NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA

FACULTY OF PRODUCTION AND

SERVICES ENGINEERING

JOB Nº 1

COURSE:
THERMODYNAMICS

TEACHER:
ING. CELSO SANGA QUIROZ

STUDENT:
MAMANI MAMANI, MIRIAN BETZABETH

Arequipa, Peru

2018

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.1

A spherical globe has a radius of 6.10 m. the atmospheric pressure is 101.3024 KPa and
the temperature is 15.6 °C.

A) Calculate the mass and number of moles of air displaced by the balloon.
B) If the balloon is filled with helium at 1.033kgf/cm2 and at a temperature of
15°C, what is the mass and number of moles?
Data:

r=6.10 m.
P=101.3024 KPa
T=15.6 °C (288.6 K)
Ra=0.2870 KPam 3 /KgK
Ru=8.31447 KPam 3 /KmolK
Pm=28.97 Kg/kmol

Solution

A)
 Volume of displaced gas:

 By the general gas equation:

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B) P= 101.3024KPa

T=15.6°C (288.6K)

 Helium

Ru=8.31447 KPam 3 /KmolK

R HE =2.0769KPam 3 /KgK

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.2

The mass of a certain ideal gas in a given container is 0.0288 Kgm. The pressure is 0.5
atm, the temperature is 15.6 °C, and the volume of the gas is 0.085 m 3 . Determine the
molecular weight of the gas.

Data:

m=0.0288 Kgm

P=50.6625 KPa

T=15.6°C

V=0.085 m 3

Ru=8.31447KPam 3 /KmolK

Solution

 From the general gas equation:

 We also know:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.3

The air contained in a stepped cylinder, whose piston produces no friction, is shown in
Figure 3.10. The area of the larger section is 0.0093 m 2 while the smaller section is
0.00697 m 2 . With the plunger in the indicated position, the air is at 3.52 Kgf/cm 2 and
426 °C. Then the air is cooled by heat transfer from the outside environment.

A) What is the temperature of the air when the plunger reaches the step?
B) If the air is then cooled to 21.1 °C, what is the pressure at that state?
Data:

A HIGHEST =0.0093 m 2

A LOWER =0.00697 m 2

T 1 =699.67 K

T2 =294.25K

P 1 =344.73 KPa

Solution

A)
 The initial volume:
V 1 =A HIGHEST (H)+A MINOR (h)

V 1 =(0.0093m 2 )(0.305m)+(0.00679m 2 )(0.61m)

V 1 =7.0882 * 10 -3 m 3
 The final volume:
V 2 =A MINOR (h)

V 2 =(0.00679m 2 )(0.61m)

V 2 =4.2517 * 10 -3 * m 3
 By data the temperature is:
T 1 =699.67 K

 By Charles's law(ρ=cte):

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

B)
 By the law of GAY LUSSAC(v=cte):

As:

P1=344.73 Kpa

T1=419.68K(Previously found)

T2=294.25K

 Replacing:

EXERCISE 3.4

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

A vacuum pump is used to produce a vacuum over a bath of liquid helium. The flow in
the vacuum pump is 85m 3 /min. The pressure at the pump inlet is 0.1torr and the
temperature is -23°C. What is the mass of helium that enters the bomb per minute?

Data:

Flow=85m 3 /min

P=0.01333KPa

T=-23°C(250K)

R HE =2.0769KPa/KgK

Mass: m=?

Solution

 From the ideal gas equation:

 We also know:

Where:
Q=Flow.
T=Time.
V=Volume.

 So:

 Replacing in (1):

EXERCISE 3.6

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

Calculate the following specific volumes:

a) Ammonia -10°C, quality 80%

b) R134a; -6.7°C, quality 15%
c) Water 70.3Kgf/cm 2 , quality 98%
d) Nitrogen -184°C, quality 40%
Solution

a) Ammonia:
50°F=10°C
X=0.8
From the table for ammonia at 10°C
Vf=1.6008 * 10 3 m 3 /kg
Vg=0.2054 m 3 /kg
By theory:
Vf = Vg – Vf

Vfg = 0.2054 m 3 /kg – 1.608 * 10 3 m 3 /kg

Vfg = -1600.5946 m 3 /kg

Specific volume:
V = Vf + X * Vfg

V = 1.6008 * 10 3 m 3 /kg + 0.8 (-1600.5946 m 3 /kg)

