PHYSICS 5TH

CAPACITORS-YEAR
CAPACITOR ASSOCIATION
 INTRODUCTION

The definition of what a capacitor or condenser is is very simple, an electrical capacitor

is a device that is used to store electrical charges . The most basic form of a capacitor
consists of two metal sheets that are separated by an insulator or dielectric material,
which may be air, glass, mica, oil or any other type of insulating material.
Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store a certain amount of electrical charge. . , Plate a, Area A
The unit of capacitance is given the name farad (F) in honor of the great physicist and Wire "
chemist Michael Faraday. Capacitors are widely used in various applications, such as in
the flash of a camera, to store energy in laptop chargers, to block electrical charge peaks
in order to protect the circuit. Virtually every system today uses capacitors.
w

Difference
Wire
of Potential Plate b, area B
As we have said, a simple capacitor consists of a pair of parallel plates of
area A , separated by a small distance d .
The higher the voltage of the voltage source and the
larger and closer the plates are, the greater the charge
that can be stored in a capacitor.
In electrical circuits, capacitors can be found in the
following way, these represent their diagram or symbol.

Let's look at the image below, if a voltage is applied

across a capacitor that is connected to a battery by
conducting wires, the two plates charge quickly, one plate
acquires a negative charge and the other a positive
charge of the same magnitude. Therefore, it is said that
both the battery terminal and the capacitor plates are at
the same potential. Often what we call voltage we will
now call “potential difference”, which is exactly the same
thing.
As we see that the plates are charged with both positive charges as well as negative
charges. We see that the amount of charge that the plates acquire is proportional to the
magnitude of the potential difference “V” that was applied to the plates. Q = CV
We call the proportionality constant “ C ” which tells us the capacitance of the
capacitor . The unit of capacitance is the coulomb per volt. The ordinary capacitors that
we can find in any commercial electronics store are in capacity ranges from 1pF
(picofarad = 10^(-12)), up to 1μF (microfarad = 10^(-6)). There are actually many
commercial values, but the most common range is between microfarads and picofarads.
In the 17th century, Alejandro Volta investigated that the value of the capacitor does not
depend on the charge “Q” or the potential difference “V”, but rather depends on the
shape, its geometry, its size, the relative position between the conductors, as well as the
material that separates them.
Types of Capacitors
There are various types of capacitors and each one with a
particular application but with the same purpose. Let's look at
some types of capacitors.

Another type of capacitor that is very common in electrical

circuits is ceramic capacitors.

Polyester capacitors also exist.

 Formula for Capacitance and a Parallel Plate Capacitor

The main formula for capacitance is as follows:

Where:
C = Capacitance of the capacitor (Units in Farad “F”)
Q = Charge stored by the capacitor (Units in Coulombs “C”)
V = Potential difference between the capacitor plates (Units in Volts “V”)

Now, when we want to calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor as is the
case in this article, we will use the following mathematical expression or formula:
Where:
ε = Permittivity constant that depends on the type of insulator.
A = Area of one of the parallel plates (Units in Meters “m”) d = Distance between the
parallel plates (Units in Meters “m”)
 In this post, we use the term permittivity, where the constant ε is
known as electrical permittivity or also called permittivity of the
insulating medium, this is equal to the product of the permittivity
constant in a vacuum by the relative permittivity:

The permittivity constant in vacuum has the following value:

Insulatin Relative Permittivity Er

g
C Permittivity Table of some media Empty 1

Since we've talked about permittivity, let's look at someAirdata on relative permittivity.
1.0005

Gasoline 2.35

Oil 2.8

Glass 4.7

Mica 5.6

Glycerin 45

Water 80.5
 • Solved Exercises on Capacitors
Problem 1.- The plates of a capacitor have a separation of 2 mm in air. Calculate its capacitance if
each rectangular plate measures 12 cm x 15 cm.
Solution:
At first glance we see that the data is the same problem, starting from the separation of 2 mm, as well as the insulating
medium, which is air, and the measurements of the plate. To do this, the first thing we will do is collect our data Data:

Now it is time to calculate the area of the plate, we must

remember that the measurement must be in square meters. a) Calculate the
capacitance of the
(} = yrn) 12cm = 0.12m capacitor
15cm = 0.1571

