Front Loader Operation Techniques

cefomn
Industrial Mining Training Center

Iquique 7158 Antofagasta Chile
contocto@cefomin.cl
Phone (55) 2275242- 2292178 - 2290078
www.cefomin.ci
follow us on
FRONT LOADER OPERATION TECHNIQUES
SECURITY IN THE ROOM cefomn
Security
In case of emergency in the room
Leave the path clear to the exit doors.
Evacuate calmly to the designated emergency meeting points,
until waiting for the order to restart work tasks.
cefomn
PRESENTATION
Ppesem(2c7ém fe mS(rUc(tO?
cefomn
GENERAL RULES.
START OF ACTIVITY: 8:30 Hrs

END OF ACTIVITY: 17:30 Hrs
LUNCH 1 HOUR
1st INTERMISSION 10:15
15MIN
2nd INTERMISSION 15:15
15MIN
CELL
PHONES
OFF YES
cefomn
GOALS
At the end of the course, you will be able to:

• Carry out a correct and effective pre-operational check around
the machine.
• Safely operate a front loader.
• Demonstrate your ability to efficiently and safely carry out
operations with the front loader.
.
cfomn
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.
• Recognize and identify the different components and systems of the

equipment, to carry out guided inspections.
• Know the capabilities of the equipment, according to the acquired
configuration.
• Know cycle times, load capacity.
• Know favorable conditions for the correct operation of the
equipment (bench height, floor levels, material fragmentation, etc.)
• Know the parameters of an effective operation and its correct
application by virtue of the efficiency and care of the equipment.
cefomn
WORK AGENDA
48 HOUR THEORETICAL COURSE.
100% ASSISTANCE
INITIAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST.
FINAL THEORETICAL WRITTEN TEST.
PRACTICAL COURSE OF 102 HOURS.
FINAL PRACTICAL EXAM.
MINIMUM COURSE APPROVAL GRADE 80%.

cefomn
FRONT LOADER
The Front Loaders have the technical name Articulated Mechanical Shovels and
have been specially built for loading and lifting materials in the fields of open shortcut
mining, in construction, to fix roads, etc.
The Front Loader was manufactured in 1939 in the USA and consisted of a rigid
structure similar to a tractor but with a bucket in the front, mechanically operated by
cables, which was initially called PILOTHER.
There are many Brands and dimensions of Front Loaders such as:
Caterpillar Komatsu Volvo Case OYK Michigan Letourneu Shantui Clark
Liebherr JCB Merko Fiat Allis Kawasaki New Holland Kobelco
cefom
CLASSIFICATION OF THE
FRONT LOADERS
h
A- Tracked Front Loaders:

they are mostly small and
are widely used in clay
soils.
B- Front Wheel Loaders:
they have a greater
number of applications,
they are used in
construction and mining
projects.
cefomn
ial
Use in Market Segmentation

Construction
Heavy
• What is a Wheel Loader?

cefomn
ial
It is a machine that belongs to the family of Earthmoving

equipment, for Excavation, Loading, Loading and Hauling
applications and movement of materials.
Its maximum hauling distance should not exceed 150 meters.
cefomn
Recommended Distances
economically
Distance/Slope
0-500 ft./150 m
Loading and 0-10% slope
Hauling
da Wheel Loader More than 300 ft/150 m
Conventional Truck 0-7% slope
Wheel Loader 1/4 - Imi. /400 meters - 1600
Articulated truck meters

0-35% slope
cefomn
.trial
Application Requirements
Excavation
- Tractive force
- Breakout Force
- Levante force
Burden
- Maneuverability
- Hydraulic/Speed Ratio
- Cycle time
- Load control
- Visibility
cefomn
Application Requirements
• Loading and Carrying - Stability

- Acceleration - Travel speed
• Flexibility - Maneuverability -
Tools - Accessories - Options
Main components of a Charger
Wheels.
cefomn
-------EC------------------za--------------' ' * to the
Tilt Linkage
Tilt Cylinder
Arms of
I raised
Scope
1
Full Dump
@Max. lift
Clear Height of
Download
Counterwei
ghts Joint
Ladle
cefomn
WHEEL LOADER
The components shown are:
1. Engine
2. Torque converter
3. Input Drive Shaft
4. Input Transfer Gear Box
5. Transmission
6. Output Transfer Gear Box
7. Front Drive Axle
8. Rear Drive Axle
9. Front and Rear Differential
10. Final Drives j
cefomn
(Aes ©e SegU SeeR80OS o© ñasas

0ñ0©R80Ge @0 08) ©Ó ©e
Camga0©res FrOmaleS la
cfomn
SECURITY.
Do you know the features and safety

devices of the machine?
Do you know the location and function of all

indicators and alarm systems?
Read and follow the instructions in the

$
operation and maintenance manual of each
machine you operate.
A.
M
cfomn
SECURITY.
Do you recognize these labels?

Do you know how to interpret them?
cfomn
SECURITY.
cfomn
SECURITY. Industrial Mining Training Center
A tire explosion is much more violent than a tire blowout. The explosion can
propel the tire, rim and axle components out of the machine. Stay out of the way.
Both the force of the explosion and the ejected components can cause property
damage, serious injury, or death.
cfomn
Note: Shaded areas indicate the approximate

location of areas with significantly limited
visibility.
Can you name some computer security

systems?
• ROPS Cab
• Seat belt
• Backup alarm
cfomn
• Horn
SECURITY.
• Mirrors
• Lights
• Communication radio
• Fire extinguishers
• The current cutoff
cfomn
Personal security
Machine safety
around the machine
Security features
Work area
Traffic patterns
Conditions
climatic
cfomn
SECURITY.
Safety is your responsibility. Self-care is the

most important word in safety.
Any deviation invites injuries.
Always be alert!
cfomn
SECURITY.
Buckle up
of security:
On all teams, ALWAYS!
• Adjust for your comfort
• Adjust the seat to reach all controls and pedals.
• Readjustment during the work day.
• Support your back.
• Adjust the suspension.
cfomn
• Inspect the condition of the seat belt
• Replace all worn or damaged parts, regardless of appearance
• Seats should be adjusted to the appropriate distance from the pedals,

height and weight, and seat back to provide adequate back support.
• Make seat adjustments when the operator is seated leaning on the

