GABRIEL RENE

MORENO
AUTONOMOUS
UNIVERSITY
POSTGRADUATE UNIT FACULTY OF
TECHNOLOGY

“PIG TRAPS”
NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING DIPLOMA

MODULE : COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND

TRANSPORTATION OF
PETROLEUM
TEACHER : MSC. ENG. EDUARD GUTIERREZ VARGAS
MEMBERS: CARDOZO AYALA ELSA ELIANA
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
October 2017
 INDEX

1. CHAPTER I...................................................................................................6
1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................7
1.2 GENERAL OBJECTIVE............................................................................8
1.3 SPECIFIC GOAL.......................................................................................8

2. CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...............................................9

2.1 THE THROWING AND RECEIVING TRAPS OF CHANCHO OR DEVILS10
2.2 DEFINITIONS...........................................................................................10
2.3 General considerations for the design of pig or devil traps..............13
2.3.1 DESIGN...................................................................................................14
2.3.2 USER DATABASES...............................................................................14
2.3.3 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.......................................16
2.3.4 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.........................................................20
2.4 TYPES OF CHANCHOS OR DEVILS.....................................................26
2.4.1 CONVENTIONAL DEVILS......................................................................27
2.4.2 HECK OF DISPLACEMENT.-.................................................................35
2.4.3 GEL DEVILS...........................................................................................36

3. CHAPTER III DEVELOPMENT...................................................................39

3.1 PIG TRAP FOR OIL PIPELINE...............................................................40
3.1.1 COMPONENTS OF THE PIG TRAP.......................................................40
3.1.2 OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE FOR LAUNCHING THE PIG...................41
3.1.3 OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE FOR RECEIVING PIGS:.........................42
3.2 PIG TRAPS FOR POLYDUCT.................................................................45
3.2.1 EXAMPLE OF PIG TRAPS IN THE LIBERTAD - MANTA PIPELINE....45
3.2.2 LIMITATIONS DUE TO INTERNAL CORROSION.................................46
3.2.3 PREDICTIVE AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PERFORMED.......47
3.2.4 PROCEDURE FOR INTRODUCTION, LAUNCH, MONITORING,
MONITORING, RECEPTION AND WITHDRAWAL OF INSPECTION
EQUIPMENT (MFL)...........................................................................................48
3.2.5 PROCEDURE FOR RECEPTION AND WITHDRAWAL OF EQUIPMENT52
3.3 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................56
3.3.1 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS PRESENTED.......................................58

4. CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.........................60

4.1 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................61
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................61
4.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................62

5. ANNEXES...................................................................................................64
 INDEX OF FIGURES

Figure2 .1 Typical catcher trap arrangement............................................................................17

Figure2 .2 Arrangements in plan and elevation of the launching and receiving traps.........20
Figure2 .3 Plant arrangement and elevation of pig receiving trap.........................................20
Figure2 .4 Classification of pigs..................................................................................................26
Figure2 .5 Cylinder pig, (Girandind, 2005)................................................................................28
Figure2 .6 Acer pigs, (Westermfilters, 2006)............................................................................29
Figure2 .7 Cylindrical pigs...........................................................................................................30
Figure2 .8 Sphere pig (Girardind, 2005)....................................................................................30
Figure2 .9 Sphere type pig, (Girardind, 2005)..........................................................................32
Figure2 .10 Foam pig, (Girardind, 2005)...................................................................................32
Figure2 .11 Scheme of foam pig in operation. (Girardind, 2005)...........................................33
Figure2 .12 Solid pig. (Girardind, 2005)....................................................................................34
Figure2 .13 Gel pig (Piggingassnppsa, 2005)..........................................................................37
Figure2 .14 Gel pig train (Piggingassnppsa,2005)...................................................................37
Figure3 .1 launching trap.............................................................................................................40
Figure3 .2 reception trap.............................................................................................................43
Figure3 .3 Map of the coastal area between Libertad and Manta..........................................45
figure3 .4 Ultrasonic pipe thickness gauge...............................................................................47
figure3 .5 Pipeline interior cleaning equipment (pig)................................................................48
figure3 .6 Shipping trap diagram................................................................................................49
Figure3 .7 shipping trap...............................................................................................................50
Figure3 .8 Receipt trap diagram.................................................................................................53
Figure3 .9 receipt trap..................................................................................................................54

Board2 .1 Component dimensions of the pig trap for gas or liquid service..........................18
Board3 .1 Main characteristics of the Libertad - Manta section of the Poliducto.................45
Board3 .2 Pumping benefit after the pig run.............................................................................56
1. CHAPTER I
1.1 INTRODUCTION

In hydrocarbon transportation piping systems, flow obstructions frequently form,

due to the same characteristics of the fluid. These obstructions can cause major
problems such as decreased production, the need for higher pumping pressure,
large accumulations of impurities and corrosion in the pipes due to the presence of
water. That is why when a pipe needs to be cleaned, a cleaner or scraper is used
that moves along the pipe driven by the pressure differential that is created in the
flow when the free passage of gas is plugged with the same body of the cleaner .
To introduce the pig into the pipe, a structure known as a dispatch trap or pig
receipt is needed, depending on its function. The trap consists of a By-pass of the
main pipe with the ability to be sectioned upstream and downstream of the place
where the cleaners are introduced. Once there is zero pressure in the By-pass, a
gate opens that allows access to the cleaning element, and the By-pass is
pressurized, allowing the scraper to be dragged by the gas flow. The design of
these traps will depend on the type of pig to be run and the conditions of the
pipeline design.

The most common reasons for carrying out a cleaning operation in hydrocarbon
transportation systems are:

 Before starting operation on a new production line.