Now we calculate the area of the plates

Substituting data into the
But we must know how much the permittivity is, we apply the ula: formula:
Since it is a base of 10 raised to
Putting our data in the la, we obtain: the minus 12, we can also call it
L.T.
8.85.10-12—) =8.8510-12—
•T
“Pico”. That is to say:
m/ m
8.8510-12 —m 0.01 8m2 _ - ce
g (0.002m) 7 '
5P
We must also convert the So the value of the capacitor is
distance into meters. 79.65 pF
Result:
— -——— ) —
d 0.002m 1000mm
2mm /
 Problem 2.- Two square tin sheets measuring 18 cm on each side are adhered to the opposite faces of
a 0.05 mm thick mica sheet with a relative permittivity εr = 5.6. What will be its capacitance?
Solution:
Unlike example 1, in this problem we have a material like mica that has its own relative permittivity, again we have to
gather all the necessary data to be able to solve the exercise, in this case we will begin to use all the length measurements
in meters since data collection.
Data:

Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor

To carry out the solution to the problem, let us
remember that the permittivity has the formula:

We substitute the data we have, to obtain the

permittivity:

Now we calculate the area of the two plates:

Applying the capacitance formula:
We obtain a total of 32.11 nF, that is, 32.11×10^(-9)F
Solution:
 Problem 3.- A parallel plate capacitor has a capacitance of 3×10^(-9) Farads, if the
plates have a separation of 4 mm. What is the area of the plates?
Solution:
The problem is very simple, since it is not necessary to perform numerous
calculations, which is why the level of difficulty is the most basic. Let's see:
We place our data: first thing we will do is clear the area of the capacitance formula,
remember that if you have doubts about clearing you can click here to learn how to
clear:

Once we have cleared the formula, we only need to substitute our data into the formula, leaving it
as follows:
Rounding:
A = 1.36 m^2
Answer:

It
 Problem 4 – The parallel plates of a vacuum capacitor are separated by a
distance of 6 mm and have an area of 0.03m² . A potential difference of 220
Volts is applied across the capacitor. Calculate a) The capacitance, b) the
charge on each plate.
Solution:
This is a problem that involves the use of the two formulas that we know so far for
capacitance, the first essential formula is the one that defines capacitance in terms of electric
charge and voltage (Q /V) and the other formula is the one we have been using with
problem number 3, which involves the use of permittivity, area and distance.
So, we move on to solving the problem, but not before entering the data we have:

• A) We calculate the capacitance

If we know that the plates are in a vacuum , then the permittivity of the vacuum will be the value of
the total permittivity. So we only
Substituting
need to resort to the
Then:
capacitance formula .

•B) We calculate the charge on each

plate from the following formula :

q = c ■ V = (4.425101F) (220V) = 9.735r10/C

 Problem 5.- Two square sheets of tin measuring 11 cm on each side are adhered to the opposite faces of a sheet of
glass 0.09 mm thick with a relative permittivity εr = 4.7. What would be to its capacity?
Solution :
 If we look at this exercise, it is very similar to problem 2, only if we analyze carefully, we see that it is not a sheetPlate of a,mica,
area A

but rather a sheet of glass. Therefore the permittivity will be different, so we must collect the data and convert the units to
meters for both the distance between the plates, as well as Er = 4.7
) Get the capacitance
First we begin by calculating the hermitivity of the d = 0.09mm
glass sheet .
Substituting our data into the formula : Plate b, area B
We have a value of 5.59 nF

as well as the size of the sheets .

•Obtain the capacitance
Data: Now we substitute the data into the formula :
1m Now it is time to calculate the area of the
l —11cm
100cm
= plates
0.11m

Now the data is substituted into the

0.09mm
1000
9x10 capacitance formula .
mm Answer:
 INSTRUCTIONS:
• Below are a series of tutorial links that explain how to solve some exercises.
• Watch the videos and develop the exercises proposed in the following slides.
• If you have concerns, do not hesitate to contact us to resolve your concerns.
• If, at the time of reviewing the proposed exercises, they are identical with errors, they will be eliminated without
any weighting.
• It must be delivered on the assigned date, otherwise they will not have the same evaluation conditions for those
who deliver it on the day.
- OBSERVATION: THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITY WILL BE RECEIVED ON THE FIRST
FLEXIBLE MONDAY OF THE MONTH OF MAY AND WILL BE DELIVERED
PHYSICALLY ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING SCHEDULE: 5TH TO 8 AM – 9 AM;
5TH B 9AM –10 AM; 5TH C 10 AM –11 AM; 5TH D 11 AM –12 AM.
 Tutorial links Capacitors