seat back
cfomn
SECURITY.
Helme
t Safety glasses
Security
vest
thick gloves
Security shoes
cfomn
SECURITY.
Avoid clothing that could be a problem:
Ties
Loose clothing
Scarves
Rings
Wristwatches
Bracelets
cfomn
In the cabin:
Communication radio
Water
In the team:
Fire extinguisher
Fire suppression systems
First aid kit
At the job site:
washing stations
Emergency numbers
On-site offices
First aid stations
cfomn
SECURITY.
Three causes of accidents are…
• Equipment
• Climate
• human element
80% of all accidents are the product of a

human element
cfomn
What are the most frequent unsafe acts?
Carry out operations without prior training Operate equipment without authorization
cfomn
SECURITY.
cfomn
SECURITY.
Not using safety elements or not knowing how to use them
cfomn
SECURITY.
Overloading Equipment
cfomn
SECURITY.
Overconfidence
cfomn
Not using the appropriate

tools
cfomn
SECURITY.
Being unaware of unsafe risks during work
cfomn
Make improvisations to speed up processes

cfomn
SECURITY.
Lock or remove security devices
cfomn
Failure to follow instructions in service manuals

cfomn
What are the most frequent unsafe acts?
There are many more, such as :
- Execute the job at speed not indicated

- Perform maintenance with the equipment operating
- Perform repairs without “Equipment under repair” notices or labels
- Do not de-energize electrical equipment
- Traveling without authorization on equipment
- Use damaged or inappropriate tool .
cfomn
SECURITY.
For all machines:
• You must use the stairs
and the steps provided
– Keep clean and in safe conditions
of use
• You must use three points of
contact with steps
and handrails
• Always look towards the machine
• Do not use controls like
railing
DO NOT JUMP!
cfomn
TEAM SYMBOLS
900@
Transmission or power train oil
temperature
Temperature of
engine coolant
Hydraulic oil Oil pressure Flow of

temperature the motor refrigerant
cfomn
SYMBOLOG Industrial Mining Training Center
Starting Main Secondary

assistant. address address
Level of
fuel
Brake
temperature
cfomn
System of Check System of

the broadcast engine brakes
Engine overspeed Brake air Parking break

pressure
cfomn
Electric DISCONNECTED CONNECTED START

system
Engine start switch
Electric Main switch Main switch

system of the battery of the battery
CONNECTED DISCONNECTED
cfomn
Auto Safety
Another very important element today is safety, in addition to taking care of our
equipment, we must take care of something much more important, which is our life and
health, this is not worth millions of dollars, since it is priceless.
cefomn
To achieve these objectives, the operator must know the operation

of his equipment. How is power transmitted through the systems to
achieve the movement of the equipment?
cefomn
Understanding this, the operator can be the first diagnostician of his

equipment's failures, providing more precise information to the
maintainers for faster identification of the problem to proceed with
the repair.
cefomn
This will improve the performance of the equipment and its operator,
reducing downtime, maintaining the designated useful life of the
equipment, which is reflected in the productivity of the mine.
cefomn
All this accompanied by a positive attitude

and responsible conduct turns the operator into a safe worker,
reducing the probability of accident risks, contributing to his own
safety, that of his colleagues and the mine in general.
What is a Power Train?
The power train of a vehicle can be

summarized as allthose
mechanisms and parts thereof that are
responsible for the conversion and
transmission of mechanical energy from
the engine to the wheels
cefomn
POWER TRAIN AND POWER TRAIN IN EQUIPMENT
Power train and power train systems is a system or set of components to

provide equipment power.
The power train is counted from the engine to the final drives, whereas the
power train is only taken into account from the converter to the final drives.
POWER TRAIN
Torque converter
Engin
transfer case e
Cardan
Differentia Transmissio
l n
Final controls
POWER TRAIN
transfer case
Carda
Differenti n
al
Transmissi
on Torque converter
Final controls
O_OIN
ENGIN
E
The engine is the part of a machine capable of transforming some type
of energy (electric, fossil fuels, etc.) into mechanical energy capable of
performing work: supplying power to the rest of the systems.
ENGIN
E
The diesel engine is a thermal engine that has alternative internal

combustion that is produced by the self-ignition of the fuel due to high
temperatures produced by the compression of the air inside the cylinder,
according to the principle of the diesel cycle. It differs from the gasoline
engine.
ENGIN
E
It is very important to check that the engine oil level is between the
minimum and maximum marks.
Nowadays, most equipment has a dipstick or sight glass with the option of
measuring the oil level with a cold and hot engine.
ENGIN
E
For the operation of the engine, the operation of the following systems is
essential:
• System of refrigeration
• System of lubrication
• System of Injection or fuel
• System of intake and exhaust
• Electric system
COOLING SYSTEM
The main function of the cooling system is to maintain the correct engine temperature
by removing excessive heat generated by combustion and friction. Approximately 33%
of the thermal energy developed during combustion is converted into usable power,
7% is radiated directly from the engine surfaces, and 30% is exhausted through the
exhaust.
The remaining 30% is dissipated by the cooling system.
COOLING SYSTEM
Coolant circulates through passages in the engine called coolant or water jackets.
Coolant absorbs heat from hot engine surfaces and carries it to the radiator, where it is
transferred to the atmosphere.
The cooling system also helps maintain the correct temperature of the engine,
transmission and hydraulic system through the use of oil coolers.
COOLING SYSTEM
Thermostat Box
Transmission and Converter

Retrono Oil Cooler Hydraulic Motor Rear Brakes
COOLING SYSTEM
Use the coolant level gauge to check coolant levels.
If it becomes necessary to add coolant every day, check for leaks.