 When it is evident that there is a large accumulation of paraffins.
 When production declines in an operation line.
 When the efficiency of the system decreases.
 When more energy is needed to pump fluids.
 When you have a large percentage of impurities.
 When there is presence of corrosion due to the accumulation of water in the
pipes.

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1.2 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Describe the operation and importance of the use of throwing and receiving traps
during pig run operations.

1.3 SPECIFIC GOAL

 Know some standards under which throwing traps and receiving traps
are manufactured.
 Describe the components of launching traps.
 Know the operational sequence of PIGS pitchers and catchers.
 Explain the methodology of PIGS runs in one line.
 Analyze the notions of safety and environment regarding trap trap
operations.

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 8

2. CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
1.4 THE THROWING AND RECEIVING TRAPS OF CHANCHO OR DEVILS

The devil throwing and receiving traps are pressure vessels used to introduce and
remove devils, spheres and inspection tools inside the pipeline to achieve cleaning
(ducts). Each trap and its manufacturing components are designed, manufactured
and tested in accordance with the latest editions of the ASME (American Society
of Mechanical Engineers), API (American Petroleum Institute) code.
The devil throwing and receiving traps are manufactured according to the
specifications and requirements of each of our clients and each project.

They may be and/or contain the following components:

 Instrumented
 Mounted on skids, on concrete mochettes or metal saddles.
 Directional or bidirectional
 Only the bucket or barrel
 Latest generation devils passage indicator
 Ball valves, gate valves, spherical valves, safety valves and actuators
 Accessories such as Radial Flow Tee, concentric/eccentric reductions,
elbows, reel, covers, pressure gauges, transmitters, thermometers, drain
collection tray, lifting system, etc.

1.5 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this reference standard, as well as for regulatory-related
activities, the following definitions apply:

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 10

Design bases: Information required for the development of the project.

User bases: Information provided by the area interested in the development of

the project and construction, related to the needs and characteristics that the
system must meet.

Connections: Attachments that serve to join or connect pipes, such as: tees,
flanges, reductions, elbows, thredolets, weldolets, sockolets, among others.

Cleaning devil: Mechanical device that is introduced into the duct and has the
function of dislodging fluids, as well as cleaning the interior surface of the duct.

Instrumented Diablo: Mechanical-electronic device that is introduced into the

duct and that allows the collection of data throughout the perimeter and length of
the duct, inspects the duct wall through magnetic flux leakage or ultrasound and
allows the physical state of the duct to be determined.

Effort: Relationship between the applied force and the area of application. It is
expressed in kPa (lb/in 2 ).

Figure eight: Internal pressure retaining plate, with a solid end and an open end
connected with a solid bar, which is installed between pipe flanges, used for valve
maintenance work, fluid blocking and operational maneuvers, among others .

Magnetic flux: Principle for determining the discontinuities of a tube, by

generating a magnetic field from circuits and which, as a result of a discontinuity
or a change in section, is reflected in a variation of the field.

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 11

Design pressure: Internal pressure at which the pipeline is designed and is equal
to 1.1 times the maximum operating pressure.

Maximum operating pressure (POM): Maximum pressure to which a pipeline is

expected to be subjected during its operation.

Internal pressure (Pi): Pressure generated on the internal walls of the pipe due to
the effect of the transported fluid.

Support: Element that supports both static and dynamic loads from the pipe and
equipment to which it is associated.

Design temperature: Expected temperature in the duct, under extraordinary

maximum operating conditions, which may be equal to or greater than the
operating temperature.

Operating temperature: Maximum temperature of the duct under normal

operating conditions.

Devil Trap: Device or facility for purposes of sending or receiving devils.

Main pipe: Consisting of a spool, a blocking valve up to the flow tee, which is
interconnected to the duct for the inlet or outlet of the devil.

Service Pipes: Auxiliary pipes associated with the devil trap including pressure
drain, open drain, drain and vent.

Ultrasound: Non-destructive inspection method to emit and obtain signals by

means of low intensity and high frequency sonic waves.

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Pipelines
From storage tanks in the fields, crude oil is transported by internal branches to
pipeline trunk lines where it is pumped - sometimes over long distances - to ocean
terminals or refineries.
As oil is generally located at great distances from consumption centers, pipelines
make up an important part of the financial resources that companies must allocate
for their capital investments. Many pipelines are buried below ground level, and all
require special processes to protect them from corrosion. Steel pipe is the largest
cost element of a pipeline, and can represent 35 to 45 percent of the total
investment. Special steels with high tensile strength have been developed that
allow the construction of thinner and lower cost pipes. Aluminum and plastic
materials were also tested, although those made of special steel continue to be
the most used.

POLYDUCTS
Pipe networks, intended for the transportation of hydrocarbons or finished
products. Unlike the pipeline that transports only crude oil, the polyduct
transports a variety of processed fuels, such as: kerosene, gasoline, diesel, etc.

The pipelines carry a wide variety of fuels already processed in the refinery. A
polyduct is large and could contain 4 or 5 different products. Transport is carried
out in successive packages, called
potholes.

Shipping terminals are storage plants. In addition to large storage tanks, a central
element of these terminals are the quality control laboratories.

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1.6 General considerations for the design of pig or devil traps.

Devil traps must be designed to allow for internal inspection of the pipeline with
instrumented devil and cleaning with mechanical devices, and must be fully
integrated and mounted on a structural skid with all components necessary for
functional and safe operation of the pipeline. transportation of hydrocarbons and
fluids in general.

