Types of wind Offshore Wind

turbines Turbines

Aerodynamics Betz Limit

Agenda
Wake
Analysis

Presentation Title
BASICS OF WIND TURBINES 1
 TYPES OF WIND TURBINE

Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine Drag Based
VAWT Savotius Turbine
Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbine Lift Based
HAWT Darrieus Turbine

BASICS OF WIND TURBINES 2

OFFSHORE WIND
TURBINE
- Wind Turbine installed in bodies of Water
- Can Harness stronger and consistent winds
- Have higher energy generation than on-shore
wind turbines

BASICS OF WIND TURBINES 3

 ADVANTAGES OF OFFSHORE
WIND TURBINES

1. Stronger and more consistent winds

2. Larger Scalability

3. Low Visual / Noise impact

4. Reliable production – throughout the year

BASICS OF WIND TURBINES 4

AERODYNAMICS OF
WIND TURBINES
 It is the Theoretical maximum amount
of kinetic energy that can be captured
from the wind.
BETZ According to Betz's law, the maximum
possible energy that can be extracted
LIMIT from the wind by a wind turbine rotor
is 59.3% of the total kinetic energy
present in the wind.
• A Turbine Converts Kinetic Energy of the
wind to Shaft power – And then to Electric
energy
1
• K.E = 2 𝜌𝑉 3 𝐴 From the wind is converted to
Mechanical energy – which drives the rotor WHAT DOES BETZ
• Power Generated by the Wind Turbine =
LIMIT IMPLY?
The Maximum Kinetic Energy that can be
extracted from the flow (According to Bettz
Limit) is given by
16
𝐶𝑝 max = = 59.3%
17
HOW MUCH POWER CAN BE
EXTRACTED FROM WIND?
The power that is generated from the wind
comes from the kinetic energy in the motion of
a mass of Air
1
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Consider Air moving through a control area 𝐴,
with velocity 𝑣 and mass 𝑚. The power in the
wind flowing through the control area is
1 1
𝐸= 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣13
2 2
Mass flow rate of air is given by

ⅆ𝑥
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴
ⅆ𝑡
It is assumed that air flow is homogenous with velocity 𝑣1
that is retarded to velocity 𝑣3 downstream.

By the continuity equation 𝜌𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝜌𝑣2 𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑣3 𝐴3

Air is assumed to be incompressible with density ρ

Kinetic Energy extracted by the idealized wind wheel is

1
𝐸𝑒𝑥 = 𝑚 (𝑣12 − 𝑣32 )
2
If the wind is not retarded i.e. 𝑣3 = 𝑣1, No power would be
extracted 𝑃𝑒𝑥 = 0

This means, there must be a value for 𝑣3 between 𝑣1 and 0

where the maximum power can be extracted
1
𝑃𝑒𝑥 = 𝐸ሶ 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ (𝑣12 − 𝑣32 )
2
 1
𝑃𝑒𝑥 = 𝐸ሶ 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑚 (𝑣12 − 𝑣32 )
2
The plausible assumption for maximum power is that

𝑣1 + 𝑣3
𝑣2 =
2
Inserting the above equation to the expression for power,
2
1 1 𝑣3 𝑣3
𝐸ሶ 𝑒𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣13 1+ 1−
2 2 𝑣1 𝑣1

The expression in the brackets is the power co-efficient 𝑐𝑝

Thus the power in the wind, multiplied by the factor 𝑐𝑝 gives

𝑣
the extracted power depending on the ratio 3
𝑣1
The power coefficient 𝑐𝑝 in dependance on the
𝑣
ration 3 is plotted and the maximum value of
𝑣1 𝑉𝑚
𝑐𝑝, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is found as 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉0
𝑣3 1
𝑐𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.59 for =3
𝑣1

The coefficient of power calculated according to

Betz gives the theoretical maximum amount of
power that can be generated.
1
This occurs when 𝑣3 = 3 𝑣1 retardation. By ideal
wind turbine approximation, 60% of the power
of the wind can be extracted with maximum
1
speed downstream being 3 speed of upstream.