INDICATORS OF PROBLEMS IN THE
COOLING SYSTEM
Coolant temperature is high
Possible causes
Diagnostic codes and event codes

Low low coolant level
Radiator
Refrigerant leak
Engine cooling fan
Radiator pressure cap
Temperature Control Module (TCM)
Jackets water pump
engine overload
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
The function of the lubrication system is to prevent wear of the engine parts, creating
a layer of lubricant between the parts, which are always rubbing. The lubricant is
usually collected (and stored) in the lower crankcase (piece that closes the engine
from below)
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL system
Solenoid
Engine Oil Renewal
Sweep
System
Pump
To the Fuel Tank
Bypass
Valv
Cooler e
Engine Oil
Bomb
Oil Engine
FUEL SYSTEM
The fuel system of a diesel engine is tasked with delivering the correct amount of
clean fuel in a timely manner to the engine's combustion chamber.
It is responsible for supplying the fuel necessary for the operation of the engine,
being able to differentiate two fundamental sections:
FUEL SYSTEM
AIR INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM
Its function is to supply large quantities of clean air to the engine. It works on the
principle of supercharging. In the case of Diesel engines; Overcharging is not a
cause of problems but on the contrary, it is beneficial for optimal engine
performance.
A turbocharger is a supercharging system that uses a centrifugal turbine to drive,

through a coaxial shaft with it, a centrifugal compressor to compress gases.
TURBO
COMPRESSOR
Lubrication oil inlet
Atmospheri
c air inlet Exhaust Gas
Outlet
Lubrication
Oil Outlet
Exhaust gas inlet
TURBO
COMPRESSOR
To care for the turbo compressor, it is very important to wait 3 to 5 minutes at idle
before turning off the equipment.
A turbo without oil is capable of causing the turbo to break down. At such high
revolutions, oil-free friction wears materials instantly.
TURBO
COMPRESSOR
To care for the turbo compressor, it is very important to wait 3 to 5 minutes at idle
before turning off the equipment.
A turbo without oil is capable of causing the turbo to break down. At such high
revolutions, oil-free friction wears materials instantly.
EXHAUST SMOKE PROBLEM INDICATORS
Excessive black smoke at full load (hot, unburned fuel)
Possible causes
• Dirty primary or secondary air filter
• Operating in too high a gear
• Excess fuel
• Overload
Blue smoke (oil consumption)
Possible causes
Worn turbocharger gaskets
• Worn rings/shirts
• Worn valve guides
• Hours on the engine
White smoke (steam: water in combustion chamber)
Possible causes
• Cracked cylinder head or liners
• Cylinder head gasket leaks
TORQUE CONVERTER
> >Converter
TORQUE CONVERTER FUNCTION
The main function of the Torque Converter is to multiply the engine torque,
that is, the power supplied from the engine flywheel is administered to the
converter, where the rotation speed is reduced to increase the torque.
In general, the main components in a torque converter are:
MAIN COMPONENTS TORQUE CONVERTER
1. Impeller or driving member
The Impeller is the driving section of the Converter.
It is attached to the flywheel by means of splines and rotates at the same RPM
as the engine.
The Impeller has vanes that direct the oil to the Turbine, propelling it.
2. Turbine or driven member

The Turbine is the driven part when it receives the oil from the Impeller on its
blades. The Impeller rotates together with the output shaft because they are
joined by splines.
3. Stator or reaction member

The Stator is the fixed part of the Converter. Its vanes multiply the force by
redirecting the oil that arrives from the Turbine towards the Impeller, this
being its function. This change in direction increases momentum and
increases force.
4. Output shaft or communication member
The Output Shaft, which is attached to the Turbine, sends power to the
transmission input shaft.
Oil flow inside the converter
You can see the passage of oil from the Impeller to the Turbine, which when hit
will generate the angular movement transmitted to the output shaft.
Also shown is the direction of rotation of the converter's rotating box, which
corresponds to the same direction of rotation of the motor.
INDICATORS OF PROBLEMS IN THE CONVERTER
Lack of power
Possible causes
• Torque converter slip

TYPES OF TORQUE CONVERTER
The different types of Torque Converter that can be found in machinery are:
1. Conventional Torque Converter.

2. Torque Converter with One-Way Clutch.
3. Variable Capacity Torque Converter.
4. Torque Converter with Impeller Clutch.
5. Torque Converter with Lockup Clutch.
6. Torque Divider.
CARDAN
> Transmission and transfer case

CARDA
N
The gimbal is a mechanical component
Its objective is to transmit the rotational movement
from one shaft to the other, generally located
between the converter and the transfer case.

CARDA
N
It also serves as a fuse in the equipment since if there
is a problem in the power transmission in the power train, the first
thing to fail is the cardan, before damaging another component
that is more expensive or more complex to repair.
The operator can notice problems in the cardan through strange

noises and vibrations in the operation of the
equipment.
TRANSFER GEAR BOXES
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
Machines have one or more transfer gearboxes that connect multiple power units, change the
direction and speed of power flow, or change the axis of power flow.
Another reason for the existence of transfer gearboxes is that they can drive auxiliary pumps,
eliminating the need to install extra pump drives.

TRANSFER GEAR BOXES
The figure shows two applications of transfer gear boxes, both for a track tractor and a front
loader. In the latter case there are two gear boxes both for the power input to the
Transmission (input transfer gearbox) and for the output, post Transmission, (output transfer
gearbox), responsible for supplying power to both differentials (Front and Rear).
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
They allow a reduction in speed and increase in torque, which generates more force to
move the machine.
TRANSMISSION INPUT TRANSFER GEARBOX
It is used when the transmission is not in direct line with the machine's motor and
converter.
INPUT TRANSFER GEARBOX OF A FRONT LOADER
DRIVEN OR OUTPUT GEAR
The figure shows the input transfer gearbox of a Front Loader, used to transmit power from
the converter to the transmission. Because the transmission is not in line with the output shaft
of the Torque Converter, it is necessary to use a set of gears, (Input and Output), to be able to
supply power to the rest of the components of the power train.
TRANSMISSION OUTPUT TRANSFER GEARBOX
□ OUTPUT
The figure shows the output transfer gearbox for a front loader which is used since the
machine axles are not in direct line with the transmission.
It is also necessary to reduce the speed of the power flow and increase torque to the front and
rear axles.
TRANSMISSIONS
The transmission is responsible for controlling the direction and speed of the equipment.
That is, the power coming from the converter is transformed into useful power.
BRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSMISSION
The first machines were equipped with mechanical transmission systems. That is, the
engine's power was transmitted through a mechanical clutch and a series of gears, which
were controlled by levers and cables. Over the years the transmission and power control
evolved until reaching recent designs in the development of the Servo transmission, existing
in two types:
1- .Servo planetary transmission.