1.6.1 Design
This section establishes the requirements for the design of devil traps as
packaged equipment, considering the operating conditions of hydrocarbon and
fluid transportation systems in general, particular requirements, location and
orientation, among others.

1.6.2 User databases

The user area or applicant for the construction of the devil trap package
equipment must issue user bases where the following technical characteristics
must be specified as a minimum:

a) Name and description of the work.

b) Installation location.
c) Operating conditions (flow, pressure and temperature).
d) Physical characteristics and composition of the fluid to be transported,
including water content, pH of the water phase, concentration of chlorides
and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S).
e) Information about the facilities involved.
f) Equipment location plan or diagram.
g) Environmental conditions.
h) Area available for equipment location.

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 i) Duct characteristics (diameter, material and thickness).
j) Availability of auxiliary services.
k) Abrasive solids content.

1.6.2.1 Design bases.

The designer must prepare the design bases for the devil trap (launcher, receiver
and dual launcher-receiver), which must contain at least the following:
a) Generalities.
b) Operation philosophy.
c) User database information.
d) Standards and specifications to be used in the project.

1.6.2.2 Factors for design.

Taking into consideration that devil traps are part of the hydrocarbon and fluid
transportation systems in general, they must be designed using the formulas for
pipeline design, so depending on the type of fluid to be transported, the design
factors by temperature, type of longitudinal pipe joint and by type of pipe location.
In the case of a gaseous fluid, the design factors selected for the calculation must
be congruent with the type of location of the ends of the regular line. In the case of
devil traps, the design factor must be considered as “Ducts over bridges”.

1.6.2.3 Internal pressure.

Piping and devil trap components handling liquid and/or gas must be designed for
a design internal pressure (Pi).

1.6.2.4 Minimum thickness required.

The minimum thickness required for the trap is the sum of the thickness calculated
by internal pressure plus the corrosion tolerance.

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If you have two types of materials (API and ASTM) for the trap (reel-reduction-
bucket), the thickness calculation must be carried out as indicated in the previous
paragraph, and must be as close as possible to each other. , in combination with
the allowable stress of the material.

1.6.2.5 Corrosion tolerance.

The corrosion tolerance, if applicable, according to the user's requirement, due to
the type of service, must be in accordance with what is indicated in section
8.1.6.3.2 of NRF-030-PEMEX-2006.

1.6.2.6 Thickness review for other conditions.

The thickness review must be carried out for other considerations as established
in section 8.1.6.3.3 of NRF-030-PEMEX-2006.

1.6.3 Conceptual design considerations.

When the devil trap is within the battery limits of a plant, a complex or a process
area and is required by specific user needs.
1.6.3.1 Devil Trap Package Components.
Devil traps (launcher, receiver or dual launcher-receiver) must be fully assembled
as a complete structural skid-mounted unit, including: piping, valves, fittings,
instrumentation and devices necessary for functional operation.

The main components that must make up the equipment package are:

a) Barrel (trap bucket) for handling devils, including hinged lid and eccentric
reduction for interconnection.
b) Barrel locking valve, according to ISO 14313, which can be:
- Ball, complete and continuous step, double block or,

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 - Gate, double expansion, complete and continuous passage, double
blockage in the same direction of flow and purge.
c) Main (process) line blocking valve, of the same types mentioned in the
previous section.
d) Kick or divert line valve, ball valve with flanged ends.
e) Ball drain valve.
f) Ball vent valve.
g) “TE” special straight axial flow for the passage of devils.
h) Long radius elbows.
i) Connections, accessories and flanges.
j) Instrumentation; pressure indicator (manometer).
k) Structural skid, including one-piece lifting system, and supports for
complete installation of the devil trap and accessories.
l) All interconnecting piping, with full trap supports to the interconnection
points at the package boundary, as indicated on the equipment basic
engineering data sheets.

In Figure 2.1, typical arrangement diagrams of devil traps in terrestrial installations

are presented, where the components and limits of the package are clearly
indicated, which are; from the end of the special flow tee for interconnection with
the main line (reception or release), to the end of the receipt or sending line for
interconnection with the process line (to process or from process). As for the
auxiliary service line, the boundary of the package must be the exterior face of the
flange for interconnecting the drain line from the barrel (bucket) to the closed drain
system.

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 Figure2 .1 Typical catcher trap arrangement

By specific user requirement and to carry out a dual type, functional and flexible
operation, that is, launching and receiving of instrumented devils, the design of the
barrel (bucket).
By specific request of the user, the length of the transition spool between the
bucket locking valve and the eccentric reduction can be increased by one meter to
the launcher barrel (bucket) design to accommodate three DN 100 (NPS) auxiliary
nozzles. and facilitate the entry of the instrumented devil.

1.6.3.2 Equipment dimensions.

The diameter and length of the components of the devil launchers and receivers
must comply with what is indicated in Table 2.1.
Board2 .1 Component dimensions of the pig trap for gas or liquid service

Concept Required dimensions

Pitcher and catcher

DN ((NPS)) of main line (Note 3)

barrel diameter 100 to 200 250 to 500 600 to 900

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 (4 to 8) (10 to 20) (24 to
48)
barrel length
D ≥ (d + 100 (4))

(Note 1)

Line diameter d/3

kick/deflect

Line diameter 25 (1) 50 (2)

purge/vent

Line diameter dd ≥ 50 (2) dd ≥ 100 (4)

drained (Note 2) (Note 2)

Where:
D = barrel diameter; d = main line diameter
dd = drain line diameter
Grades:
(1). According to Tables 2 or 3 of Annex 12.2.
(2). The final diameter is a function of the volume of fluid to be removed and the
time required for the operation.
(3). Dimensions: DN mm and (NPS inches).

