Research Progress on Corn Starch Wastewater
Treatment Process
ZHANG Chunyang1, ZHANG Congju1, LIU Jianguang2, HAN Lichao2
1. School of Thermal Energy Engineering; Shandong Jianzhu University; Jinan 250101 China
2. School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101,China;
Abstract: The reclamation approaches and treatment
technology process of corn starch wastewater were re-
viewed. contamination Characteristic of corn starch
wastewater were concentration high and biodegradable,
and the reclamation potential was huge. Treatment tech-
nologies included biological treatment, physical chemistry
treatment, biological pond and photosynthetic bacteria
process. The optimized combine treatment process of re-
source reclamation from corn starch wastewater and treat-
ment technology was recommended.
Keywords: anaerobic, wastewater treatment, Corn Starch
Wastewater, reclamation
1 Introduction
Starch is a kind of important industrial raw materials and
widely used in the food, chemistry, textile, pharmaceutical
industry, etc. In the production and processing process of
starch, a large amount of high concentrated organic
wastewater is discharged, which mainly contains organic
matters such as starch, fiber, protein, etc. Once these or-
ganic matters are discharged into the water, it will lead to
severe water pollution and bring repercussion to the sur-
vival environment of human beings. Therefore, starch
wastewater should be processed to meet the standard be-
fore discharging. Further, the high concentration of organic
matter in the water has revealed significant resource poten-
tial.
2 Quality of the corn starch wastewater
The wastewater generated by the production of corn starch
can be divided into two parts, namely the pickling liquid
and process water. The former contains high content of
organic matters, mostly protein, but little water; and the
latter is generated by the whole production process of
broking corn, removing embryo and drying starch and
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978-1-4244-9577-1/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

contains a lot of water which is about 4-5 times of the for-
mer. The pickling liquid is high concentrated organic
wastewater with the characteristic of four high and one low,
namely high CODCr (8,000 ~ 15000mg/L), high suspended
solids (SS) (1000 ~ 3000mg/L), high total nitrogen value
(240 ~ 540mg/L), high concentration of phosphate (in P
plan, about 15 ~ 130mg/L), and low pH (4.2 -5). The proc-
ess water is medium concentrated organic wastewater with
CODCr value in 2000 ~ 3500mg/L, not high ammonia ni-
trogen and phosphate concentration, respectively 20mg/L
and more than 14 ~ 32mg/L.
From the analysis of the above data, it can be concluded
that: (1) Corn starch wastewater is rich in carbohydrates
and nitrogen, phosphorus nutrients, belonging to better
biochemical high concentrated organic wastewater, which
is suitable for high concentration organic wastewater
treatment by biochemical process. (2) Wastewater sus-
pended solids and the colloid protein content is relatively
high, which will produce adverse impact to the develop-
ment of the anaerobic activated sludge system. (3) Corn
immersion process will produce a small number SO32 -. In
anaerobic treatment process, these sulfur-containing com-
pounds are deoxidized to hydrogen sulphide by microor-
ganisms, which is likely to produce certain inhibition on
the anaerobic system.
3 Corn starch wastewater treatment technology situa-
tion
3.1 Biological treatment method
Biological treatment method is to use the effect of the mi-
crobial metabolism, which degrades and converts the dis-
solution and colloid organic pollutants into harmless mate-
rial. The method of purifying wastewater can generally be
divided into anaerobic biological treatment and aerobic
biological treatment. Due to the characteristics of high or-
ganic matter in starch wastewater and difficulty in the
 