2- .Counter shaft servo transmission.
PLANETARY SERVO TRANSMISSION
The components are:

• The planetary group, which allows you to select the direction and speed of the
equipment.
• Hydraulically actuated clutches, which allow the connection of the appropriate planetary
set based on what is requested by the operator.
• Electronic transmission control that has inputs and outputs to control the operation of
the transmission (not shown).
PLANETARY SERVO TRANSMISSION
Planetary Servo Transmissions are perhaps the most used type of transmission in large
machines.
Its operation is based on the operation of several sets of planetary gears.
The power supplied to the Servo Transmission is “managed” to be able to control both the
speed and direction of the equipment by stopping a certain component, the set of planetary
gears.
The stopping of this particular component of the planetary gear set is achieved by supplying
hydraulic oil to a set of Clutches.
Controlling the supply of hydraulic oil to the appropriate clutches allows obtaining “useful
power” from the transmission. This “useful power” is supplied to the rest of the power train
components, thus obtaining the direction and speed desired by the operator.
POWER TRANSMISSION CLUTCHES

The clutch assembly for the Servo Transmission is made up of a distribution of alternately
positioned Discs and Plates in addition to a hydraulically actuated Piston. All components of
the Clutch assembly are located inside the clutch box.
The hydraulic action allows the piston to act on the discs and plates so that the friction
between them allows stopping a certain member of the planetary gear set and thus obtaining
the desired movement on the output shaft of the servo transmission. The disengagement of a
particular clutch is achieved with the relief of the pressurized oil that acts on the Clutch piston
helped by springs that prevent friction between discs and plates.
INDICATORS OF TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS
Delay or skid
Possible causes
• Worn plates and discs
• Out of adjustment linkage
• Low fluid level
• Clogged linkage
• Incorrect pressure settings
• Using incorrect oil
Abnormal noises
Possible causes
• Worn gears/bearings
• Dirt at the entrance
• Aeration/cavitation
• Low fluid levels
Vibrations
Possible causes
• Bent or damaged drive axle
• Gear failure
• Damaged bearings
HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION
Type of transmission in which the mechanical energy produced by the

engine is converted into hydraulic energy that, in the form of a fluid stream
at high pressure, transmits movement to the wheels.
The hydrostatic transmission is essentially made up of a pump, integral with
the vehicle's engine, and a hydraulic motor, driven by the pump itself and
attached to the wheels.
DIFFERENTIAL AND FINAL DRIVES
DIFFERENTIA
L
A differential is the mechanical element that allows the right and left wheels of a
vehicle to rotate at different revolutions, depending on whether it is taking a curve to
one side or the other.
When a vehicle takes a curve, for example to the right, the right wheel travels a shorter
path than the left wheel, since the latter is on the outside of the curve.
In the past, the wheels of vehicles were fixedly mounted on the axle. This fact meant
that one of the two wheels did not turn properly, destabilizing the vehicle. Through the
differential it is achieved that each wheel can rotate correctly in a curve, without losing
the fixation of both on the axle, so that the engine traction acts with the same force on
each of the two wheels.
AXLE GROUP
The functions of the axis group are:

DIFFERENTIAL AND
AXLES
·Contain the set of service and parking brakes
Deliver power balance to the wheels during turns
·Perform the last speed reduction in the final drives, multiplying the torque
delivered to the wheels.
DIFFERENTIAL AND
AXLES
The components of the Differential Group and their location are specified
DIFFERENTIAL
CASE .
SIDE OR OUTPUT GEARS ATTACK PINION

OR INPUT
CROWN SET
The Crown assembly is shown in the Figure and consists of the drive or input pinion
and the crown.
DIFFERENTIAL AND
AXLES
The drive pinion rotates the crown; the crown, due to its diameter, rotates at a lower
speed than the drive pinion.
The drive pinion is supported by conical bearings located in the pinion housing.
The ring gear is bolted to the differential case and rotates it for power transmission.
DIFFERENTIAL PLAY
The Differential Kit delivers balanced power to the final drives to transfer it to the
wheels.
The components are:
· differential case
· gears satellites
· gears sides
· Cross-piece
SATELLITE GEARS
Differential Case, Crosshead
Hs
The Satellite Gears are mounted on the crosshead shaft and transmit power from
the differential case to the lateral gears and from these to the lateral axles or
Pallieres. Satellite
The Satellite Gears remain stationary as long as the machine moves in a straight s
line. Side gears
The Satellite Gears rotate on the crosshead axis and travel through the Side Gears
when a turn occurs or when the wheels slip. When the machine makes a turn,
Satellite Gears rotate around the Side Gears so that the wheels can rotate at
different speeds.
CROSS-PIECE
The crosshead is driven by the differential case and serves as a mount for the
differential sprockets.
AXLE GROUP
The axle group is made up of the axle box, the semi-shafts or bearings and the
bearings.
The axle shafts transmit power to the final drives
The box and bearings are what support the weight of the machine
DIFFERENTIAL
It is very important to maintain correct oil levels in the differential and final drives.
Overfilling the differential and final drives will cause overheating and foaming of the
oil in long haul and high speed applications. Overheating and foaming of the oil can
reduce the life of the components.
INDICATORS OF PROBLEMS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL
Abnormal noises
(when moving in a straight line)
Possible causes
• Worn gears/bearings
• Need to adjust the pinion and crown
• Low fluid level
Abnormal noises (when

turning)
Possible causes
• Worn differential case assembly
• Worn blade gears
Vibrations
Possible causes
• Gear failure
• Blade gear failure
• Differential fault
• Bent or damaged drive axle
BRAKE GROUP-
TRUCK APP
They are splined to the wheels and rotate at the speed of the tires. Wheel speed
service brakes are applied and disengaged by hydraulic pressure.
Wheel parking brakes are hydraulically released and spring applied
The main components are:
· Discs plates
· Service and Parking Piston
· Springs and pins
BRAKING SYSTEM
> The final drives have a wet brake system incorporated
> The brake group is a set of discs and friction plates, the wear of
these components is automatically compensated by hydraulic
pressure
> A large number of springs correspond to the parking and

emergency brake system; hydraulic pressure is needed to
disengage them.
BRAKING SYSTEM
Oil cooled brakes.
Perfect hermetically sealed.
The purple piston connects the service brake, Manual

Relay and ARC, which is actuated by hydraulic oil and
disengaged in the same way.
The yellow piston connects the secondary brake

and parking, which is mechanically spring-loaded and
released by hydraulic oil.
Brakes on all four wheels