V = 1.0054 m 3 /kg

b) Coolant -134th

X = 0.15
20°F = -6.7°C

From table A-11 for R134a at -6.7°C

T(°C) Vf(m 3 /kg) Vg(m 3 /kg)

-8 0.0007571 0.092352

-6.7 x1 x2

-6 0.0007608 0.085802

Interpolating:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

c) Water:

X=0.98
P=70.3 Kgf/cm 2 (6894.06KPa)

From Table A-5 for water at 6894.06 KPa

P(KPa) Vf(m 3 /kg) Vg(m 3 /kg)

6000 0.001319 0.032449

6894.06 x1 x2

7000 0.001352 0.027378

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

d) Nitrogen at -184°C

K=C + 273 T=89K

X=0.4

From tables:

T(K) Vfg(m 3 /kg) Vf(m 3 /kg)

85 0.100181 0.001299

89 x1 x2

90 0.064767 0.01343

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.7

Determine the quality (if saturated) or temperature (if superheated) of the following
substances in the given states:

a) Ammonia; 26.7°C; 0.09 m 3 /kg; 551.1324KPa; 0.296 m 3 /kg, R-134a; 0.3452

MPa; 0.0375 m 3 /kgm; 0.06 m 3 /kgm).
Solution

a) Ammonia 26.7°C

V=0.09 m 3 /kg
P=551.1324KPa
V=0.296 m 3 /kg

For 26.7°C with V=0.09 m 3 /kg (A-13)

T(°C) Vf (* 10 3 m 3 /kg) Vg(m 3 /kg)

24 1.6547 0.1320

26.7 x1 x2

28 1.6714 0.1172

b) R-134a
P=0.3452 MPa
V=0.0375 m 3 /kg

From tables:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

P(MPa) Vf (m 3 /kg) Vg(m 3 /kg)

0.32 0.7177 53.51

0.3452 x1 x2

0.40 0.7299 43.21

P=0.3452 MPa

V=0.06 m 3 /kg

By interpolation and tables for P=0.3452MPa

Vf=0.721543 m 3 /kg
Vg=50.2655 m 3 /kg

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.10

The radiator of a heating system has a volume of 0.056m 3 and contains saturated steam
at 1.4 Kgf/cm 2 . After closing the radiator valves and as a result of the heat transfer to
the room environment, the pressure drops to 1.05Kgf/cm 2 . Calculate:

a) The total mass of the steam in the radiator.

b) The volume and mass of the liquid in its final state.
c) The volume and mass of the vapor in its final state.
Data:

0.0566337m 3 ; 889.649917KPa; 667.2374377KPa

Solution:

a) Using tables we look for the specific volume of saturated steam with a pressure
equal to 137.29KPa.

Interpolation:

P(KPa) Vg(m 3 /kg)

123 1.375

137.2938 x

150 1.1594

 We find the mass:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

b) By tables P=102.97035KPa (Final pressure)

Interpolation:

P(KPa) Vf (m 3 /kg) Vg(m 3 /kg)

101.325 0.001043 1.6734

102.97035 x1 x2

125 0.001048 1.375

 Since the specific volume V1=V2, we find quality:

 We find mass:

 We find volume:

c) We find the mass of vapor:

 We find the volume of the vapor:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.11

The vapor in its critical state is contained in a rigid container, then it transmits heat until
the pressure is 21.3 Kgf/cm 2 . Calculate the final quality.

Data:

P=2068.4KPa

V=0.00338m 3 /kg

Solution

 For P= 2068.4KPa

P(KPa) Vf (m 3 /kg) Vg(m 3 /kg)

2000 0.001177 0.99587

2068.4 x1 x2

2250 0.001187 0.088717

 Theoretically, the initial critical volume is:

 We find the quality in the final state:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.12

The rigid container shown in fig. 3.11 contains water at 101.234 KPa. Determine the
volume proportions of liquid and vapor at 101.234 KPa necessary to make the water
pass through the critical state when heated.

Data :

P= 101.234 KPa

Solution

 The specific critical volume is:

 We find the Vf and Vg to be 101.234 KPa.