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1.6.3.3 Required areas.
Figures 2.2 show the plan and elevation arrangements of the devil launcher and
catcher traps, respectively. These indicate the nomenclature and the minimum
dimensions that these traps must meet.

Figure2 .2 Arrangements in plan and elevation of the launching and receiving traps

Figure2 .3 Plant arrangement and elevation of pig receiving trap

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 20

1.6.4 Additional considerations

1.6.4.1 Location and orientation criteria.

The arrangement and location of devil traps must meet the following criteria:

a) The required dimensions and areas of the equipment package.

b) The lid of the barrel (bucket) must be oriented towards free places to avoid
interference with equipment or process lines in that path, so that
operational risks are minimized and/or eliminated.

c) Where the trap is going to be installed, a work area is required for

maneuvers with dimensions not determined by this standard, for the free
entry or removal of the cleaning or instrumented devil and the auxiliary
equipment used for this purpose.

d) Spools must be considered at the ends of the elbow in order to comply with
dimension “C”. Likewise, dimension “C” must always consider that there is
a free space of 70 cm between the flanges of the barrel (bucket) and
process blocking valves. These reels should not be less than half the
diameter of the main line in length.

e) The barrel (bucket) and process lock valves must be offset in order to have
space for maintenance.
f) The longitudinal axes of the barrel (bucket) and the process line must be at
the same elevation with respect to the structural flange.

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1.6.4.2 Barrel or bucket of the devil trap.
The inside diameter of the trap barrel should be a minimum of 100 mm (4 in)
larger than the duct to which it interconnects, to facilitate entry and exit of
inspection and cleaning tools.

1.6.4.3 Top.
The barrel lid door and its closing mechanism must be designed in accordance
with sections 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4 of NRF-028-PEMEX-2004 and complemented with
paragraph UG-35 of part UG of Subsection A of the ASME code Section VIII
Division 1, or equivalent, and must be horizontally installed, hinged with quick
opening/closing.

a) The lid must be quick-opening and comply with paragraphs 831.37 and
406.6.3 of ASME B31.8-2007/B31.4-2006 or equivalent, as applicable.
b) The manufacturing material must be Class 600 carbon steel at least.
c) Structural welding and assembly procedures must be qualified through
ASME Section IX or equivalent.
d) The design of the barrel or bucket lid can be straight or conical, according
to the user's requirements.

e) The containment or closing mechanism of the lid door once closed must be
by means of a clamp with straight faces perpendicular to each other in the
contact area between the door, neck and closing clamp or by means of an
interior metal band.
f) The closing mechanism must be manufactured from forged carbon steel of
the same type as the pressure vessel.
The gasket shall have a one-piece ring-type circular profile of large cross-
section made of Viton that shall be housed in the rectangular machined
groove, and its design shall prevent it from being exposed to damage

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 during the loading and unloading operation of devils or debris. dirt from the
run of devils.
h) The design of the lid for safety must have a locking and pressure alert
device, so that the operator can remove it manually without standing in front
of the lid door. It should be in the upper half of the cover (at twelve o'clock),
to avoid damage or contamination with burrs and dirt during loading and
unloading of the cleaning or inspection devil.
i) The design of the locking mechanism must be such that it cannot be
opened unless the pressure locking and warning device has been removed.
j) For safety, the design must guarantee that the operator, when opening the
lid, operates it completely from the side without, under any reason, having
to stand in front of the door at the time of the opening maneuver.

1.6.4.4 Structural skate.

The devil trap must be mounted horizontally on a structural skid designed to
support lifting and self-weight loads.

The trap skid must transmit the loads to the reinforced concrete floor system, as
well as allow the equipment to be lifted and transported as a single piece. If it is
anticipated that the equipment can be transported by road, for equipment greater
than DN 750 (NPS 30) and/or with lengths greater than 12 m, the design of the
trap together with the skid must be modular (two or three sections ), so that its
installation and coupling at the installation site is quick and safe, preserving its
stress transmission properties for which it was designed.
It must be specified in the engineering plans which trap supports should be fixed
and which should be guided, and if guided, U-type clamps with neoprene should
not be accepted. Likewise, the lifting lugs must be located in accordance with the
structural and load distribution design, preventing interference with any

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component of the trap and the arrangement of the lifting tackle during installation
maneuvers.

The structural skid must have access and platforms for operation and
maintenance of the valves.

Design loads . The skid must be designed for the following condition or
combination of loads that generate the maximum stress in each of its
components:

a) Hydrostatic test; weight of the skid and accessories, plus the weight of pipe
and valves, plus the weight of the test liquid.
b) Lifting; weight of the skid and accessories, plus the weight of empty pipe
and valves, plus a contingency weight of 20 percent of the total weight of
the devil trap including its skid.
c) Drag (only if the project requires it); weight of the skid and accessories, plus
the weight of pipe and valves, plus drag force.
d) Normal operation; weight of the skid and accessories, plus the weight of the
fluid, plus the weight of pipe and valves in operation.
e) Earthquake and wind loads.

Skate resistance. In the design, the work efforts resulting from the analyzed load
conditions of each of the components that make up the skate must be less than or
equal to the allowable efforts established in the IMCA design manual and the
practical design recommendations. of API RP 2A-WSD, or equivalent.

As additional design requirements, the following must be met:

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 a) The longitudinal beams of the skate must have three support points for
each of them, for fixing to the reinforced concrete platform.
b) The ears must be aligned with the angle of the sling, in horizontal and
vertical projection, their location must prevent damage to the equipment
and accessories, when being lifted or dragged.