BRAKING SYSTEM
The brakes that the truck has:
• Service brake
• manual retarder Service Piston
• Automatic delay
• Parking break
• Emergency break Parking Piston
• Traction control.
PLANETARY GROUP-FINAL CONTROL
The planetary group provides the ultimate speed reduction and increased torque at the
wheel.
It can be single or double reduction
It consists of:
Crown Planetary holder
planetary gears Solar Gear
PLANETARY GROUP-FINAL
CONTROL
Another application of the planetary group with double speed reduction, that is, two sets of
planetary gears form the final drive.
In the first reduction the Sun gear is the driving member and the driven member is the
Planetary Porta which is connected to the Sun gear of the second reduction, which becomes
the driving member for the second reduction and the driven member is the Porta Planetary, the
one bolted to the rear wheel.
In both cases, the speed has been reduced but the torque to the wheels has increased.
FINAL DRIVE PROBLEM INDICATORS
Leaks
Possible causes
• Worn, hardened, cracked seals

• Fault in the drive wheel
FINAL DRIVE PROBLEM INDICATORS
Abnormal noises
Possible causes
• Worn plates and discs

• Low fluid level
cfomn
PREOPERATIONAL INSPECTION Industrial Mining Training Center
• Perform a walk-through inspection to identify potential problems, or

existing problems that may affect the operation of the machine.
• Communicate possible or existing problems to the person

correspondent.
• Perform pre-start maintenance and fuel level check.

fluent.
• Perform an inspection for identification or location of components to

to demonstrate the locations and functions of machine components.
PREOPERATIONAL
INSPECTION
• Why we carry out inspection tours
- Security!
– To help increase machine life and
performance
– Avoid downtime
• When carrying out inspection tours and
when the operation uses the four
senses (sight, smell, hearing, touch)
• Always consult the Operation and
Maintenance Manual for information
PREOPERATIONAL
INSPECTION
How many times per work
day?
– At the beginning of the work day
– Any time you leave the machine
– At the end of the work day
Do everything the same

way!
PREOPERATIONAL
Ground level INSPECTION
inspections include:
Hydraulic cylinders:
Bucket blade, wear plates, teeth: damage, leaks
excessive wear, damage
Lift and tilt cylinders: wear,
damage, leaks
Loader frame, arms: wear,
damage
Tires, wheel nuts, brakes:
inflation, damage, stem covers
Below the machine: final drive Loader arm:
leaks, damage Inflation of the Fluid leaks:
damage
Wear
tires: damage below from
GET
Steps and handrails:

• Steps and handrails: condition state
and cleanliness
PREOPERATIONAL
INSPECTION
Ground level inspections Hydraulic oil level:
include: left or back side
• Fuel tank: fuel level, damage,

leaks
• Hydraulic oil tank: fluid level,
damage, leaks
• Transmission oil level
• Batteries and fasteners:
cleaning, loose bolts and nuts
• Machine as a whole: loose or Fuel tank: leaks
missing nuts and bolts, loose Transmission Oil Level - Left Side
guards, cleaning
PREOPERATIONAL
INSPECTION
Compartment inspections
engine include: Coolant level
coolant level
in the peephole
• Coolant and engine oil

levels
• Fuel Filter – Air Filter
Restriction Indicator
• Blocking of radiator grilles
• All hoses: cracks, leaks
• All straps: fit, wear, cracks
• Total compartment:
cleaning, leaks
Engine oil level (right side) Air filter
radiator grilles:
elements (right side) Hoses: cracks, leaks
lock
Belt wear: adjustment
Compartment: cleaning
PREOPERATIONAL
INSPECTION Lights Mirror
Out-of-cab platform Mirror
inspections include:
• Mirrors and lights: Door
damage Windshield
wipers
• Fire Extinguisher/Fire condition
Suppressor - Charging
• Windshield
wiper/washer: wear,
fluid
• Intake air screens
• Wiper washer
Steps and
• Pipes and hoses handrails
• Railings and handrails
Windshield Wipers: Condition
Windshield Washer Fluid
Reservoir
PREOPERATIONAL
INSPECTION
In-cab inspections include:
• ROPS: any signs of damage
• Seat: adjustment for proper brake
pedal reach, height, operator weight
• Seat belt: damage, wear, fit, age
• Horn, backup alarm, lights:
operational
• Total cabin interior: cleaning
•—__•• •• • •_
cfomn
— _ — _ _ _ _ Industrial Mining Training Center
OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE.
Production:
The range of application of chargers is applicable to a wide variety of industries. One
method expresses the loader's production as a function of the load moved in a given
time.
Work efficiency:
It is one of the most complex elements in production estimation, as it depends on
factors such as operator skill, minor repairs and adjustments, personnel delays, and
delays due to the work plan.
A good estimate of work efficiency is approximately 0.70 to 0.85, but actual
operating conditions must be taken into account to determine the most appropriate
value.
cfomn
EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS.
• Loading and transportation of materials.
cefomn
OPERATION TECHNIQUES. Industrial Mining Training Center
Before operating keep in mind:

• Optimum Bench Height: Height of the bucket link pin at maximum height.
• Cycle times: 28 to 42 seconds (average 35 seconds).
• Bucket filling factor with well-fragmented rock: 90% to 110% most efficient coordination of
the number of passes: 4 to 6 passes.
• Favorable conditions for front loaders: level, dry and firm floors.
• Sufficient drained cross slope in high rainfall areas to prevent

damage to tires, well fragmented materials that minimize attack time, particularly at the
base of the cut, lower face profile, several faces and frequent pushing.
• Unfavorable conditions for front loaders: terrain in poor condition, wet, soft, irregular
loading areas (narrow), very tight or poorly blasted material.
OPERATION TECHNIQUES.
H: Optimal bucket loading height
The total filling of the bucket must be carried out from the base of the pile, to the
horizontal projection of the operator's view of the loading pile.
Because ?
Because it is in this section where we get the most benefit from the power that the
machine gives us.
By exceeding this height when moving the machine backwards and reversing to face
the truck, at this point we will already have the maximum lifting height, this increases
the risk of overturning when facing the truck.
The bucket fill factor must be between 90% to 110% and between
5 to 7 passes to complete the load on the equipment.
Recommendations when loading trucks are the following:
Deposit the load in the first passes as centered as possible and without touching the bed
rails, do not push the load with the bucket as this will cause damage to the truck and an
erroneous reading of the weightometer.
Before loading keep in mind:
Enter straight into the loading front with the bottom of

the bucket parallel to the ground.
Work in first gear and at maximum RPM.
Limit the displacement to one and a half revolutions of

the tire.
Keep spillage to a minimum.
Keep the floor clean and smooth.
Keep the time on the face below twelve seconds.
Maintain proper bucket adjustment and lift disconnect.
Maintain a closed V loading pattern.
Adjust the maximum drag force control settings.
Work with a maximum digging pattern of one and a half buckets.
Because ?
Since the two frames are aligned, it will allow me to make the most of the power that
the machine gives me for the operation.
Keeping the loader articulated when loading the bucket on the forehead will cause the
machine to grind due to the force it exerts, and this grinding will damage the tires.
We will also have significant damage to the central, upper and lower pins.
There will be a percentage of power that will be lost when loading the bucket, impairing
the use of the equipment.
How do we avoid it?
Keeping the front and rear frame aligned when loading the bucket on the loading front.
When do we do it?
Always.
Penetrating the forehead with the

frames not being aligned will cause
significant damage to the pins.
Top center pin.
Lower center pin.

