25.31
26 26.03
T a 25.45 25.6D 25.74 25.89 nr" 26.18 26.32 26.46
LOVE TO
26.60
 ¿1 (0./4 (b.9U Í/.U3 he, he Ci, it • 53 CT (/.55 25.UU IP. io
26 28.32 ?8.4O 28.66 28.83 29,00 29.17 29.34 29.51 29.58 29.85
29 30.03 30.20 30.38 30.56 30.74 30.92 31.10 31.28 31.46 31.64
30 31.82 32.00 32.19 32.38 32.57 32.76 32.95 33.14 33.33 33.52

We interpolate to obtain the value of e's

is
24.1 22.50 24.14 = 22.55
24.2 = 22.63 22.55

24.8 23.45 24.85 = 23.53

24.9 == 23.60 23.53

25.5 24.49 25.57 = 24.59

25.6 == 24.64 24.59

e's (mmHg) es (mmHg) t' (°C) t (°C) ∆

SENAMHI 22.55 21.97 24.14 23.70 1.32
PUCP 23.53 22.91 24.85 24.40 1.37
POT 24.59 23.90 25.57 25.10 1.48
5. RC calculation

Amount of Solar Radiation that penetrates the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's
surface.
R.
C.
RC = R.A. 0.2 + 0.48 * n
d

n/a RA (Cal/cm2) RC (Cal/cm2)

SENAMHI 451.42 222.80
PUCP 0.61 920.08 454.11
POT 583.83 288.15

6. RI calculation

RI = Amount of Solar Radiation retained by the Earth's surface.

RI = RC [1-r) r = Reflection coefficient
r= 0.06 (Water Surface)

RC (Cal/cm2) RI (Cal/cm2)
SENAMHI 222.80 209.43
PUCP 454.11 426.86
POT 288.15 270.86
7. RB calculation

R.B. = Net radiation RI re - irradiated, day and night.

σT4 = Stefan-Boltzmann radiation.
eah = Current vapor pressure at temperature t.
n/a = Relative duration of sunshine.

σT4= (117.4 * 10 -9 ) * (273 + t) 4

t (°C) σT4 ea (mmHg) n/a RB (Cal/cm2)
SENAMHI 23.70 909.78 16.21 100.30
PUCP 24.40 918.40 16.91 0.61 97.09
POT 25.10 927.08 17.64 93.69

8. Calculation of H

Amount of energy remaining on the surface and available for various

losses (Stored Heat)

H = RI - RB
RI (Cal/cm2) RB (Cal/cm2) H (Cal/cm2)
SENAMHI 209.43 100.30 109.13
PUCP 426.86 97.09 329.77
POT 270.86 93.69 177.18

9. Calculation of E'a

E'a Evaporation from the water surface for the hypothetical case in which the
temperatures of the air (t) and the water surface (t') are equal.

E'a = 21 * (es - ea) * (0.5 + 0.54 u 2 )

es - ea (mmHg) u2 (m/s) E'a (Cal/cm2)
SENAMHI 5.76 210.57
PUCP 6.00 2.30 219.58
POT 6.26 229.07

10. Calculation of E'o

 E'o = ∆ * h + γ
* E'a
∆ + γ

γ = Psychrometric Constant γ = 0.49 (If t is in °C)

∆ H (Cal/cm2) E'a (Cal/cm2) E'o (Cal/cm2)

SENAMHI 1.32 109.13 210.57 136.55
PUCP 1.37 329.77 219.58 300.70
POT 1.48 177.18 229.07 190.09

11. Calculation of Eo

Eo = E'o
60

E'o (Cal/cm2) Eo (mm/day)