process, single biological treatment method is rarely used
and is usually combined to other kinds of biological treat-
ments. By this way, it can make its advantages and disad-
vantages to supplement each other and improve the effi-
ciency.
3.1.1 Anaerobic-aerobic combination
Anaerobic biological treatment can decompose a large
amount of high concentration organic compounds and
produce methane, while aerobic biological treatment is
used as the follow-up process to further remove the resid-
ual organic matters. The combination of these two methods
has a higher efficiency thereby applying in the practical
production process as a whole subject.
Wang Rongmin etc used the three-phase anaerobic-aerobic
one-piece baffle plate bioreactor and added inorganic
polymer abandoned packing rubber as the adherent grow-
ing packing for the aerobic microbes. According to the
result, in temperature between 25 to 35 ć, pH 5.0 ~ 850
and the three-phase anaerobic-aerobic one-piece baffle
plate bioreactor effluent 200mg/L COD concentration be-
low, COD total removal rate topped 98.7%;Effluent am-
monia nitrogen in 10mg/L or so, ammonia nitrogen re-
moval topped 82.3%, which makes the effluent water
standard.
Yang Kaiming and Yang Xiaolin etc introduced a UBF -
CASS combination process to handle starch wastewater in
the northwestern starch company. CODCr tanking water is
reduced by 12000mg/L to 125mg/L, NH3 - N is reduced
by the original 160mg/L to 20mg/L, BOD5 and SS re-
moval rates reached 99.4% and 87% respectively, which
makes the effluent water to achieve the secondary standard.
The system has high impact resistance for strong capability
of load, stable operation effect in biochemical treatment
unit. Moreover, the generated biogas and protein feed all
can have certain economic benefits.
Shi Hui etc used EGSB - A/O combination process to han-
dle high concentration starch wastewater in a starch com-
pany in Si Ping City. The result indicates that the process-
ing high concentration starch wastewater by methods is
completely feasible. When COD for wastewater is
8000~10000mg/L, the COD for processed wastewater is
less than 100mg/L; the reactor COD is stable in 20kg /

(m3·d) or so; the combination process on COD, BOD5, SS
and NH3 - N can reach removal rates 99.1%, 99.6%,82%
and 96% respectively, which reaches the national sewage
comprehensive level 1 emission standard.
3.1.2 Anaerobic biological treatment method
The main processes in anaerobic biological treatment of
handling starch wastewater have ShengLiuShi anaerobic
sludge bed (UASB), anaerobic baffle plate reactor (ABR),
anaerobic fluidized bed (AFB), anaerobic contact method
(ACP), two-phase anaerobic digestion method (TPAD) and
anaerobic filter (AF), etc.
ShengLiuShi anaerobic sludge bed is a kind of anaerobic
reactor based on mature theory. It is developed success-
fully by Lettinga in Wageningen agricultural university in
the Netherlands in 1977. It has a lot of merits, such as high
volume load rate and high sludge load rate etc and it is
widely used in engineering. Li Yafeng etc introduced re-
actor UASB treatment effect used for starch wastewater
treatment in a Shandong company. This company adopted
2 UASB reactors whose diameter was 20m and height was
6.8m in starch wastewater anaerobic biological treatment.
Meanwhile, COD volume load was 8kg / (m3 · for d) with
stable treatment effect and effluent COD, BOD5, SS re-
moval rates were 83%, 90%, 62% respectively, which sat-
isfied the follow-up process requirements. Zhang Chunyan
analyzed the starch wastewater treatment process in Shan-
dong Qingyuan Food Company and proved that it was
economic and effective to use UASB to process high qual-
ity concentration corn starch wastewater, which operation
cost was low and the treatment effect was stable. It further
determined that the best temperature for the UASB treat-
ment was 35 ~ 40 ć; pH value of 6 ~ 7, CODCr reached
8kg / (d. m3) design load and the removal rate reached
above 90%.
Anaerobic baffle plate reactor used built-in vertical guide
plate to divide the reaction chambers into several relative
independent ShangLiuShi sludge bed systems. Several
small reaction chambers were installed in series, which
makes the processed wastewater flow up and down inter-
nally along its baffle plate. In the mixing effect of the flow
and the producing gases, organic matters in the wastewater
contacted with anaerobic sludge repeatedly and ware able
 