Resistance of lifting and dragging ears. The following loading considerations

should be applied to ear design:

a) An accidental force of 5 percent of the static load of the cable, applied

simultaneously with the static load of the cable. This force should be
applied perpendicular to the lug in the center of the shackle pin.
b) For the lifting lug, a dynamic load factor of 2.0 must be applied to the static
load.

Only if the project requires that the supporting structural skid along with the devil's
trap be dragged, the following should be done:

a) For the drag lug, a dynamic load factor of 1.5 must be applied to the static
load.
b) Indicate on the engineering drawings that full penetration welding and 100
percent ultrasonic examination must be applied to the lifting lugs.

In the design of the ears and their components, the working stresses resulting
from the application of the loads must be less than or equal to the allowable
stresses established in the IMCA design manual and the practical design
recommendations of API RP 2A- WSD, or equivalent.

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1.7 TYPES OF CHANCHOS OR DEVILS

Figure2 .4 Classification of pigs

The devils used to accomplish the different tasks of the devil run can be divided
into three general categories:

 The conventional or utility devil or routine devil run that are used to perform
functions such as cleaning and separating fluids.

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  Gel devils are used in conjunction with conventional devils to perfect the
tasks of draining and cleaning the pipe.
 Geometric devils or online inspection tools that provide information on the
condition of the line as well as the magnitude and location of any problems,
inspection for metal loss and corrosion.

1.7.1 conventional devils

Conventional or utility devils can be divided into two categories based on their
fundamental purpose: Cleaning and Sealing Devils.

1.7.1.1 Cleansing Devils

They are used to remove the accumulation of solids or semi-solids and debris
accumulated on the walls of the pipe. This is normally paraffin in the crude oil
lines. When inhibitors are used in a gas pipeline, the solvents in the inhibitors
evaporate, forming droplets on the walls of the pipeline that can be removed by
wiping the pipe. Cleaning devils are also used in conjunction with line treating
chemicals to disrupt corrosion sites and remove water, microbes, corrosion
products, and food for microbes. This increases efficiency and lowers the cost of
operation.
Cleaning devils are usually provided with brushes or blades to do the cleaning.
They have wire brushes to scrape the walls of the pipe and remove solids. Devils
14" and smaller typically use rotating wire wheel brushes. These brushes are easy
to replace and cheap. Special rotating brushes are used on some large devils. The
larger devils have extra brushes.

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These brushes can be replaced individually as needed and are mounted on wire
spring, or coil spring leaves. The springs push and keep the wire brushes in
contact with the pipe wall.

1.7.1.2 Sealing Devils

They are used during hydrostatic testing of pipes to fill the water line and then
drain it.
They are used to maintain a good seal to sweep liquids from the line or provide an
interface between two different products within the pipeline. Removing condensate
and water in wet gas systems, water from production pipelines or separating
different products in production pipelines. Sealing devils can be spheres, solid
polyurethane cap devils, or cylindrical type devils with sealing cups or discs.
Within these two categories, there is an extensive subdivision, which can make
differences between different types or forms of devils. These are steel devils
(cylindrical), spheres, polyethylene (foam), and solid cap

1.7.1.3 Cylinder devils.-

They have a central body tube or mandrel, and various components that can
congregate toward the center to configure the devil to perform a specific duty.

Figure2 .5 Cylinder pig, (Girandind, 2005)

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Steel devils are more durable. They consist of a steel body with replaceable
elements (cups and discs). They can also be equipped with abrasive components
(brushes and blades) to remove deposits from the inner wall of the pipe. The
advantage of steel devils is the ability to replace the components they use.
Cylinder devils have a metal body (steel or aluminum) and are equipped with seals
(cups or scraper discs) to provide differential pressure to propel the devil into the
pipe. To clean the line the devil is equipped with wire brushes or polyurethane
sheets.

An advantage of the cylinder devil is that it can be a cleaning devil, a sealing devil,
or a combination of both. Sealants and brushes can be replaced to make the devil
reusable. Cleaning devils are designed for strong scraping and can be equipped
with wire brushes or polyurethane blades. They are designed for long runs.
There are also disadvantages of the cylinder devil. The cost of retrofitting it, and
larger devils require special handling equipment to load and unload the devil.
Occasionally wire brush bristles break and will get into unwanted places.

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 29

 Figure2 .6 Acer pigs, (Westermfilters, 2006)

Figure 2.7 shows several models, the most common styles, of cylinder devils, with
various forms in which they can be presented, such as the cup devil, disc devil,
conical cup, conical cup with blade and conical cup. with brush and other types of
grooming with brushes. With this it is possible to differentiate whether a cylindrical
devil is of the cleaning or seal devil type or if it is a combination of both.

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 Figure2 .7 Cylindrical pigs

1.7.1.4 Spherical Devils or spheres.-

They are of a solid or inflatable composition, the inflatables are filled with glycol 8
and/or water to reach the optimal diameter. Inflatable polyurethane spheres are
completely manufactured to provide a durable design, since welding represents a
point of weakness.

Figure2 .8 Sphere pig (Girardind, 2005)

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Spheres have been used for many years as sealing devils. There are four basic
types of spheres; soluble, inflatable, foam and solid.
The soluble sphere is typically used in crude oil pipelines and contains a
microscopic crystalline wax and polyethylene that acts as a paraffin inhibitor and
does not obstruct flow. If a devil has never been run on a line, the dissolvable
sphere is a good option to make a run.

The sphere will normally dissolve within a few hours. This is a function of fluid
temperature and movement, friction and oil absorption.
The inflatable sphere is made of various elastomers (polyurethane, neoprene and
others) depending on the application. It has a hollow center with valves that are
used to inflate the sphere with liquid. The spheres are filled with water, or water
and glycol, and inflated to the desired size.