𝟏𝟔 This is the Maximum power that can

𝒄𝒑,𝑩𝒆𝒕𝒛 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟐 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟐%
𝟐𝟕 be extracted from a Turbine
POWER GENERATED
BY TURBINE
Greater the Surface area
swept by the rotor, higher the
mass flow into the turbine

Greater the mass of air

captured, more the Kinetic
Energy that can be converted

Hence, increasing the sweep

area directly increases power
produced by the turbine
 ANGLE OF ATTACK
Wind Turbines are designed to maintain an
optimal angle of attack with the relative wind.

It is designed such that the Lift-Drag ratio is

maximum

If the wind speed increases – the pitch of the

blade is increased such the rotor spins faster
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒ⅆ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑎ⅆ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝
𝑇𝑖𝑝 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒ⅆ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑤𝑖𝑛ⅆ 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒ⅆ

To maintain optimal aerodynamics performance,

the tip speed ratio must remain constant

TURBINE BLADE AERODYNAMICS 13

 BLADE NUMBER
According to the Engineer Armstrong,

Dual rotor blade can produce 10% more energy than single
blade rotor

Triple blade rotors can produce 5% more energy than dual

blade rotors

Dual rotor blades possess Static stability

Three rotor configuration are known for Dynamic stability

TURBINE BLADE AERODYNAMICS 14

 HOW TO INCREASE
EFFICIENCY OF THE WIND
TURBINE
1. Increase the sweep area of the rotor
Use a larger rotor diameter

2. Increase wind speed

Use of taller tower or a better Site
(Offshore sites)

3. Improve the wind turbine’s conversion

efficiency

TURBINE BLADE AERODYNAMICS 15

Wake is the airflow pattern that forms
downstream of the Turbine

When the Turbine blades interact with the winds,

they form vortices and creates turbulence

This causes the wind speed and direction to

WAKE
alter aperiodically

As the turbine blades slow down the flow, a

region with slow moving turbulent air is created
behind it
OFFSHORE TURBINE
WAKE
The wake effect can impact the performance of other
turbines located downstream in a wind farm

The downstream turbines receive less wind energy

due to the wake generated by preceding turbines

This reduction in wind speed affects the efficiency

and power output of downstream turbines

This phenomenon is known as wake effect or wake

losses.

WAKE ANALYSIS 17
OFFSHORE TURBINE
WAKE
The downstream air from Turbine A flows through
the wake region. As a result, Turbine B produces less
power output due to wake.

Offshore sites have enhanced wake effects.

The flat water surface causes less disturbance to

wake and creates more persistent wake regions.

WAKE ANALYSIS 18
 MEANDERING
When the flow travels downstream after the
turbine, the wake produced undergoes a
complex interaction with the atmosphere
and the turbulent region and exhibits a
phenomenon called Meandering.

As the wake travels downstream, it moves laterally and

gets deviated from a straight path. The wake tends to
sway as it interacts with the adjacent wakes.

This impacts the flow downstream by reducing the

consistency and intensity of the wind. Thereby creating a
loss in output power for the turbines facing the wake.

19
WAKE MODELLING
The Wake created by a wind turbine is studied to characterize the downstream flow

The outcome of wake modelling are of two folds

1. Calculating reduction in power output –To calculate momentum and velocity of the flow
2. Calculating the Diameter of the expanding Wake regions
3. Calculating Unsteady loading on turbine – due to turbulence in the wake

20
WAKE CATEGORIES
FAR WAKE
NEAR WAKE

• Beyond 5 Rotor Dia

• 4 – 5 Rotor Dia

• Involves study of reduced velocity and turbulence

• Involves study of blade tip vortices and expansion
of wakes

• It is influenced by rotor geometry • It is influenced by rotor and atmospheric effects

21
WAKE MODEL - TYPES

Types of Wake Models

1. Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Solution model – RANS

2. Large Eddy Simulation model – LES
3. Jensen
4. Larsen
5. Dynamic Wake Meandering (DWM)
6. FUGA
7. Ellipsys 3D (RANS and LES)

22
RANS
Modelling wakes involves finding the solution to the Navier Stokes
The possible solutions of Incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is used in RANS and LES models

The Instantaneous Navier Stokes equation are time – averaged to get the RANS equations

The Reynold’s decomposition

The governing equations are given by

23
RANS
When the time average of the governing equation is considered with the Decomposition factor, it yields
the final for of the RANS Equation as:

24
LES
Large eddy simulation involves the decomposition of the flow into large and smaller scales. The small
eddies are filtered out, so that the effect of large structures can be solved using the Navier–Stokes
equations directly while small scale turbulent mixing is modelled.

