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Diego Salvarezza

ELEMENTS OF PHYSICOCHEMISTRY

ELEMENTS OF PHYSICOCHEMISTRY

Physical chemistry is a science whose objective is the study of chemical processes from a physical
point of view. To approach the study of these processes, Physical Chemistry does so through microscopic
and macroscopic approaches, establishing models and postulates that will allow predicting and explaining the
phenomena studied.
Physical chemistry as a scientific discipline tries to explain the chemical-physical properties of
materials from a purely physical point of view. The areas of chemistry that physical chemistry deals with
most are chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and quantum chemistry.

General objective

That the student achieves a general idea about physical-chemical science, its language, its symbols
and objectives; in order to facilitate future higher learning in the discipline.

Specific objectives

- That the incoming student achieves a clear but general concept about what the object of study is in
Physicochemistry. What are the main properties that make up the characterization of material
systems. The resource of units for quantification. Especially the mole as a unit.
- To get an idea about the degrees of division of matter, in order to be able to use atomic numbers,
atomic and molecular masses, as well as the use of the periodic table.
- That you reach a clear understanding of the fundamental laws of chemistry and their relationship with
chemical formulation, the valences of elements and stoichiometry.
- Acquire sufficient skills to interpret and solve problems related to the stoichiometry of chemical
reactions, that is, their quantitative aspect with regard to the masses and moles involved.

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- That they reach an elementary but sufficient learning, for the beginning of their curricular activities,
in the language of inorganic chemistry, such as nomenclature, chemical union and formulation.
- That the student, after developing fundamental concepts, can, with the help of this guide, consolidate
that knowledge through exercise in problem situations.
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PROGRAM

Topic I: Material Systems. Matter and energy. Laws of conservation of matter and energy.
States of a system. Status change. Extensive and intensive properties.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Substances and mixtures. Simple and compound substances.
Items.
Molecule and atom: characterization of the main subatomic particles.
Atomic number and mass number. Isotopes. Atomic masses.
Periodic classification of elements: its relationship with the electronic configuration of the elements.
The periodic table as a practical resource.

Topic II: Physics as an experimental science. Measurement concept.

Systems of units. Fundamental laws of chemical combinations.
Quantities in chemical change: atomic, molecular and formula unit masses. Unit of quantity of matter: mole.
Avogadro's number. Centesimal composition; minimal and molecular formulas. Units
concentration: molarity, molality, mole fraction, percentages.

Topic III: Formulation methodology and inorganic chemical nomenclature. Chemical symbols.
Valencia and formulation. Nomenclature: classic and modern approaches. Stoichiometric Balances; methods
for determining stoichiometric coefficients: trial/error and algebraic. Oxidation number. Redox reactions:
balance of simple cases. Stoichiometric calculations:
relationships of masses, numbers of moles and volumes.

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INDEX
Page

ELEMENTS OF PHYSICOCHEMISTRY............................................................................1
ELEMENTS OF PHYSICOCHEMISTRY.................................................................1
General objective.........................................................................................................1
Specific objectives.......................................................................................................1
PROGRAM.................................................................................................................2
IV.1.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY...........................................................6
IV.1.2 SUBJECT.........................................................................................................7
IV.1.3 STATES OF MATTER....................................................................................7
IV.1.4 MASS AND WEIGHT....................................................................................8
IV.1.5 ENERGY..........................................................................................................8
IV.1.6 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER..........................................9
IV.1.7 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY...................................................9
IV.1.8 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER AND ENERGY........................9
E = mc 2...............................................................................................................................9
IV.1.9 SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES.............................................................117
IV.1.10 SEPARATION OF MIXTURES...............................................................117
Filtration..................................................................................................................117
Distillation...............................................................................................................118
Chromatography......................................................................................................118
IV.1.11 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES........................................119
IV.1.12 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES.............................................120
IV.1.13 MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY......................................................120
Table 1.1 - The seven fundamental units of measurement (SI)...............................120
Mass and weight......................................................................................................121
TABLE 1. 3 Some units of mass in the SI system..................................................121
Length......................................................................................................................121
Volume....................................................................................................................121
Speed and acceleration............................................................................................122
Force........................................................................................................................122
1 N = 1 kg m/s 2.......................................................................................................122
Pressure....................................................................................................................122
IV.1.15 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES.........................................................................122
11
3
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The zeros used to establish the position of the decimal point are not significant
figures......................................................................................................................124
EXAMPLE 1.1........................................................................................................124
A = lxw = (12.34 cm)(l.23 cm) = 15.2cm2..................................................................124
EXAMPLE 1. 2.......................................................................................................124
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 327 grams................................................................125
Accuracy and precision...........................................................................................125
IV.1.16 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY....................................................126
EXAMPLE 1. 3.......................................................................................................126
D = M / V = 37.32 g / 47.3 ml = 0.789 g/ml..............................................................126
EXAMPLE 1. 4.......................................................................................................126
EXAMPLE 1. 5.......................................................................................................127
EXAMPLE 1. 6.......................................................................................................127
40.0 g H 2 SO 4 because 100.0 g of solution..........................................................127
100.0 g sol. contain 40.0 g of H 2 SO 4................................................................127
? K = °C + 273.15 ° or ?°C = K - 273.15°...............................................................130
EXAMPLE 1. 7.......................................................................................................130
Solution...................................................................................................................130
EXAMPLE 1. 8.......................................................................................................130
IV.1.18 HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT MEASUREMENT...............................130
EXAMPLE 1. 9.......................................................................................................131
Solution...................................................................................................................131
EXAMPLE 1. 10.....................................................................................................131
10.............................................................................................................................132
IV.1.19 GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS..................................................133
IV.2.1 THE PERIODIC TABLE.............................................................................134
Differences between group A and B.......................................................................135
IV.2.2 ELECTRONIC AFFINITY............................................................................30
IV.2.3 ELECTRONEGATIVITY...........................................................................138
For representative elements, electronegativities typically increase from left to right
across periods and from bottom to top within groups.............................................138
IV.2.4 METALS, NON-METALS AND METALLOIDS......................................138
IV.2.5 ATOMS AND MOLECULES.......................................................................34
IV.2.6 CHEMICAL FORMULAS..........................................................................142
Different pure samples of a compound always contain the same elements in the
same proportion by mass.........................................................................................142
IV.2.7 IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS.............................................................143
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IV.2.8 ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER AND ISOTOPES........................145

x...................................................................................................................................145
IV.2.9 ATOMIC MASSES.....................................................................................149
IV.2.10 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS....................................................................150
IV.2.11 ATOMIC WEIGHTS.................................................................................150
IV.2.12 MOLAR MASS OF AN ELEMENT, MOL AND AVOGADRO'S
NUMBER................................................................................................................150
1 mole = 6.022045 X 10 23 particles........................................................................151
The mass in grams of one mole of atoms of a pure element is numerically equal to
the atomic weight in amu of said element.................................................................42
EXAMPLE 2-1..........................................................................................................42
EXAMPLE 2-2..........................................................................................................42
= 2.516 x 10 24 Ni atoms..........................................................................................150
EXAMPLE 2-3........................................................................................................150
IV.2.13 FORMULA WEIGHTS, MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND MOLES.......150
EXAMPLE 2-4..........................................................................................................44
EXAMPLE 2-5..........................................................................................................44
= 7.52 x 10 23 molecules............................................................................................44
Prof. Diego...............................................................................................................................45
IV.2.14 OXIDATION NUMBERS...........................................................................45
2.16 - GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS.....................................................153
IV.3.1 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND COMPOUND FORMULAS.........48
EXAMPLE 3-1..........................................................................................................48