The spheres should never be inflated with air, since due to its nature it can be
compressed at high pressure and/or mold to the surface of the pipe, and not
efficiently perform the operation of removing the liquids.
Depending on the application and material, the sphere is inflated 1% to 2% above
the inside diameter of the pipe. In small sizes the sphere may be of solid
composition, eliminating the need to inflate, but it does not have the lifespan of an
inflatable sphere.
The spheres can also be made of polyurethane foam. They can be covered with a
polyurethane material to give good use. For cleaning purposes they may have wire
brushes on the surface. The advantages of these foam spheres are that they are
light in weight, cheap, and do not need to be inflated.
The spheres are generally easy to handle, handling 90o radii, turns and irregular
curvatures. They can travel from smaller lateral lines to larger main lines, and are
easier to automate than other devils.

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 32

Spheres are commonly used to remove liquids from wet gas systems, water from
production pipelines, paraffin control in crude oil pipelines, and hydrostatic test and
drain after pipeline rehabilitation or new construction. Used to separate various
products such as gasoline, fuel oils, crude oils, jet engine fuels, and other
petroleum products transported through a pipeline.

Figure2 .9 Sphere type pig, (Girardind, 2005)

1.7.1.5 Foam devils.-

The polyurethane foam conforms to various configurations of solid polyurethane

strips and/or abrasive materials permanently attached thereto;

Figure2 .10 Foam pig, (Girardind, 2005)

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Foam devils are a type of cheap and versatile device in pipe cleaning. Sizes range
from 2" up to 48". With configurations including basic, crisscross, wire, plastic
bristle, and silicon carbide brushes. They are light and easy to work with and
capable of being used in pipes, fixtures, and valves.
The disadvantages of foam devils are that they are single-use products, short run
lengths, and high concentrations of some acids shorten their life.
Polyurethane foam devils are used for line testing (a devil passes through the
line), drying and cleaning, removing thick deposits, condensate in wet gas pipes,
and in multi-diameter devil runs. Polyurethane devils coated with a wire or silicon
carbide brush are used to scrape and soften pipe abrasion.

The foam devil is constructed of polyurethane foam of various densities and is

available in various types of outer layers. Although each devil has a specific
application, some are interchangeable based on user preference within certain
parameters.

Figure2 .11 Scheme of foam pig in operation. (Girardind, 2005)

The foam devil is made from light, medium, or heavy density polyurethane foam
material. Its bullet shape is designed to help cross fittings and valves. Concave
ends are available for two-way service. The length of the devil is approximately
twice its diameter to reduce the chance of the devil from tumbling into the pipe.
The diameter of the polyurethane devil is larger than the inner diameter of the

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 34

pipe. This is done to exert frictional drag between the foam devil and the pipe wall.
The devils can be arranged in any order, considering what you want to achieve
from each of them.

1.7.1.6 Solid heck.-

They are molded in a single piece, usually made of polyurethane. Solid devils are
of various designs and are normally made of polyurethane; However, neoprene,
and other elastomers come in smaller sizes. They are considered sealing devils
although some solid devils are available with brushes around them and can be
used for cleaning purposes. The solid launch devil is available in cup, disc, or a
combination cup/disc design. Most devils are of a piece construction but several
manufacturers have all urethane devils with replaceable sealing elements.

Figure2 .12 Solid pig. (Girardind, 2005)

Due to the cost of retrofitting and transporting a cylindrical devil (labor and
material), many companies reuse the solid cast devil.
Solid devils are extremely effective at removing liquids from production pipelines,
removing condensate and water from wet gas systems, and controlling paraffin
buildup in crude oil systems.

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1.7.1.7 Overall devils.-

Assembly devils are used to separate different fluids such as different qualities of
gasoline, fuel, etc., in multiple product pipelines. These devils are unidirectional if
they have cups and bidirectional if they are provided with discs.

1.7.2 Heck of displacement.-

These devils are used to displace one fluid with another. They can be bidirectional
or unidirectional in design. They are used in hydrostatics, filling, draining,
evacuation and abandoning the line.

1.7.2.1 Heck gauges.-

Gauges are used after the pipeline is constructed to determine if there is a

blockage in the pipeline. Ensures that the ovality of the line is within accepted
tolerance. The gauging sheet can be mounted on the front or rear of the devil and
is made of light steel or aluminum. The sheet may be solid. Its external diameter is
90-95% of the internal diameter of the pipe.

1.7.2.2 Devil in profile.-

It is a capacity devil normally with three capacity sheets. A sheet is placed in front,
one in the middle, and one behind the devil. Typically used before using an Inline
Inspection tool, to ensure the tool passes around bends and through the pipe.

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1.7.2.3 Devils of double diameters.-

There are production systems where pipes of two different diameters are
presented, that is, 4" x 6", 8" x 10", etc. That is why the cylinder devil is normally
fitted with solid discs for the smaller line and shaved discs for the larger line. If it is
a cleaning devil, the brushes will support it on the line and keep the devil centered.
Polyurethane devil is also widely used in this application.

1.7.2.4 Special devils.-

They are devils that are used to carry out a specific application and that would not
be achieved if a conventional devil were used. Many applications require special
devils. An example of a special devil is; a windlass devil that uses steel pins with
hardened tips to remove wax and scale pipe, a magnetic cleaning devil to pick up
ferrous debris from the pipe.