Eddies of smaller grid size Δ𝑥 are identified and filtered using the following function

The filtered flow is applied to the time averaged governing equation

Which yields the result

25
COMPARISON
RANS LES

RANS is less computationally intensive LES requires more computational power

Doesn’t accurately capture small scale turbulence Better at capturing the wake dynamics and turb.

Less suitable for large scale Has better resolution and accuracy

Cost efficient way of computing More expensive in terms of computation

26
 JENSON WAKE MODEL
It is one of the most popular models for wake calculation

Consider a control volume as shown in the figure

It is assumed that the wake is circular and linearly expanding

downstream. The flow is axially symmetric, irrotational and no
turbulence.

The momentum balance between rotor and the downstream

flow is given as

27
 JENSON WAKE MODEL
The normalized velocity relation is given as

The axial velocity factor is given as

28
 JENSON WAKE MODEL
A sample test case with a rotor diameter of 100m. Comparison of Wake Diameter estimation
350
The value of 𝛼 is considered as 0.07
300

Free stream velocity 𝑢0 = 8 𝑚 /𝑠 250

Wake Dia (m)

200

The variation of the Wake diameter as a function of 150

distance is plotted in the graph shown 100

50

0
It is observed that the size of the wake increases 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Axial Distance (m)
1400 1600 1800 2000

linearly with the distance from the turbine.

Jensen

This profile matches the earlier assumption that the

wake is cylindrical and that it expands linearly

29
 JENSON WAKE MODEL
For the same conditions, at a distance of 100m from RADIAL VARIATION OF VELOCITY - COMPARISON
the turbine, the radial velocity is plotted. 4.5

4
As per the plot, the velocity remains constant in the
3.5
radial direction as represented by the straight line
3

Velocity (m/s)
2.5

This profile is termed as the top-hat profile for the 2

variation of velocity in the vertical direction 1.5

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radial Distance in (m)

Series1

30
 JENSON WAKE MODEL
AXIAL VARIATION OF VELOCITY - COMPARISON
The variation of velocity of the wake, as calculated
9
by the Jensen model is plotted as shown in the
8
graph.
7

Velocity (m/s)
We observe that at the beginning of the wake 5

region, the velocity has decreased from 8 m/s 4

(freestream) to 2.6 m/s. 3

The velocity then increases as the wake expands. 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Almost 90% of velocity is recovered in 2.5D D

Distance from Turbine in diameter of turbine (D)

According to this model, the wind velocity reaches
7.6 m/s in about 4Dm and 7.99 m/s in 30Dm. Jensen Power (Jensen)

31
 GAUSSIAN MODEL
The Gaussian model is a modified version of the
Jensen wake model.
Here, instead of following a linear profile, the graph
follows a Gaussian profile (Curved Profile)
The Latest model N. O. Jensen or Park model is used
by the software WindPRO and WAsP 9

32
 GAUSSIAN MODEL
The Gaussian model can superimpose the wakes of the
previous turbines.
Considering an infinite row of turbine
If the velocity at the last partition of the infinite row of
turbines is 𝑢∞ then

Where

To consider the effects of overlapping wake – the total

velocity deficit is estimated as the Quadratic sum of the other
wakes given by:

33
 GAUSSIAN WAKE MODEL
For OpenWind software tool, the wake calculation is
performed by a stand alone WAsP software.
WAsP is a Jensen wake model which accounts for the effect
on multiple wake on the velocity.
The local wake velocity is superimposed on the previous wake
velocity and the velocity deficit on the 𝑛𝑡ℎ turbine is given as

34
GAUSSIAN MODEL
Considering the distance at which velocity is calculated is 5D
The values of f is given in the table
Where D is rotor diameter = 100m
𝛼 = 0.07; 𝐶𝑇 = 0.5

= 0.14 Axial
1
3.17742E-06
7.95772E-07
At x = 5D = 500m; 3.53887E-07
1.99121E-07
1.2746E-07
8.85244E-08
6.50439E-08
4.98024E-08
3.9352E-08
1.04102E-08