Total machine travel should be limited to 1 ½ tire revolutions.
Dig from left to right whenever possible

Because ?
It is at that distance that we obtain the maximum performance of the team.
How do we avoid it?

Correctly positioning the trucks in front to be loaded and having a good position
with the loader when facing the pile.
Bucket penetration: It should be as close as possible to the spill
produced at the loading front and exerting the least pressure on the floor.
Because ?
In this way we avoid unnecessary wear on the bucket components.

When dragging the bucket of the loader, for a few meters when empty, we
produce excessive wear on the wear plates and bucket shims (teeth).
Excess pressure on the ground with the bucket raises the front wheels, causing
skid, decreasing traction, damaging the tires and raising the temperature of the
power train.
How do we avoid it?
Supporting the bucket at the shortest possible distance from the loading pile,
and filling at the optimal height, reducing the risks associated with the operation.
H: Optimum bucket filling height

How do we avoid it?
Placing the base of the bucket horizontally and parallel to the ground, until we
reach the sink to fill the bucket.
Correct Incorrect penetration

penetration
Material flow Flow of Material to

• When depositing the first pass, this must be done with finer material and gradually,
since dropping the load suddenly on the truck will cause damage to its structure,
incorrect load reading and the operator may suffer injuries. drop the load suddenly.
• The operator controls the impact of the load on the box.
• Place the material, instead of throwing the material in the truck bed.
• Do not push the material in the last passes as this will cause damage to the
structure of the truck, and incorrect reading of the weight meters.
By positioning the trucks at 45° with respect to the loading front, we optimize
performance, bucket filling and minimize transfer. This way we also avoid material
hits on the sides of the truck, by not being perpendicular to the equipment.
Because ?
• This is how we obtain optimal filling of the bucket, taking advantage of 100%
of the power that the machine gives us.
• When filling the bucket diagonally to the front, premature wear will occur on
its chocks and side protectors, we are talking about the first ones that face
the loading pile.
• Damage will also occur due to excess load in the steering cylinders and
hydraulic system, we are talking about the steering cylinder that absorbs the
force of the equipment to load the bucket against the pile.
• We also run the risk of damaging some of the shims (teeth) when filling the
bucket, due to the force generated by the equipment only on some and not
on the entire set.
Always keep loading areas clean and level.

Because ?
By maintaining clean floors we can obtain the highest performance from the machine.
With spilled floors, we damage the tires, increasing the risk of having an accident, when
moving forward while lifting and making turns.
How do we avoid it?

Avoiding loading the bucket excessively so that spills do not occur when we move.
By stowing the cargo in a good manner and avoiding overloading the trucks, lateral spills
in the cargo area are avoided.
When do we do it?
Always.
Dirty and uneven floors have negative consequences for the loader's tires since we
can break or cause irreparable damage to them. After each loading cycle, clean the
floor only when necessary.
When finishing the bench, be careful with loose material, do not exceed the extraction
limits, since we can cause structural damage to the bench and in the future a new failure
may be generated, keep floors in good condition and if necessary after loading The truck
cleans the front of the cargo.
Incorrect loading
Correct charging
The load must be on the box lift cylinders. Do not deposit a large amount of material on
the cabin cover, to avoid material falling on the equipment and causing structural
damage to it. Keep the discharge in the central part (See indicator in the right image),
distribute the load correctly.
Because ?
• HE can produce significant damage to the truck operator.

• HE producedamage on the crank handles, pinsof connecting rod.
• HE producedamage to pantographs.
• HE producedamage to the suspension cylinders caex, al
the cargo being poorly stowed.
• Damage to tires due to deformation and impact.
During the loading process, the truck should not be hit when emptying the bucket.
Because ?
• HE can produce significant damage tooperatorof the truck by impact.

• HE can produce structural damage.
• HE cause damage to the Pantographs.
• HE cause damage to fuel tank either of oil hydraulic.
• Damage to tires due to deformation and impact.
How we avoid it
Approaching the truck in a controlled manner, without hitting it, this is in first gear and
at reduced speed.
When do we do it?
Always.
Parallel digging pattern in narrow place:
This technique is used in bench finishes that are

difficult to access and taking into account the even
filling of the bucket, since if this is not taken into
account the pantograph will be forced irregularly,
causing damage to the bucket pins and steering
cylinders.
Advantages.
Quick truck swap, right-to-left layout, works well in

tight cuts, placing trucks between 15° and 20°.
When loading in narrow fronts, position the truck in the most appropriate way so that
material does not fall on it, sometimes it is necessary to wedge the bench as it moves to
ensure that no spillage is generated that could damage the transport equipment. The
first loads should be with the truck parallel to the bank or berm, digging behind it to be
able to widen the extraction front, as it advances it will widen. Always attack the foot of
the bank towards the edge, to have a view of potential spills on the extraction equipment.
Once the front is extended, the trucks can be positioned at a greater angle.
cfomn
BAD HABITS.
This action causes great damage to
the equipment, since it exerts
excessive and unnecessary effort,
causing premature wear on shims
and components. If this becomes
habitual, cracks will appear in the
bucket in the short term.
The steering, the central joint of the
loader are also overloaded, tire
slippage occurs, damage to
mechanical components such as
ring gear, differential, final drives, pivot axle of the rear differential.
Do not perform this action, request support equipment, if it is not enough, request an
evaluation, to analyze the most efficient and effective solution.
BAD HABITS.
By performing this operation we excessively damaged the front tires and central joint. It
is best to maintain a level floor or find a suitable position for filling the bucket. When
climbing with the loader, violent skidding of the front tires and deep cuts occur (if not
equipped with chains).
It also increases the probability of stepping on a rock that could tip the charger over.
BAD HABITS.
Because ?
We damage the power train due to excess temperatures
We damage the upper and lower center pins.
We damaged the pivot axle due to the irregularity of the terrain.
We damage tires due to temperature when skidding and being prone to cuts from
abrasive material.
How do we avoid it?

