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Guía Práctica para El Examen de Ingreso A La Universidad 5th Edition Ana Luisa Montañez Colín Full Chapter Download PDF
Guía Práctica para El Examen de Ingreso A La Universidad 5th Edition Ana Luisa Montañez Colín Full Chapter Download PDF
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PLATE XXIX
PLATE XXX
“With his left hand the surgeon seizes the prepuse, whilst a veritable reverberation
of short-sounded ‘i, i’s’ meets him from the mouths of all present, and as he draws
it well forward a number of hacks severs it.”
PLATE XXXI
Melville Islander.
The novice (or novices, as the case may be) is now taken away
from the wild scene and again given to understand that henceforth
he is not to leave the company of the men, and that he must do as
those in authority bid him. He is taken to another fire some distance
off and covered with red ochre from head to foot; his hair is tied back
with human hair-string; then he is led back to the principal group of
performers.
When he re-appears, the dancers rush around in the manner
described above, crying “Arr, arr, aah!” with husky voices, first more
or less confusedly, but gradually in a more defined line which
gradually closes upon the youth. Beyond themselves with
excitement, they lay hands upon the lad and lift him upon the backs
of two or three of the men who are stooping in readiness to receive
him. As he is carried onwards, the other performers, and some of the
chorus as well, cluster around the panic-stricken boy, each of them
taking hold of some part of his body and helping to make the mass of
humanity as confused as possible (Plate XXIX, 2). Thus they tour
around the cirque and pull up near to the fire. Two or three of the
number now throw themselves beneath the carriers, who, in their
turn, immediately pile themselves upon them. The boy is pulled back
on to this human operating table full length, and another man
immediately jumps on to his chest; others hold him securely by his
arms and legs. All the time the men keep up their cries of “Arr!” and
from different places around the fire the booming, humming, and
shrieking notes of bull-roarers rise above the din.
The moment the latter unearthly sounds are heard at a Kukata
ceremony, the men respond with an uproarious slogan sounding like:
“Wubbi, wubbi, wubbi, wau!” This imitates the noise of the bull-
roarer, which is supposed to be the voice of the presiding spirit. A
perceptible wave of solemnity pervades the atmosphere at this
moment, not only in the immediate surroundings of the ceremonial
fire, but wherever the piercing chorus strikes the ears of camping
groups, who may at the time be many miles away. Women and
children shudder with fright and bury their faces in their hands. The
initiated men, however, act differently. Where there is only one in
camp, he rushes to the fireside and snatches a burning stick which
he tosses high into the air. When there are several present, they
rush out together into the darkness and unitedly echo the “Wubbi,
wubbi, wubbi, wau!”
The boy’s mouth is gagged with a ball of hair-string, which serves
the double purpose of stifling his voice, should he attempt to cry, and
of giving him something to bite his teeth into when he is in pain.
The men at the lower end now force his legs asunder and press
them downwards over the side of the bodies below. As this is
happening, the operator walks into the space between the thighs,
with his beard between his lips and his eyes rolling in their sockets.
He carries a knife in his hand—usually a fair-sized freshly broken
splinter of quartzite, chalcedony, flint, or quartz, with or without a
handpiece of resin—and immediately proceeds to operate. The
Wongapitcha at this stage stun the boy by clubbing his head. With
his left hand the surgeon seizes the prepuse, whilst a veritable
reverberation of short-sounded “i, i’s” meets him from the mouths of
all present, and as he draws it well forward a number of hacks
severs it (Plate XXX). The Dieri make use of a short, smooth,
cylindro-conical stone, over the rounded point of which the operator
stretches the skin, and so pushes back the glans before he cuts.
Among the Kukata the circumcision ceremonial is referred to as
“Gibberi.” During its period, cicatrices are made on the arms, but the
characteristic transverse cuts on the back are reserved for the
following rite, which goes by the name of “Winyeru.” The prepuse is
resected with a stone knife known as “tjulu,” and immediately
destroyed by throwing it into the fire.
As the surgeon’s hand leaves the boy’s body with the detached
skin clutched between two fingers, the act is greeted all round with
an appreciative exclamation sounding like “A ha, a hm.” The Aluridja
refer to the skin as “banki,” and bury it shortly after the operation.
The boy, who by this time is usually semi-comatous, is sat up, and
the blood which is streaming from him is collected in a piece of bark
previously laid beneath him. The Wogait and other northern tribes
subsequently dress the wound with paperbark, clay, emu fat, and hot
ashes, to stanch the bleeding. When the boy recovers from the
shock, he is presented with a spear and spear-thrower, and often a
shield as well.
