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Pablo_Vaquero

Mecánica de Fluidos II

2º Grado en Ingeniería Aeroespacial

Escuela Politécnica Superior. Campus de Leganés

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

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 UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID
Fluid Mechanics II

Final Exam. 1.5 hours 24-05-2022

Problem 1: (6 points)
Two insulated deposits of equal volume V contain water (density ρ and heat capacity c) at two
different temperatures T1 > T2 . Using an ideal pump of power W , we move the hot water along a
pipe of constant diameter D ≪ V 1/3 and length L that is immersed in the other deposit, as shown in
the picture. Assuming that the wall of the pipe is at temperature T2 and the movement in the pipe is
turbulent with f L/D ∼ O(1), we want to describe the time evolution of the temperature T1 and T2 .
Consider that gravity forces are negligible.

1. Determine the mass flow rate G in the pipe in terms of the power W and the rest of parameters
of the problem.

2. Find the temperature at the exit of the pipe. Notice that the heat exchanged through the pipe’s
walls is NOT zero.

3. Using the control volume between II and III, sketched in the figure, use the energy equation in
integral form to calculate the total amount of heat Q exchanged between the fluid and the pipe.

4. Write the equations that would allow the calculation of the temporal evolution of T1 and T2 . Is
it possible to reach a stationary state?

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 Problem 2: (4 points)

Introduction: An airburst is the detonation of an explosive device in the air instead of on contact
with the ground or target. The principal military advantage of an air burst over a ground burst is
that the energy from the explosion is distributed more evenly over a wider area; although the peak
energy is lower at ground zero. The blast consists of a shock front followed by a rarefaction wave that
weakens the shock intensity as it moves outwards. The aftermath is therefore a spherical shock wave

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whose intensity (Mach number) decreases with the radius rs .

Problem setup: Let’s consider an explosion that release an energy E at height h = 20 m, as de-
picted in the figure on the left. Ground level measurements record that the blast wave reaches the floor
(rs = h) at t = t0 and the normal Mach number at this instant is Ms0 = Ms (t = t0 ) = 7. Surrounding
atmospheric conditions are p1 = 1 atm and ρ1 =1.2 kg/m3 , for pressure and density, respectively.

ZOOM OUT:

By dimensional analysis, and anticipating that the shock is sufficiently strong (Ms ≫ 1) to neglect
upstream pressure and the explosive dimension is sufficiently small compared to h, we can anticipate
that the shock position varies with time according to

rs (t) = Kt2/5 ,

where K ∼ (E/ρ1 )1/5 . Likewise, the velocity of the blast wave decreases with time according to
ṙs (t) = −3/5 , and so does, correspondingly, the shock Mach number M = ṙ /a ∼ t−3/5 , where
p 2/5Kt s s 1
a1 = γp1 /ρ1 = 343.82 m/s is the speed of sound of the air (computed with γ = 1.4). Then:

1a) Show that shock intensity decays with distance according to Ms = Ms0 (rs /h)−3/2 or equivalently,
Ms = Ms0 (cos α)3/2 , where α is the angle between the contact point1 and the vertical axis.

1b) Determine how the shock Mach number decreases with the contact point providing the values
of Ms for α = 20◦ , 30◦ and 40◦ . Check that the strong-shock hypothesis Ms ≫ 1 still holds.

The interaction of the blast wave with the ground is given by the incident and reflected shocks. The
contact point x move outwards with the blast propagation. In a reference frame co-moving with
the contact point, the stagnant upstream is what approaches the incident oblique shock thereby
exhibiting a regular shock-wall (ground) reflection, as depicted in the figure on the right. Then:

2a) Show that M1 = Ms / sin α and compute the thermodynamic properties behind the incident
shock: p2 , ρ2 , T2 and the flow properties M2 and δ for α = 30.

2b) Determine the flow properties of the flow behind the reflected oblique shock (p3 , ρ3 , T3 , and M3 )
for the the case α = 30.

2c) What would happen to the shock-ground reflection when α > 40?

1
The contact point x is the position at which the incident shock wave i and the reflected shock wave r coincides.

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Mecánica de Fluidos II
Banco de apuntes de la
 Midterm Retake. 1.5 hours 24-05-2022
Problem 3: (6 points)
Consider a cylindrical deposit of section A and length L that is thermally insulated. The initial
temperature and pressure are Ta and pa . The cylinder has two orifices, as shown in the figure, with a
piston that initially divided the cylinder in two equal parts V1 (0) = V2 )0) = AL/2. At t = 0 the piston
starts moving with a constant velocity Vp . Write the equations that would determine both pressure
and temperature and the force on the piston. To do so,

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1. Write the continuity and energy equations in volume V1 . Demonstrate that the energy equation
can be reduced to the algebraic expression p1 /ργ1 = pa /ργa .

2. Write the continuity and energy equations in volume V2 .

3. Write the relationship between V1 and V2 .

4. Determine the mass flow rates G1 and G2 in terms of the pressures inside every control volume.

5. Assuming that we know both pressure and density in both volumes, obtain the force exerted on
the piston.

6. Obtain the evolution of p1 in the limiting case Am,1 .

7. Obtain the evolution of p2 in the limiting case Am,2 .

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 Problem 4: (4 points)
An incompressible fluid of density ρ and dynamic viscosity µ flows over a flat plate of length L with
an upstream uniform velocity U∞ and pressure p∞ under an adverse pressure gradient that provokes
the development of a steady boundary layer with an edge velocity Ue (x)/U∞ = (1 − x/L):

Ue(x) x
U1 = (1 L)
U1
p1
Ue(x)

x
L

dpe (x)
1. Determine the pressure gradient as well as the pressure distribution pe (x) along the flat
dx
plate.

2. Write the conservation equations and boundary conditions that describe the development of the
boundary layer. Determine the order of magnitude of the boundary layer thickness δ at x = L.

Assuming that the boundary layer velocity profile can be approximated by the function:
 
vx π y vx
= sin for 0 ≤ y ≤ δ(x) and = 1 for y > δ(x)
Ue (x) 2 δ(x) Ue (x)

3. Using the Kármán-Pohlhausen method, obtain the values of τw , θ and δ ∗ as a function of

δ(x). Introduce the values into the Von-Kármán integral equation to determine the differential
equation and boundary condition that allow us to determine the evolution of δ(x). Integrate the
previous equation to obtain the function δ(x)/L.
θ2 (x) dUe θ2 (x)
4. Using the Thwaites method, obtain and λ = distributions. Determine the
ν dx ν
separation point (x/L)sep .

1 − cos 2x
Notes: sin2 x =
2

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