1.7.3 GEL DEVILS

It is a series of liquid gel systems that have been developed for use in pipeline
operations, either during startup, or as a part of an ongoing maintenance program.
Most piping gels are water-based, but with a range of chemicals, solvents, and
even acids that can be in the gels. Gel diesel is typically used as a corrosion
inhibitor carrier in gas lines.
There are four main types of gel used in pipeline applications:
 Patching or separating gel
 Debris collector gel
 hydrocarbon gel
 dehydrating gel

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 Figure2 .13 Gel pig (Piggingassnppsa, 2005)

As a liquid, although very viscous, the gel can be pumped through any line that
accepts liquids. Gel devils may be used exclusively (in liquid lines), in place of
devils, or in conjunction with various types of conventional devils. When used with
conventional devils, gel devils can improve overall development while minimizing
the risk of a devil sticking.
Figure 2.13 shows the way in which the devil run is carried out using a gel devil in
the front, this comprises a separating gel and a debris gel and conventional devils,
between one and the other a debris gel or a separating gel. This minimizes the
diversion of fluids from the devils and provides better cleaning.

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 Figure2 .14 Gel pig train (Piggingassnppsa,2005)

The main applications of gel devils in pipes are the following:

• Product separation
• Debris removed
• Line filled and hydrotested
• Drainage and drying
• Condensate removed from gas lines
• Inhibitors
• Special chemical treatment
• Remove stuck devils

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 39

3. CHAPTER III
DEVELOPMENT
1.8 PIG TRAP FOR OIL PIPELINE

DEFINITION

A pig is inserted through a launcher. This is simply an oversized, specially

designed barrel with a reducer that attaches to the existing line. The pig launcher
has a larger diameter than the pipe to allow manual pig insertions, and a gate or
tab that is then closed. This allows easy introduction of the pig. The outside
diameter of a pig is the same size as the inside diameter of the pipes to maintain a
good seal.

1.8.1 COMPONENTS OF THE PIG TRAP

Figure3 .15 launching trap

(YPFB Transporte S.A, 2013)

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1.8.2 Operational sequence for launching the pig

1.8.2.1 Initial conditions

1. The LO.013 pig launch checklist which must be completed completely.

2. The launch trap is generally empty but in the event of a (minor) leak from a
valve it could remain pressurized and filled with product.
3. Valve B must be open.
4. Valves A, C, DYE must be closed.

1.8.2.2 Operational sequence

1. Verify that valves A and C are closed.

2. Verify that the slop well has sufficient capacity to receive existing product in
the trap or that containers are available to empty the trap.
3. Drain the launch trap by opening drain valve D, verifying that the pressure
in the nanometer is 0 psi, then allowing air to displace the liquid by opening
vent valve E.
4. When the trap is completely drained with valves E and D still open, open
the trap lid and insert the pig until the tip or first element, whether cup or
disc, has slight pressure with the reducer (POINT “x”).
5. Close and secure the trap cover. Close drain valve D and leave vent valve
E open. When filling is complete, close vent valve E to allow the pressure to
equalize and fully open valve C.
6. Open the valve At the moment in which the pig can be launched
7. Partially close valve B. This increases the flow of liquid into valve C and
behind the pig. Continue closing valve B until the pig moves out of the trap
and the pig-sig registers its passage. .
8. When the pig leaves the trap and enters the line, open valve B completely.
9. Leave the valve in initial conditions.

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1.8.3 Operational sequence for receiving pigs:

1.8.3.1 Initial conditions

1. The checklist LO.014 Reception of the pig which must be complete up to

part I
2. The launch trap is generally empty. In the event of a (minor) leak from a
valve, it may remain pressurized and filled with product.
3. Valve B must be open
4. Valves A, C, D and E must be closed
5. The trap lid must be closed and secured.

The station operator must verify the availability of system filters and/or separators,
isolate existing measurement bridges (if possible) and perform the initial
measurement of the slop well height in order to quantify the initial volume. These
data must be in the cleaning report carried out.

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 Figure3 .16 reception trap

1.8.3.2 Operational sequence

1. Verify that valves A, C and D are closed. Slowly fill the trap by opening
valve C and venting air through valve E.
2. Once the air has escaped, close vent valve E to allow the trap to be
pressurized and equalized through valve C
3. With valve C open, open valve A and then close the valve. Now the trap is
ready to receive the pig.
4. When the pig enters the trap (indicated by the PIG-SIG) Open valve B
completely and close valves A and C.
5. Verify that the slop well has the capacity to empty the trap or that the
necessary containers are available to empty the trap.
6. Open the drain valve D, verify that the pressure in the nanometer drops to
“0” psig, then open the vent valve E so that the air displaces the product

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 44

 7. After the trap is completely drained with valves D and E still open, open the
trap lid and remove the pig.
8. Close secure trap lid
9. Leave the trap in its initial conditions
10. The station operator must verify the differential pressure values in all the
station filters. If there is an increase in said values, he must coordinate the
inspection and internal cleaning of the filters with the corresponding
maintenance area.
If the filters do not have differential pressure indicators, they must be
inspected once the cleaning stage is completed.
11. Complete the filling out of the checklist LO...014 Reception of the pig part II.

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1.9 PIG TRAPS FOR POLYDUCT

The pig trap at the station is considered high risk because extreme care is
required to send a pig due to the site conditions, especially the discharge pressure
at the station exit is between 1320 – 1500 PSI.
The scrapers or commonly known as pigs are nothing more than cleaning
equipment that, when introduced into the interior of the pipe with the help of
internal pressure, are dragged along the pipeline, freeing the pipeline of corrosive
material and impurities that In the long run they are detrimental both to the line and
to the products that are transported.