*This table is just used for calculation purposes

35
 GAUSSIAN MODEL
The line shows the variation of velocity as a RADIAL VARIATION OF VELOCITY - COMPARISON
function of Distance in the vertical direction 10
(similar to Jensen) Is shown in the plot. 9

7
We observe that about the axis of the
turbine, the velocity follows a trend which is

Velocity (m/s)
6

termed as a Gaussian Profile. 5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radial Distance in (m)

Gaussian

36
 GAUSSIAN MODEL
Comparison of Wake Diameter estimation
350
The plot shows the variation of the Wake
Diameter in y axis with respect to the 300

distance from the Turbine in x axis 250

The value of wake diameter at 1D, 2D, 3D

Wake Dia (m)

200
are plotted in the graph. The values are
150
DISTANCE (D) Wake Diameter (m)
0D 50 100
2D 78
4D 106 50
6D 134
8D 162 0
10D 190 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
12D 218 Axial Distance (m)
14D 246
16D 274 Gaussian

18D 302

It is observed that the wake diameter

increases with increase in vertical distance
*The same is true for all models
37
 WAKE DECAY COEFFICIENT
Wake decay coefficient is a parameter which describes how the velocity deficit
in the wake of the wind turbine changes with the distance downstream.
It quantifies the rate at which the wake diminishes.

The decay coefficient 𝛼 is given by

The default decay coefficient used by WAsP 𝛼 = 0.075

Using similarity theory, 𝛼 can be related to Turbulence intensity 𝑇𝐼 as
𝛼 = 0.4 × 𝑇𝐼
This shows good agreement with the data obtained from wind farms.

38
 THE FRANDSEN MODEL
This is based on the momentum conservation principle for
the flow through the turbine in a cylindrical control volume
with constant cross-sectional area.
The expression for the diameter of wake as a function of
horizontal distance x is given as

Where, 𝛼 and 𝑘 are constants. 𝛼 is the wake decay coefficient

The expression for s and β are given by

39
 THE FRANDSEN MODEL
The velocity in the wake is calculated by means of the
expression given below

Considering the value of Rotor Diameter D to be 100m

The graph is plotted assuming 𝛼 is 0.07 and 𝑘 as 0.04
𝑚
where the free stream wind is at velocity 8 𝑠

40
 THE FRANDSEN MODEL
RADIAL VARIATION OF VELOCITY - COMPARISON
12

10

8
The graph is plotted for the value of v against

Velocity (m/s)
distance x in the x and y axis respectively. 6

The data points and value for velocity is shown in the

4
table below X (metre) velocity
1 6.779173
2
2 6.764418
3 6.749686
4 6.734977 0
5 6.720289 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
6 6.705622 Radial Distance in (m)
7 6.690976
8 6.676349 Frandsen Log. (Frandsen)

9 6.661741
10 6.647151

41
 THE FRANDSEN MODEL
The variation of wake diameter with respect to axial Comparison of Wake Diameter estimation
distance from the turbine is shown in the graph. 120

The x axis is the distance from the turbine, the y axis 100

shows the Diameter of the wake. 80

Wake Dia (m)

The linear increase shows that with increase the 60

distance from the turbine, the wake diameter also 40

increases steadily. 20

0
Wake 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
AXIAL DISTANCE Diameter (m) D
0D 54.9342057 Downstream distance (D)
2D 60.9734939
4D 66.4662843 Frandsen
6D 71.5385697
8D 76.2742876
10D 80.7326883
12D 84.957442
14D 88.981835
16D 92.8319285
18D 96.528581
42
 MODEL COMPARISON
A comparison is made between the results obtained from the Jenson model, Gaussian
model and Frandsen model. The data is obtained through the respective formulas at the
following conditions
The graph is plotted assuming 𝛼 is 0.07 and 𝑘 as 0.075 where the free stream wind is at
velocity 8 m/s.

Three graphs are plotted.