SENAMHI 136.55 2.28
PUCP 300.70 5.01
POT 190.09 3.17

RESULTS
FINALS

From the results obtained, it can be seen that using the information provided by
the PUCP, a conservative (higher) evaporation is obtained.
 FAO PENMAN MONTEITH Note : Nearest weather station in
operation
EXAMPLE: Determination of Eto. Station: La Esperanza - 000230
With meteorological data measured in Paita - Piura. Type: Conventional, Meteorological
- Date : 6th of March from 2015 Latitude: 4° 55' 55''
Length: 81° 4' 4''
- Latitude : 05° 17' 00'' Department: Piura
- Length : 81° 08' 00'' Province: Paita
- Height : 40 meters above sea level District: Colan
- Maximum air temperature (Tmax) : 33.3 Fountain: SENAMHI
- Minimum air temperature (Tmin) : 23.5

Station: LA ESPERANZA, Climatic Type - Meteorological

Department: PIURA Province: PAITA District : COLAN Go : | 2015-03T
Latitude : J 1 55' 55" Length: 815 4' 4" Altitude : 6

Max Min Bulb Temperature Bulb Temperature Precipitation Wind speed of

Day month temperature Temperature(' (mm) Direction
Year Dry faith) Moist faith) Wind 13h (m/s)
fe) c) 13h
’3 EITHE «7 13 15 EITHER? | 19
R 6
01-Mar-2015 31 3 23 23.71| 30.6 || 23.3 22.4 25.9 22.4 -999 0 S.W.
02-Mar-2015 31 3 22.3 22.9 31 23.7 22.2 25.8 22.3 either 0 S.W. 6
03-Mar-2015 32.1 23.5 23.5 31.2 24.5 22.2 25.3 22.9 either either S.W. 6I
04-Mar-2015 32.1 24.6 247 31.9 247 22.6 26.1 23.1 either either S.W. 3
105.Mar.2015 ______221_______ ------232----- -24 15 243 22.2 254 226 ----d-- - —0------ ------S.W.----- --------b-------
06-Mar-2015 33.3 23.5 24.5 31.2 24.6 22.8 25.8 22.6 d d S.W. 8
07-Mar-2015 31.5 22.5 22.6 31.4 23.6 21.6 26.1 22 d d S.W. 6
08-Mar-2015 31.9 23 23.7 31.4 23.3 22.3 26.1 22.2 d d S.W. 6
09-Mar-2015 31.2 23.4 23.8 31.1 24.7 22.2 25.8 23 d 0 S.W. 6
10 -M a i-2 015 31.5 23.8 23.8 31.2 22.9 22.2 25.9 21.6 d d S.W. 6

Source: Historical Data - SENAMHI - La Esperanza Meteorological Station

- Maximum relative humidity (HRmax) : 73.8 %

- Minimum relative humidity (HRmin) : 60.4 %

Source: NASA surface meteorology and solar energy: Retscreen data.

Wind speed (10 m height)

Real sunshine (n) 40 km/hr
7.4 hours
Source: Wind Map of Peru - Wind speed.

Wind speed conversion

At a height of 10 m → (z = 10)
- Wind speed (uz) 11.11 m/s
- For standard height (u2) 8.31 m/s

Parameters
1) Atmospheric
Pressure
- Altitude (z) 40m
- Atmospheric pressure 100.83 Kpa
(P)
2) Average
temperature
- Tmedia 28.4 °C

3) Vapor saturation pressure (∆)

17.27 S T
4098 s ' -∆ = 0.225 Kpa/°C
T +237.3
0.6108*ex
(T+237.3)2
4) Psychrometric Constant (Υ)

-Υ = 0.067 Kpa-°C/day

5) Vapor pressure deficit

- Tmax = 33.3 °C
- e°(Tmax) = 5.12 kPa
-Tmin = 23.5 °C
- e°(Tmin) = 2.90 kPa
→ Average saturation pressure (es) = 4.01 kPa
From Relative Humidity data
- HRmax = 73.8 %
- HRmin = 60.4 %
→ Real vapor pressure (ea) = 2.61 kPa