Maintaining level and stable floors.
Looking for the best place to charge.
When do we do it?
Always.
BAD HABITS.
The optimal height to work is up to the lower tilting pin of the bucket (8.5 to 10 meters).
Depending on the equipment configuration.
BAD HABITS.
How can we avoid this situation?
By verifying before operation the correct

height of the bench, which should not be
higher than the bucket tilt pin at maximum
pantograph lift height, the consequences
can be serious, partly mechanical, due to
the free fall of the equipment such as:
central joint, cylinders steering, radiator,
rear axle pivot axle, engine mounts, etc.
Working on inappropriate fronts at height

Becaus increases the risks of material releases that
e significant damage to the operator and the machine.
can cause
BAD HABITS.
When carrying out this operation, you notice the damage caused to the access stairs to
the equipment. You can see the unevenness that exists on the floor, the extra stress
exerted on the central joint, steering cylinders, damage to the tires, and the possibility of
breaking the fuel tank due to rocks on the floor.
BAD HABITS.
If the truck exchange is very long, do not wait with the loaded bucket for it to reach your
front, as this will cause premature damage to the lifting system. We must wait until the
truck is pre-accumulated to begin the lift. Or we could wait with the loaded bucket resting
on our forehead, we could also clean, stockpile and remove the material, to optimize
loading times.
F _________ ______________________________ Industrial Mining Training Center
cfomn
BAD OPERATIONAL PRACTICES.
of
When trying to remove large rocks with the bucket, you will seriously damage the pins and
pantograph. When a rock appears, it is best to clear it and deposit it somewhere so that its
size is reduced. Never load on extraction trucks, since during transport they can move to
one side, causing structural damage to the truck and possible injuries to the operator.
BAD HABITS.
Because ?
When carrying out this type of maneuver with front loaders, significant damage occurs
to the shims, between shims, turning cylinders and pins.
How do we avoid it?

Using the equipment only for what it was designed for.
When do we do it?
Always.
BAD HABITS.
Damage caused by poor operating practices,
excessive effort. To clear balls or load material that
is too tight on the loading face, tractor support must
be requested on the blasting site to facilitate the
extraction of material.
BAD HABITS.
Never operate the charger at low revolutions.
Because ?
• When working at low revolutions, we will not obtain the maximum power that
the machine has to do the work.
• Inadequate response of the hydraulic system.
• High temperature problems in the hydraulic system, transmission/converter and

engine due to insufficient cooling flow.
• Increased fuel consumption.

BAD HABITS.
When performing consecutive movements, such as advancing and lifting at the same
time, the engine will stop, since the power demand required for the movements is
insufficient due to the low engine revolutions.
How do we avoid it?
Front loaders should always be operated at high revolutions, between 1800 to 1850
rpm.
When do we do it?
Always.
cefomn
PROGRAMMING OF MARCHES. ;
Industrial Mining Training
Charging must always be done in first gear.
Because ?
It is in this gear, in which the equipment works at full load, the cooling and lubrication
systems are maintained at an optimal work level, according to the speed generated by
the equipment in this gear.
In addition, the hydraulic system carries out the work cycle according to the floor
speed, achieving dynamic and efficient operation.
If we load in second gear we will lose a significant percentage of the traction force and
the filling factor will be poor. We will reduce the useful life of all systems by increasing
their temperatures.
PROGRAMMING OF MARCHES.
Remember: Second and third gear are only for transfers. The use of these depends on
different factors such as:
• Distance.
• Road configuration (incline, slope.).
• Tire condition.
• Equipment status.
NOTE: Always disconnect the lock clutch actuation button when making
transfers. Failure to do this could result in high transmission and torque
converter temperatures, which will cause premature damage to these
components.
PROGRAMMING OF MARCHES.
Transfers: When making transfers, schedule the appropriate route for this, taking into
account the factors mentioned above.
Additionally, disconnect the automatic acceleration, to have better control of the
equipment, since if this is not done, when going down a slope the equipment could
exceed the travel speed, producing at the same time an overspeed of the engine,
producing an operational event. This being recorded in the equipment monitoring
system
Pin Restore.
up.
CARE AND EFFICIENT USE
cfomn
OF THE GET.
GET : Ground Engaging Tools = Cutting Tools.
Tips : There are tips of many sizes and configurations. Long tips provide greater
penetration for operations where penetration is more important than tip breakage. The
short tips are for high-impact work, such as loading dynamited rock. The most resistant
are the abrasion-resistant tips, which are used to load sand and gravel. Penetrating bits
are efficient for loading dense, highly compacted materials, such as clay. The one-piece
tooth (Unitooth) is the combination of a tip and adapter in a single piece and is used for
light or medium effort work.
OF THE GET.
Wear ratio:
The area of a bucket where the flow of material is concentrated is the corners, for this
reason it is normal to find that the tips of the loaders in the corners are 25% to 35%
more worn than the central ones. For this reason, customers are recommended to
change the position of the tips when the end tips reach half of their useful life. Those
from the center to the corners and vice versa. At this time it is advisable to change their
position to prolong their useful life.
Tips worn on the bottom or cracked in the socket should be replaced immediately.
OF THE GET.
Frequent tip breakage:
This phenomenon can occur for 2 reasons.

Adapter Wear: When a charger loses a tip and
continues working, the adapter normally suffers
significant wear which in some cases means that
when a tip is installed again, it is left with
excessive clearance. The existing game
concentrates efforts on the passer who finally
breaks, losing or breaking the point.
An indicator of adapter wear can be found in the
accumulation of material inside the tip that is
being removed.
Tip rotation:
An important opportunity to improve the life of the tips is to verify that the customer
maintains the tips by rotating them, which extends the useful life by up to 80%, this
implies a completely relevant reduction in costs.
The moment to perform the rotation is obtained by knowing the duration of the tips that
have not been rotated. Normally the time to rotate the tips is equivalent to 70%
(approximately) of the hours they lasted without rotation.
OF THE GET.
Rotated tip. Unrotated tip.