1. The first graph shows the variation of Wake diameter with Horizontal Distance
2. The second graph shows the variation of Velocity in the Radial Direction
3. The Third graph shows the velocity deficit and Recovery distance

The trend of the plot is also displayed

43
 MODEL COMPARISON
RADIAL VARIATION OF VELOCITY - COMPARISON
This graph shows the variation of radial distance 12
about the axis of the turbine in x axis and the
corresponding velocity in the y axis 10

Comparing all the models, the results observed are

shown in the plot. 8

We can observe that the values obtained thorough

Velocity (m/s)
the Gaussian model and Frandsen model are 6

relatively closer than the Jensen model.

4
The velocity in the wake region is constant
throughout the length of the wake as observed by
Jensen and Gaussian model. But, the Frandsen model 2

shows a slight deviation in its results.

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radial Distance in (m)

Jensen Gaussian Frandsen Poly. (Frandsen)

44
 MODEL COMPARISON
The variation of the Diameter of the wake Comparison of Wake Diameter estimation
350
with respect to different models is shown
300
Since the Jensen and Gaussian model use
the same formula to assess the diameter of 250

the wake, hence they’re plots coincide

Wake Dia (m)

200

150

It can be noted that the diameter of the 100

wake region increases with horizontal 50

distance from the turbine.
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Downstream Distance (D)

It is observed that the Jensen model wake Jensen Gaussian Frandsen

diameter estimate is higher than the wake
diameter estimate calculated by the
Frandsen model.
45
 MODEL COMPARISON
AXIAL VARIATION OF VELOCITY - COMPARISON
This plot shows the variation of wake velocity 9

with horizontal distance.

8

This plot is important in determining the

7
successive distance of the turbine as it gives us
the velocity recovery 6 5D 10D 15D 20D 25D 30D 35D

Velocity (m/s)
The different models predict the recovery 5

differently. 4

We can observe that the Jensen model accuracy 3

falls in the near wake region. All the model’s
accuracy is better in predicting velocity in the far 2

wake region as the flow is fully turbulent there. 1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Distance from Turbine in D

Jensen Gaussian Fredsen

46
 MODEL COMPARISON
The data shows the velocity recovery in terms
of percentage with increasing distance from DOWNSTREAM
JENSEN GAUSSIAN FREDSEN JENSEN GAUSSIAN FREDSEN
turbine along with the corresponding DISTANCE
D m/s RECOVERY %
The Jensen model shows very low value at the 0D 2.666667 5.6568542 5.656854 33.33 70.71 70.71
2D 5.808459 7.0847087 6.289291 72.61 88.56 78.62
near wake region, while all the models show 4D 6.813338 7.515879 6.63546 85.17 93.95 82.94
an approximately same value for the far wake 6D 7.257444 7.7011294 6.860785 90.72 96.26 85.76
8D 7.491947 7.7973057 7.02068 93.65 97.47 87.76
region as the distance increase. 10D 7.630656 7.8535534 7.14053 95.38 98.17 89.26
12D 7.71944 7.8892653 7.233902 96.49 98.62 90.42
The percentage recovery is shown in the table 14D 7.779673 7.9133452 7.308787 97.25 98.92 91.36
16D 7.822402 7.9303464 7.370226 97.78 99.13 92.13
marked with the highlighted cells. 18D 7.853808 7.9427943 7.421568 98.17 99.28 92.77
35D 7.954275 7.9822825 7.657882 99.43 99.78 95.72

47
 MODEL COMPARISON
The plot shows the velocity recovery in terms Velocity recovery
of percentage with increasing distance from 110

turbine
100

It is estimated that…
90

1. Around 80% velocity is recovered at 2D

Velocity recovery %
80

70

2. More than 90% wind speed is recovered

60
__beyond 2.5D
50

40
3. To recover more than 99.99%, it takes
__about 35D 30
0D 2.5 D 5D 7.5 D 10 D 12.5 D 15D 17.5 D 20 D 22.5 D 25 D 27.5D 30 D 32.5 D 35D 37.5
Distance in (m)

48
 CONCLUSION
Hence, the three wake models are compared mathematically with
each other and the respective plots were plotted to reach the
following conclusions

It is observed that The higher the relative distance, lower the velocity
deficit for the wake in all the models

By observing the wake radius in all the models, we can say that the
wake radius increases with the relative distance and decreases
inversely proportional to the wind velocity.

49