P(KPa) Vf (m 3 /kg) Vg(m 3 /kg)

100 0.001043 1.6941

101.234 x1 x2

101.235 0.001043 1.6734

 We find the quality:

 Be:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

 Fluid mass:

 So:

 Finding the mvap:

 Finding the volume of the vapor:

 Relating:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.13

Same problem as 3.12 but R134a initially saturated at 15.6°C

Solution

The critical volume of R134a is:

Since this volume remains constant, we will also have initial conditions:

 Finding quality:

 If we consider 0.0283 m 3 (1ft 3 ), we obtain the total mass:

 Finding the mass of the vapor:

 We find the volume of the vapor:

 We take the proportion 0.0283 m 3 (1ft 3 )

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.14

A container with a level indicator contains R134a 26.7°C. The liquid is drawn from the
bottom little by little and the temperature remains constant. If the section of the
container is 323cm 2 and the level drops 15.3cm, determine the mass of the extracted
freon.

Data:

T=26.7°C

A=0.0323m 2

Level=0.153m

Solution

It is a wet mixture of liquid vapor of R134 at a temperature of 26.7°C

 Table at 26.7°C

T(°C) Vf(m 3 /kg)

25 0.000763

26.7 x

30 0.000774

However, steam in saturated steam conditions the quality of the mixture

increases from a value X1 to X2

Considerations:

1.- Part of the liquid evaporates to occupy the volume unoccupied by the
extracted Freon -12 and is added to the value that existed before, under saturated
vapor conditions.

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

2.- The initial vapor does not expand to occupy the unoccupied volume since
such a fact would mean for T cte. that would decrease its pressure with
superheating, which cannot exist in a liquid-vapour mixture.

With saturated liquid conditions they do not change to T cte.

Then we find the displaced volume:

m 2 )(0.153m)

And finally the extracted dough:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.15

There is a tendency for students to write that there is 1Kgm of liquid water per liter
62.4lnm/ft 3 Using the steam tables, determine the real density of water in lbm/ft 3 in the
following states:

a) Saturated liquid at 15.6°C

b) Liquid at 15.6°C, 689.5KPa
c) Saturated liquid at 689.5KPa
d) Saturated liquid at 260°C
Solution

T(°C) Vf(m 3 /kg)

15.6 x

15 0.001001

20 0.001002

P(KPa) Vf(m 3 /kg)

650 0.001104

689.5 x

700 0.001108

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

a) Saturated liquid at 15.6°C

b) With liquid at 15.6°C

V=Vf=0.10012

c) For 689.5KPa

d) For T=260°C

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.16

The boiler feedwater pump delivers 227,000Kgm for now at 140.6Kgf/cm 2 and 293°C.
What is the flow in ft 3 /min? What will be the percentage error if the correction in
Table A-14 of the steam tables is neglected?

Solution

227 kg/hour = 3.7833 kg/min

T(°C) Vf(m 3 /kg)

240 0.001366

293 x

295 0.001384

We find the error if the correction of the table is neglected:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.17

Liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -151 It exists in a container where both phases,

liquid and vapor, are present. The volume of the container is 0.085 , the mass of the
content is 20 Kg m. What is the mass of the liquid and what is the mass of the vapor
present in the container? (Data: -240°F; 3ft 3 and 44.5lbm).

Data:

T=-151°C

M=20.18466 Kg

V= 0.085 m 3

Solution

 We calculate the specific volume to know the quality:

 Quality calculation:

 At 37.8°C and V=cte. From tables:

 Replacing:

 Calculation of the mass of liquid and vapor:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.18

A cooling system is going to be charged with refrigerant 134a. The system that has a
volume of 0.024m 3 . It is first evacuated and then slowly loaded with Freon 12 at a
temperature that remains constant at 26.7°C.

a) What will be the mass of refrigerant 134a in the system when the pressure is
filled with saturated vapor?
b) What will be the mass of refrigerant 134a in the system when the pressure
reaches 2.47 kg/cm 2 ?
c) What fraction of refrigerant 134a will exist in liquid form when 1.3 kg has been
placed?
Solution

a) When the system would have saturated refrigeration vapor 134a, the specific
volume for the calculation of the mass will be the one corresponding to saturated
vapor at the same temperature as follows:

Vg T= 26.7°C

T(°C) Vg(m 3 /kg)

26 0.029976

26.7 x

28 0.028242

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

b) We calculate the mass in the system taking as the specific volume that of the
conditions of 26.7°C and 0.06MPa pressure.

T(°C) V(m 3 /kg)

26 0.39302

26.7 x

28 0.40705

c) The liquid fraction is calculated as follows:

T(°C) Vf(m 3 /kg)

26 0.0008313

26.7 x

28 0.0008366

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.19

One kgm of H 2 O exists at the triple point. The volume in the liquid phase is equal to
the volume of the solid phase and the volume of the vapor phase is 10 times the volume
of the liquid phase. What is the mass in Kgm of H 2 O in each phase?