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIqJrpVZZeE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpamrlNMSig
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-Mm9Rhoaiw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vysLa8EVOlI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kbXunBuer0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFeRqLeZHzw
 Suggested exercises
1 . The area of one of the sheets of a capacitor
plane is 0.64 m 2 . Yeah the separation between
sheets is 0.1 mm and between they do not exist dielectric, how many mocrofarads have the
capacitor?What is the battery voltage if the capacitor charge 3s 3.2 µF?
A parallel sheet capacitor is formed by two metal discs with a diameter of 10 cm, separated by a mica sheet of
dielectric constant 2.5 and thickness 2 mm. What is the charge of the capacitor when the potential difference
between its armatures is 100 V? What is the energy stored in the capacitor?
3. For a separation d between the sheets of a flat capacitor without dielectric, its capacity is C = 60 µF and the
potential difference between its armatures is V = 600 volts. What is the capacity and voltage of this capacitor if the
separation between the plates is tripled? What is the energy stored when the separation between the sheets is d?
4. The separation between the two sheets of a flat capacitor with a dielectric constant k = 4 is 2mm.
If the intensity of the resulting electric field between the sheets is modulus 1.6 * 10 5 N/C, what is the
potential difference applied between the sheets? What is the area of the sheets if the capacity of the capacitor is 2*10
-3
µF? What is the stored energy?
5. There are two capacitors with capacities C 1 = 10 µF and C 2 = 15 µF. The first is connected to a
potential difference V 1 = 2500 V and the second to a potential difference V 2 = 1000 V. Once
independently charged, the positively charged reinforcements are connected to each other and the negatively
charged reinforcements to each other. What is the charge and potential difference of the association? What is the
total energy stored?
 CAPACITOR ASSOCIATION
Like resistors or electrical generators , the electrical capacitors in a circuit can generally be associated in
such a way that they can be replaced by a single capacitor whose operation is equivalent to that produced by all of them.
This capacitor is called the equivalent or resultant capacitor . Mainly the capacitors can be associated in series ,
parallel or a combination of both called mixed .
• The resulting capacitor obtained by associating a set of them is called an equivalent capacitor .

Association of series capacitors

Two or more capacitors are said to be in series when each one of them is located after the previous one along the
conducting wire of a circuit.
The potential difference that exists between the extreme armatures is the sum of the potential differences existing
between the armatures of each capacitor: V = V 1 + V 2 + V 3
The load of the first reinforcement will create an induced load –q in the second. This face will induce another charge of
the same value and opposite sign +q to the first armature of the second capacitor, and so on. All this tells us that the
charge q of the system is constant.
q=q1=q2=q3

Series Equivalent Capacitor

Capacitors in series can be replaced by a single capacitor in which the inverse of its capacity is the sum of the
inverses of its capacities,
 Parallel capacitor association
When two or more capacitors are in parallel, they share their ends as shown in the following
figure:

It depends on this association that:

V=V1=V2=V
3

load total is: C=C+C,+C,

1 + q2 +
q3 Parallel Capacitors
When the resistors are in parallel, they share their ends as seen in the figure,

The structure of the left can be replaced by that of the right in which there is only a single capacitor whose
capacity is the sum of the capacities of the capacitors of the left figure,
 • A mixed association of capacitors is one where they appear
capacitors associated in series joined to capacitors associated in parallel.
• The procedure for resolving
the mixed association of capacitors
will be established through the following example:

• We first calculate the parallel equivalent capacitor (C 1 +

C 2 ), which we will call C 12 .
Where C 12 = C 1 + C 2
C 12 = 4 µF + 3 µF
C 12 = 7 µF
C 12 will be in series with the capacitor C 3 as seen in the
figure
• Because C 12 and C 3 are in series, the inverse of
the equivalent capacity is equal to the sum of the
inverses of the partial capacities. Using the
relationship:

1 1
c
C, C
2 3

7^F+ 2^F 14uF

c

C = 1.55uF

• As the problem is solved, each of the equivalent circuits obtained is drawn continuously. They
show both the known and unknown magnitudes, to then determine them.
The attached figure shows a circuit of capacitors whose capacities are given in uF as follows: C 1 =
1; C2 = 2 ; C3 = 3; C4 = 4 ; C5 = 2; C 6 =6 and V AB = 120 V. Calculate:

Suggested exercises
• • The equivalent capacity
• The carcasses q 1 , q 3 and q 4 .
The energy stored in the system C 45

The figure shows a set of capacitors. Calculate:

The capacity between points A and B.
The charge on each capacitor knowing that V AB = 4.8 V
The energy stored in each capacitor

yes REDMI

CAMERA
9
 Exercises
Consider the circuit shown in the figure shown. Determine:
The equivalent capacity of the circuit
The potential difference across each of the capacitors
The charges acquired on each capacitor
The energy stored in each capacitor
" Educations the gala dress to attend the party of life"

Miguel Rojas Sanchez