to be removed. Gong Qi adopted the anaerobic baffle plate
reactor in the test of high concentration organic emission
wastewater in a Shandong starch company. The result
showed that: ABR had high removal rate in the middle and
low concentration CODCr organic wastewater, up to 70%
~ 80%; In change of operating conditions, the system op-
eration effect was stable with strong impact load capability;
It has good social and environmental benefits.
Anaerobic fluidized bed adds carriers which are small and
larger than the surface in the reactor, which makes the
biofilm composed of the anaerobic microbes grow in its
surface. The carriers are in fluidized state so the microbes
are easily accessible to the wastewater and the bacteria
have high liveness. The equipment therefore has high
processing efficiency. Luan Jinyi etc combined the bio-
logical fluidized bed with the contact oxidation method,
which made the starch wastewater went through the fluid-
ized biological carriers before going to the packing layer.
This was used to handle the wastewater in a Beijing starch
company and the COD removal rate reached about 90%.
This method can complement the advantages of the bio-
logical fluidized bed technology and the contact oxidation
process, which greatly improved the processing efficiency.
Matsumoto also used anaerobic fluidized bed to handle
starch wastewater. When pH was 5.8, methanogenesis
process will be slightly suppressed, which also proved the
best system operation pH was 6.2. But the operation time
was only 15d and the long-term operation can not be guar-
anteed.
3.1.3 Aerobic biological treatment
Compared with anaerobic biological treatment method,
aerobic biological method has strong handling capability,
good effluent, little occupying space, etc. Currently, it is
applied in a lot of corn starch wastewater treatment, such
as SBR method, CASS method, contact oxidation method,
aerobic pond method, etc.
Jin etc used a set of aeration reactor whose effective vol-
ume was 45L and smallest working volume was 3.5L in
the laboratory. In an inoculation of 10% DAR2710 fungi, it
can translate above 95% of the starch material under 35ć
and initial pH = 4.0 for 14h reaction. COD removal rate
was 95% and per litre wastewater recycling protein was

2.07 ~ 2.39 g. The produced fungus protein was no toxic
and can be used for animal feed with good economic and
environmental benefits. According to the test result of Liao
Xinkai etc, SBR method can effectively deal with high
concentration starch wastewater. In normal temperature,
when the filling starch content was 6.0 g/L and the corre-
sponding CODCr value was 6690mg/L, starch removal rate
and CODCr were 97.0% 94.0% respectively with stable
treatment effect. The anoxia reaction and aeration reaction
of SBR are mutually influenced and restricted. In real ap-
plication, we shall determine a reasonable anoxia and aera-
tion time distribution, which makes the treatment effect to
reach the expectation and reduces the cost to low level.
Liang Jiajun applied A/O technique in handling high con-
centration nitrogen corn starch wastewater. Experiment
result showed that the best hydraulic retention time for
A/O technique was 36.5h~54.5h; the COD removal rates
were 95.3% and 95.5% respectively; the NH3-N removal
rates were 71.4%~81.4%. Extended HRT could further
reduce the content of NH3-N in wastewater but adequate
dosing carbon sources should be added. Compared with
conventional aerobic methods, A/O system runs stably,
consumes relatively low energy, has the same CODCr re-
moval rate, but its effect for removing nitrogen is 3 ~ 4
times of the conventional methods.
3.2 Physical and chemical processing method
3.2.1 Flocculation precipitation method
Flocculating precipitation is a physical and chemical
treatment method, which adds flocculant (sometimes also
need to add coagulant) to reduce the stability of the colloid
solution to condense precipitation. The separating and pu-
rifying method uses simple technique with high efficiency
and low cost. Liu Hui etc applied microbial flocculants
(MBF7) to deal with starch industrial wastewater, which
added 10% CaCl25mLǃMBF720mL to 1L wastewater.
Under the condition of the pH=9, turbidity removal rate
was as high as 96.4%. Poesponegoro separated two strains
cultured Ivk and Ivb in the active sludge of a food com-
pany in order to foster and domesticate them to handle the
starch wastewater as flocculant. They found that when Ivk
was in HRT for 8 ~ 16h, COD removal rate could reach
amount to 84% ~ 95%, and when Ivb was in HRT for 13 ~
 