→ Vapor pressure deficit (es-ea) = 1.39 kPa

6) Radiation
Net crop surface radiation = 6.79 kWh/m2/day
└> Source: NASA surface meteorology and solar energy: Retscreen data.
Net crop surface radiation = 24.44 MJ/m2/day

I consider conversion factor:

Energy (KWh) Energy (J) One kilowatt-hour is equal to 3600000 joules:

1 kWh 3600000 J -V 1 kWh - 3600000J = 3.6 ■ 10 6 J = 3.6MJ

7) Heat flow in the ground

For daily periods:
Since the magnitude of the heat flux under the reference
surface is relatively small, it can be ignored and then:
Gday = ° →G

8) From the Reference Evapotranspiration Equation according to FAO PENMAN -

MONTEITH

0.408A(Rn -G)+r( 900 )uz(e,-ea)

ET 0 T +273
= A + Y(1 + 0.34u2)
Where :
ETo reference evaporation (—).
o Rn is the net radiation on the crop surface (MJ m2day1) .
o Ra is extraterrestrial radiation.
o G is the heat flux in the soil (MJ m2day1).
or T average air temperature at 2m height CC).
ou 2 wind speed at 2m height (ms -1 ).
or is saturation vapor pressure (kPa).
or e at real vapor pressure (kPa).
or (es — ea) represents the vapor pressure deficit of air (kPa).
o A represents the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve, (kPa °C -1 ) o Y is the
psychrometric constant, (kPa °C -1 ).

PENMAN NOMOGRAM
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
DETERMINATION OF CALCULATION PARAMETERS
SUMMARY
DETERMINATION OF E1, E2, E3 IN THE NOMOGRAM
RESULTS FINALS 11
3. Average temperature 16
4. Relative Duration of Sunshine (n/A) 17
4.1. Effective sunshine duration (n) 17
4.1. Length of the astronomical day (D) 17
2. Solar radiation 20
3. Medium temperature 23
5. Average Relative Humidity (h) 23
6. Average wind speed at 2m height (u2) 23
EXAMPLE 24
1. Calculation of es 24
2. ea calculation 25
3. Vapor Pressure Deficit Calculation 25
6. RI calculation 27
 7. RB calculation 28
8. Calculation of H 28
9. Calculation of E'a 28
RESULTS FINALS 29
FAO PENMAN MONTEITH 30
Station: La Esperanza - 000230 30
3) Vapor saturation pressure (∆) 31
6) Radiation 31
6
1 kWh 3600000 J -V 1 kWh - 3600000J = 3.6 ■ 10 J = 3.6MJ 32
8) From the Reference Evapotranspiration Equation according to FAO
PENMAN - MONTEITH 32
ET 0 = 32
0.408A(Rn -G)+r( 32
900 32
)uz(e,-ea) 32
A + Y(1 + 0.34u2) 32
Reference Evapotranspiration 33
→ THE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IS: 33
-
- 0.408(Rn-G)*∆/[∆+Y(1+0.34*u2)] = 4.66 mm/day
- (900/[T+273])*u2*(es-ea)*Y/[∆+Y(1+0.34*u2)] = 4.82 mm/day
Reference Evapotranspiration
- Therefore solving the equation.
Eto = 9.47 mm/day

→ THE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IS: 9.47 mm/day

LA ESPERANZA STATION - PAITA - PIURA (MONTH OF MARCH)
METHOD USED INSTITUTIONS EVAPORATION (mm/day)
SENAMHI 2.50
PENMAN NOMOGRAM PUCP 5.45
POT 3.45
SENAMHI 2.28
PENMAN ENERGY BALANCE PUCP 5.01
POT 3.17
FAO PENMAN MONTEITH UN 9.47

The FAO PENMAN MONTEITH method is the single standard method for computing ETo from
meteorological data, which is why the result is 9.47 mm/day. As can be seen, this value is very
conservative compared to the results obtained with the other analysis methods.