OF THE GET.
For example:
If some tips were removed after 300 hrs, without rotating them. Calculate the
performance of the tips, the value you will obtain will be approximately 45% to 50%
of available wear material.
The time to rotate the tips should be at 210 hours.
OF THE GET.
NOTE: when the tips are

unused they measure 21”.
There are tips of many sizes

and configurations. Long
tips provide greater
Tips: penetration for operations
where penetration is more important than tip breakage. The short tips are for high-impact
work, such as loading dynamited rock. The most resistant are the abrasion-resistant tips,
which are used to load sand and gravel. Penetrating bits are efficient for loading dense,
highly compacted materials, such as clay.
OF THE GET.
NOTE: As a reference to change tips, we can say that having a measurement of

12 inches, from the edge to the tip. We should change the tips as soon as
possible.
OF THE GET.
Adapters:
On welded adapters, check for cracks; Check bolted adapters for looseness
or missing hardware. Check for adapters that have very worn bottom plates.
(If the tips have come off, also see if the nose of the adapter is worn.) On
bolt-on adapters, look at the heads of the bolts (especially the back bolt). If
the head begins to be square, the adapter must be changed. Check for
missing or broken retainers by tapping the end of each pin. If the pin moves
easily, it is highly likely that the tip will be lost when replacing the retainer.
OF THE GET.
Side Bar Protector:
Large loaders 988 through 994 are configured to protect

the side plate of the bucket through the side guards. These
GETs are interchangeable from one side to the other.
The wear of the side protectors is especially concentrated
in the lower - interior part, where there is the greatest flow
of material that increases abrasion and wear, which is why
it is normal that the protectors, when worn, are punctured
in the indicated area.
At the first sign of a puncture, it is advisable to exchange it,
this will maximize the useful life of the side protector.
cfomn
TIRE CARE. Industrial Mining rmation
A poor bucket tilt adjustment results in a poor and unlevel floor. Which contributes
excessively to the generation of damage to the tires.
TIRE CARE.
NOTE: Do not water the loading face directly, since water acts as a lubricant and
contributes to the penetration of rocks into the cuts.
TIRE CARE.
Remember to always keep the floors clean, this could considerably damage the
tires or chains, the safety of the operator and the machine.
1.
TIRE CARE.
Wear and tear.
2. Cut produced by rock.

cfomn
OPERATIONAL ABUSES .
Among the operating errors that can be observed is the following list:
• Excessive non-productive contact with the ground.

• Excessive cleaning work between trucks.
• Cleaning work and other support tasks while the truck waits.
• Premature contact with the ground when approaching the work front.
• Pushing or raking the load on the truck or at the work front with
bucket tilted forward in unloading position.
• Excessive back and forth bucket movement during the cutting cycle.
• Excessive forward and backward movement of the bucket during the cutting
cycle and then reversing direction with the bucket tilted downward while it is in
the pile.
• Turns with the bucket on the ground while advancing the machine.
• Turns with the bucket on the ground while the machine is not moving.
• Spin during the cutting cycle.
• Bucket reverse drag.
OPERATIONAL ABUSES .
• Excessive vertical lift during the cutting cycle.
• Folding (tilting inward) not synchronized with its lifting.
• Leveraging with the ladle.
• Load in the corners.
• Penetrating the pile and/or loading with the articulated machine.
• Incorrect angle of attack ladle.
• Charging uphill.
• Downhill charge.
• Hitting the ladle against the floor.
• The bucket enters the pile very high.
• Finishing the lift with the bucket too high on the work front.
• Unload into the truck with the bucket partially full.
• Return the material to the work front/stack.
• Excessive maneuvers without contact with the ground.
• Excess leftover material in the bucket.
• Intentional placement of large rocks on the work floor.
cfomn
EQUIPMENT STOP.
1. Park the machine on a level place.

2. Put the transmission in neutral.
3. Activate the parking brake.
4. Lower implements to the ground.
5. Maintain engine RPM at low idle for 5 minutes.
the machine for any cracks or leaks from any system or
s, access railings to the cabin and platform.

contact when getting off the machine.
e application in your work may vary by altering the methods and techniques described.
END OF THE COURSE. cfomn
QUESTIONS?

Front Loader Operation Techniques

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Front Loader Operation Techniques

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Front Loader Operation Techniques

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

cefomn

Industrial Mining Training Center

START OF ACTIVITY: 8:30 Hrs

At the end of the course, you will be able to:

• Recognize and identify the different components and systems of the

48 HOUR THEORETICAL COURSE.

INITIAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST.

FINAL THEORETICAL WRITTEN TEST.

PRACTICAL COURSE OF 102 HOURS.

FINAL PRACTICAL EXAM.

MINIMUM COURSE APPROVAL GRADE 80%.

A- Tracked Front Loaders:

Use in Market Segmentation

• What is a Wheel Loader?

It is a machine that belongs to the family of Earthmoving

Conventional Truck 0-7% slope

Wheel Loader 1/4 - Imi. /400 meters - 1600

Articulated truck meters

• Loading and Carrying - Stability

(Aes ©e SegU SeeR80OS o© ñasas

Do you know the features and safety

Do you know the location and function of all

Read and follow the instructions in the

Do you recognize these labels?

Note: Shaded areas indicate the approximate

Can you name some computer security

Safety is your responsibility. Self-care is the

Any deviation invites injuries.

• Inspect the condition of the seat belt

• Replace all worn or damaged parts, regardless of appearance

• Seats should be adjusted to the appropriate distance from the pedals,

• Make seat adjustments when the operator is seated leaning on the

80% of all accidents are the product of a

What are the most frequent unsafe acts?

Not using the appropriate

SECURITY. Industrial Mining Training Center

Make improvisations to speed up processes

SECURITY. Industrial Mining Training Center

Failure to follow instructions in service manuals

What are the most frequent unsafe acts?

There are many more, such as :

- Execute the job at speed not indicated

Hydraulic oil Oil pressure Flow of

Starting Main Secondary

System of Check System of

Engine overspeed Brake air Parking break

Electric DISCONNECTED CONNECTED START

Electric Main switch Main switch

To achieve these objectives, the operator must know the operation

Understanding this, the operator can be the first diagnostician of his

All this accompanied by a positive attitude

The power train of a vehicle can be

POWER TRAIN AND POWER TRAIN IN EQUIPMENT

Power train and power train systems is a system or set of components to

The diesel engine is a thermal engine that has alternative internal

• System of Injection or fuel

• System of intake and exhaust

Transmission and Converter