25h, COD removal rate could reach amount to 77% ~ 96%.
Both of them have obvious treatment effect.
3.2.2 Floating processing method
Floating processing uses high pressure to dissolve a large
amount of vapor gas as working liquid. After sudden de-
compression, it will release countless small bubbles, which
makes the flocculate in the wastewater stick to their surface.
Thus, the proportion of the flocculate is far less than the
actual proportion. Along with the rising of the bubbles, the
flocculate will float to the liquid surface, thereby achieving
the purpose of liquid-solid separation. Mu Jianbo etc took
the wastewater in a Hubei starch company and adopted an
air floating device to conduct an experimental research.
The wastewater infusing drug went through the pump into
the integration device. The micro bubble produced by the
dissolved gas water contacted with the counter-current
wastewater. Floc properties were clinging to the micro
bubble and ejected along with the rising, the disposed wa-
ter below the column went out through the liquid level
control device. According to the experiment and the analy-
sis of the flocculant, floating agent and the operation pa-
rameters on the treatment effect, it is concluded that the
best operating conditions can be achieved in feeding posi-
tion 70cm, air inflow 120L/h, feeding amount 100ml/min
and liquid surface height 127cm.
3.3 Other processing methods
3.3.1 Biological pond method
Biological pond technology uses the natural purification
capacity of water to handle wastewater. This technology
was developed rapidly after 1950s and mostly adopted in
sewage and organic industrial wastewater. According to
the characteristics of high organic content and rich nutri-
tion in starch wastewater, the combination of anaerobic
pond, facultative pond and aerobic pond is applied. Yang
Fengjiang etc designed a method to handle starch waste-
water with ShuiHuLu and XiLuPing based on the water
characteristic of Xinmin Starch Company in Liaoning
military logistic department. The precipitated wastewater
was ejected into the natural oxidation pond to have natural
fermentation. Then, it was ejected into the ShuiHuLu pond
to be purified by 7d and was ejected into the XILuPing to
be purified by 7d again. All these procedures made the ef-

fluent water to achieve farm irrigation water quality. Prac-
tice has proved that through the metabolic process which
contained 4 degree of wastewater handling, 3 steps of
multi-function and multi-system, this method can achieve
all material energy conversion and recycle. Thus, it has
obvious popularized value.
3.3.2 Photosynthetic bacteria method
Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) are mainly red pseudomonas
genera, which can conduct bad oxygen photosynthesis un-
der anaerobic condition. The organic matters are used as
the carbon sources and the hydrogen body for photosyn-
thesis, being decomposed and removed. Moreover, they are
able to withstand high concentration organic matters. Pho-
tosynthetic bacteria method is also good in removing con-
taminants, such as nitrogen and phosphorus which has
been widely applied to remove waste water in organic pol-
lutants. Wang Yuxin etc separated out a spherical red coli
L2 from the wastewater sludge in Shandong Wen Deng
Starch Company in order to handle the wastewater after
pretreatment. Under appropriate conditions, CODCr re-
moval rate could reach 95.7% which made the wastewater
to meet the effluent standard.
4 Corn starch wastewater recycling technology
There are a lot of researches at home and abroad using mi-
croorganism for starch wastewater resource disposal in-
cluding using starch wastewater to produce single cell pro-
tein, recycling protein for fodder, producing microbial
flocculants, producing polysaccharide, etc.
Li Suyu etc introduced research in a variety of microbial
purification corn starch wastewater synergy. The result
showed that per cubic meter of wastewater could be used
for producing feed additives SCP1.646 kg and could be
turn into resources of protein production. Meanwhile, mi-
crobial synergy still can make wastewater COD removal
rate more than 90% and the purified wastewater COD re-
moval under 300mg/L. Wang Yuanyuan etc used starch
wastewater to tame, and foster mixed microbial flocculants
to cultivate bacterium. Researching on the cultivated con-
dition, they found that in condition of COD concentration
was 4000mg/L; urea was the source of nitrogen; C: N: P =
100:5-2, training time was 42h, culture temperature was 30
ć, wave bed speed was 150r/min, the MBF - 17 floccula-
 
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