 By theory:
Characteristics:
Table 3-3/Cengel/Pag123
P=0.61KPa
T=273.16K

 Data:
mH 2 O=1kg
V1=Vs
Vg=10 4 V1

Solution In PV diagrams the triple line appears as a point, which is why

they are also called triple point.
PV1=RTmL….(α)
At the triple line (triple point) the temperature and pressure
PVs=RTms….(β)
are the same for all three phases, but the specific volume is
PVg=RTmg….(γ) different.

Then:

Equating α and β

Equating α and γ

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

But after:

We replace:

As:

So:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.21

A hermetically closed pressure vessel contains water, as a saturated liquid at

206.9203kpa. The liquid is heated until .During this process, the volume of the
container increases by 1%. What is the final pressure of the tank?

a) Saturated liquid at 206,843 KPa

b) Saturated liquid at 148.889°C
c) Saturated liquid at 206,920 KPa
Solution

a) Saturated liquid at 206,843 KPa

P(KPa) Vf(m 3 /kg)

200 0.001061

206.843 x

225 0.001064

 But the volume increases by 1%

b) Saturated liquid at 148.889°C

T(°C) Vf(m 3 /kg)

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

145 0.001085

148.889 x

150 0.001091

Vf = 0.001090 m 3 /kg
Vg= 0.40437 m 3 /kg
Vfg = 0.40328 m 3 /kg

Then it turns out to be a negative value, that is, it is a Subcooled liquid, we

proceed to treat it like this:

 Difference between real volume and Vf

V2 =Vf= (0.001073 – 0.001090) m 3 /kg = -1.75 * 10 -5 m 3 /kg

 In the Subcooled liquid table, the difference is found:

P(KPa) Vf(m 3 /kg)

27579.03 -1.72*10-5

x -1.75*10-5

34473.79 -2.12*10-5

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.22

A tank contains R134a 33.8°C. The volume of the tank is 0.056634m 3 and the initial
volume of the liquid in the tank is equal to the volume of the vapor. R134a is added,
forcing it into the tank until it has a mass of 45.359Kg. What is the final volume of the
liquid in the tank assuming that the temperature is maintained at 3708°C? What mass
then enters the tank?

Conversions:

T=33.8°C

V=0.056634m 3

M=45.359Kg

Solution

Since the initial volume of the liquid is equal to the initial volume of the vapor:

T(°C) Vf(m 3 /kg)

36 0.0008595

37.8 x

38 0.0008654

Vliq = Vvap = 1ft 3 = 0. 028317 m 3

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

T(°C) Vg(m 3 /kg)

36 0.022364

37.8 x

38 0.021119

Then the initial mass is:

mT = mliq + mvap
mT = 32.73 Kg + 1.33 Kg
mT = 34,066 Kg

With these conditions we can know the initial quality defined by:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

When the added mass of R-134aa is entered until it reaches 45,359 Kg in a

forced manner, the vapor inside the tank is compressed, with which its pressure
would increase and its corresponding state of saturated vapor would correspond
to a higher temperature T2, which would go against the conditions. of the
problem that says it will be T=cte. (T=37.8°C), then this reasoning implies that
part of the vapor condenses to maintain the pressure corresponding to
Tsat=37.78°C.

Now:

As we force up to 45,359 Kg, the added mass is:

Calculation of the final specific volume:

Quality calculation:

Calculation of the final mass of the liquid:

The volume of the liquid is:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE 3.24

A container of Nitrogen of 194.17 KPa has a cross section of 258 cm 2 . Some evaporate
as a result of heat transfer and the liquid level drops below 2.54 cm. The vapor leaving
the insulated container passes through a condenser and in turn leaves it at 138.273KPa
at -17.8°C. Calculate the heater output flow in m 3 /hour and in ft 3 /hour, assuming that
it behaves like an ideal gas and compare results with those obtained using the nitrogen
tables.

Data

P=194.17 KPa

A=258 cm 2

Ps=138.273KPa

T=-17.8°C

Rn=0.2968 KJ/KgK

Solution

The volume of the liquid evaporated is:

Based on P=194.17 KPa, the saturation temperature is Ts=17.78°C

Mass of evaporated liquid:

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN THERMODYNAMICS

Assuming ideal gas behavior:

Processes:
1 2 Vaporization (Isothermal)
2 3 Expansion (Isoenthalpic)
3 4 Warming up (Isobaric)

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