The patient is then taken into the bush to convalesce; and during
this period his diet is under strict observation. After about three
weeks he has more or less recovered and returns with the men to
the main camp, wearing a fur-tassel which covers his pubes. His
mother and other near female relatives on the mother’s side, when
they behold him, walk towards him sobbing, tearing hair from their
scalps and otherwise hurting their bodies as indication of their
sympathy for the painful ordeal he has so bravely undergone whilst
aspiring towards the status of manhood.
Cases have repeatedly come under my notice in latter years
where a circumcision candidate has attempted to evade the
operation by travelling away from his tribe and residing indefinitely
with some other party, native or European, having no jurisdiction
over him. It is usually only a matter of time and he will be ambushed
by men of his own tribe and taken back to camp. The operation is
then immediately performed, and is made extraordinarily drastic as a
punishment. The skin is stretched forward under considerable
tension and severed with a stone knife. In several specimens which
are in my possession, the external sheath was cut so high up that a
number of pubic hairs were removed with it.
This ceremony in its essential features is much the same among
all tribes which circumcise, although there are slight variations in the
method of building up the human operating table. In the Wogait tribe,
for instance, the boy is thrown on his back over the legs of four men
who sit in pairs, face to face, with their limbs alternately placed so
that the feet of one are against a thigh of another.
We have already referred to the ceremonial object known as the
“wanningi,” which is produced during this ceremony. This is always
constructed specially for the occasion and is destroyed again
immediately after; under no circumstances are the women and
children allowed to see it, for if they did blindness or some paralysing
affliction would strike them for their disobedience. In its simplest
form, the “wanningi” consists of a cross, from the centre of which a
long twine of fur is wound spirally outwards, from arm to arm, and
fastened with a single turn round each arm in succession. The object
is either stuck into the hair as referred to, or carried in the hand by
the functionaries during the final stage of the ceremony. In the
northern Kimberleys a similar structure is used which is carried at the
end of a spear or long stick behind the back of the performer. The
“wanningi” is supposed to become inspired by a spirit guardian the
moment the object is completed and prevents the boy from suffering
too great a loss of blood. It is shown to the boy just prior to the
operation and its sacred nature is explained to him.
The partially matriculated man now remains in camp for a while,
but is kept under the strictest surveillance and aloof from the
opposite sex. He continues to go out on daily excursions with certain
of the older men and has to recompense those who took an active
part in his initiation with the lion-share of his hunting bag, many items
of which he is himself still forbidden to partake of.
Not many weeks pass by peacefully, however, before the
excitement starts afresh. An old man, usually the senior among the
initiate’s group-relatives, quite spontaneously lays hands on the
unsuspecting neophyte, by clutching him between his arms, and
bites him on the head. Then he releases him again and darts away
like one possessed. Others take the cue and act similarly. Several
men participate in this painful but well-intentioned ceremonial, and
they may repeat the performance from three to six times in
succession. The youth tries to make light of the injury done him but
often cannot altogether suppress crying with agony. The blood pours
freely from the numerous wounds in his scalp. He will in all
probability have to undergo this painful ordeal on two or three
different occasions.
There is yet another big test to be passed by the man-in-the-
making before he is finally admitted by the controlling council to
mature membership. And this is again accompanied by an additional
mutilation of his person, which is commonly referred to as the “mika
operation.” With few exceptions it is performed by most of the central
and north-western tribes and in much the same manner.
The ceremony does not take place until some time after the young
man has thoroughly recovered from the effects of his previous
sufferings. It follows, in many instances, as the natural climax to a
lengthy religious demonstration during which a series of sacred
songs and dances has been produced. Needless to say the
proceedings are inaugurated at a spot remote from the general
camping ground, and preference is given to a moonlight night. No
woman or child is tolerated near, and the novice is told that he must
regard his presence among the old men as a decided favour.
Ordinary songs are rendered for a while which are designed to
fecundate the mother-stocks of their game supplies; then follow
more dramatic incantations which are believed not only to attract
certain spirit-ancestors to the spot but also inspirit the sacred but
ordinarily inanimate tjuringas which are lying before the celebrants at
the fireside. The excitement grows and with it the men wax
enthusiastic. It is decided to operate upon one or more young men
who happen to be available; and now everybody seems beyond
himself with frenetical animation. The suggestion is received with
applause. No secret is made about the matter; and the nomination is
made in public. The atmosphere is so tense with hysterical
veneration that the mere mention of a likely function enjoining the
spilling of blood is received with enthusiasm and general
appreciation. Arrangements are made forthwith.
Three or four men who are to be intimately concerned in the affair
dodge into the darkness of the bush and return a short time later
besmeared with ochre and pipeclay, and decorated with eagle-
hawk’s down. As they approach the fire, they stamp the ground with
their feet and balance their arms in a horizontal position. Thus they
encircle the fire two or three times and, in doing so, make a peculiar
hissing noise like that produced when wood is being cut. All the time
the other men are beating time to the movements of the performers
by smacking their hands against their buttocks.
Presently the dull, humming sound of a bullroarer breaks upon the
performers’ ears. At this, all men throw up their arms above their
heads and yell, while the notes of the bullroarer reach a higher pitch.
A jumble of wild, vociferating men ensues. The novice stands in their
midst. The bullroarer’s noise is stopped, and with it the voices of the
men die away. Only the painted performers continue to stamp and
again make the peculiar hissing noise as they move around the fire.
By this time a number of men have placed themselves behind the
novice who is made to stare into the brightest portion of the fire and
told not to move his eyes from the spot.
Upon a significant nod or other signal from the leading performer,
some of the men at the back of the youth lie upon the ground, while
others place themselves on top of them again. The moment this has
happened, the youth is tripped backwards over them by some who
have been standing at his side, and by them he is also held down
and gagged.
The leading performer now moves straight towards the victim and
in his hand one notices he is carrying a stone cutting knife. His
attendants spring to each side of him and hold the young man’s legs
apart. Now the leading man, who has been ordained with the
surgical duties, follows the ancient practice of the “gruesome rite” by
splitting the urethra for a distance of about an inch down its length.
The withdrawal of the surgeon from the scene meets with the
approval of all participants and eye-witnesses; and this fact is made
known by the combined exclamations of “A, A, Yah!”
The young man is promptly pulled up from the improvised living
table and his gag removed. He is ordered to sit over a wooden
receptacle, usually a shield but occasionally a food-carrier, in which
the blood pouring from the wound is allowed to collect. In a crude but
hearty manner, more by action than by word, he is congratulated.
Now he is a man, a real man, and he is at liberty to join in the
discussions of the rest of the men and to ask any pertinent questions
relating to the affairs of his tribe.
During this time the commotion around the camp-fire continues
without abatement. The excited throng, spurred on by what has
preceded, seems to have become intoxicated by the sight of blood.
The men who lay beneath the initiate during the operation figure
prominently among them and display the clots and congealed
patches of blood which cover considerable portions of their naked
bodies. This provokes an appetite for seeing more and ere long one
of the senior men, who has been initiated some time ago, volunteers
to have the subincision of his urethra extended. He of his own free
will calls upon an old man to perform on him and, when the nominee
steps forward, he submits to the torture without flinching. Others
follow his example. There is no doubt that the brave demonstration
of masculine fearlessness stimulates the newly initiated member
who is sitting aside and recovering from the shock which the trying
ordeal has given his system.
The Kukata men at this stage, knowing that the candidate has now
successfully passed the second great initiation rite, known as
“Winyeru,” and is henceforth to be allowed to mix with the women,
betray extreme sensual excitement. And it is whilst they are in that
state that some of the oldest men approach them, carrying spears,
with the points of which they extend the previous slit in the urethra by
a further short distance. It is only natural that the blood which follows
the cut is squirted in considerable quantity. The custom is to allow it
to do so until the excitement abates, and then to stop the bleeding by
holding a fire-stick near the wound. After submitting themselves to
such treatment on numerous successive occasions, it could only be
expected that the whole external length of the urethra is eventually
slit. The old men maintain that thereby their carnal powers are
increased, and for that reason their forefathers introduced the
corresponding female operation.
The after-treatment of the patient is much the same as described
in connection with the circumcision ceremony. When eventually the
newly made “man” returns to the main camp, a great sensation is
caused among the women who wail as if there had been a
bereavement, and cut deep gashes into different parts of their
bodies.
Many of the northern coastal tribes, such as the Wordaman of the
Wickham and Victoria Rivers, erect a sacred pole at the site of the
enactment of some of their religious and initiation ceremonies. This
pole is called “Djundagalla” and stands six or seven feet high. It is