1.9.1 Example of pig traps in the Libertad - Manta pipeline

Figure3 .17 Map of the coastal area between Libertad and Manta
(TD Williamson, 2009)

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 Board3 .2 Main characteristics of the Libertad - Manta section of the Poliducto

Condition 170.6 km buried

Manufacturing standard API 5L X42 (42,000 psi)
Thicknesses 0.219”/ 0.280” (5.56 and 7.13 mm)
Maximum operating pressure 1,487psi
Hydraulic test pressure n. d.
Coating Polyken type tape
Put in operation Year 1985
Products Diesel and gasoline
Pumping capacity 8400 BPD

The pipeline has 2 main electric pumping groups of 450 HP each; (United 318
gpm pumps, Siemens Motors); 2 electric booster pump groups of 30 HP, 1755
rpm); (Byron Jackson 318 gpm pump, Acec Motor).

1.9.2 LIMITATIONS DUE TO INTERNAL CORROSION

The Libertad-Manta pipeline, since its construction (1990), has recorded the
existence of an internal and external corrosion problem, caused mainly by
corrosive contaminants present in the derivatives of liquid hydrocarbons
processed at the Libertad refinery, such as water in emulsified form. , CO2
(Carbon oxide) S2H (hydrogen sulfide gas), the latter, mixed with water, generate
extremely corrosive acids; In addition, the presence of sulfur-reducing bacteria that
generate the type of corrosion called bacterial has been detected. It should be
noted that the corrosive process has developed fundamentally in the lower
quadrant of the pipeline, where, during operation stops, the water is separated and
accumulates in the form of
Traces (small particles) are present in hydrocarbons.
The presence of iron oxide (product of the internal corrosion process) inside the
pipeline confirms the progressive deterioration of the structure. This is
demonstrated by evaluating the results report of the chemical analysis of the
sediments recovered in an internal cleaning run carried out.

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1.9.3 PREDICTIVE AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PERFORMED

1.9.3.1 PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE

It consists of evaluating, based on the environment in which the pipeline is

immersed (physical-chemical characteristics of the hydrocarbons, type of soil,
humidity, etc.), taking measures to mitigate future effects on the structure.

figure3 .18 Ultrasonic pipe thickness gauge

(Petrocomercial, 2010)

The most recommended practice for this phase of maintenance is internal

inspection of the pipeline using probes equipped with ultrasonic or magnetic
technology.
It is also possible to evaluate the pipes externally using non-destructive testing
techniques such as industrial radiography and similar ultrasound equipment. This
monitoring is carried out permanently and is in charge of the Technical Inspection
Unit, as observed in the thickness measurement report on the Libertad-Manta
section.
The Intelligent Information Probe, these devices are provisional and are sent every
90 days in the Libertad – Manta station section. See the figure below.

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 figure3 .19 Pipeline interior cleaning equipment (pig)

1.9.4 PROCEDURE FOR INTRODUCTION, LAUNCH, MONITORING,

MONITORING, RECEPTION AND WITHDRAWAL OF INSPECTION
EQUIPMENT (MFL).

Provide basic knowledge, for the proper and safe operation of inspection
equipment, to the personnel who will intervene in the maneuvers of introduction,
launching, monitoring, monitoring, reception and removal of inspection Equipment
(MFL) and rights of way Libertad section - Blanket.

1.9.4.1 INTRODUCTION AND LAUNCH OF INSPECTION EQUIPMENT

Although shipping traps have characteristics for each particular pipeline, there are
elements that are basic for the correct and safe operation of the installation.
Regardless of whether the lines are in operation or not during the introduction
process (capping) of the well-known inspection equipment smart tools, the same
basic procedure must be followed for all cases. The diagram and procedure
described below indicate a typical shipping trap. The personnel in charge will verify

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 49

that the valves are aligned correctly and that the operating procedure is carried out
in a way that does not constitute a risk to personnel or that could cause damage to
the equipment.

figure3 .20 Shipping trap diagram

(TD Williamson, 2009)

1.9.4.2 Shipping trap valves

 Valve A is the isolation valve and is installed in line with the bucket and the duct
where the tool will be run. This valve must be a gate or sphere type, full bore
designed to pass the magnetic flux leakage and of the same nominal diameter as
the polyduct.
 Valve B is the main valve of the polyduct and is installed downstream of the
isolation valve. This allows the flow of the product through the installation and the
polyduct when the trap is isolated.

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 Valve C is the launch valve, commonly known as kicker and is installed in the
area of the bucket near the lid or chamela. Its purpose is to help isolate the trap
during tool introduction and to provide the flow required for tool launch.
 The normal layout of the shipping trap is as follows: valve A and C should be
completely closed, secured and marked with labels. Valve B should be fully open.
This is the normal operating arrangement.

Figure3 .21 shipping trap

(TD Williamson, 2009)

1.9.4.3 Introduction and launch procedure

 Ensure that the personnel who will participate in the operation of introduction
and launch of the tool fully know the activities to be carried out
 Verify that valves A and C are closed
 Check the pressure indicated by the pressure gauge installed in the trap bucket
 Align relief valve towards recovery tank or relief system. If the above is not
available, a drainage system must be connected through hoses to a tank car.

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 Open the vent valve to facilitate emptying of the trap, as well as to verify that it is
completely depressurized.
 If dangerous products or substances have been used, the trap must be inerted
before proceeding to open the chamber (for example nitrogen).
 The pressure release safety device installed on the chamber or lid of the bucket
should be removed slowly (if applicable).
 Slowly open the bucket lid. Make sure that personnel are on the opposite side to
where the chamela opens. Under no circumstances should personnel remain
directly in front of the chamela when it is being operated.
 When the chamela is completely open, it must be verified that there are no
obstructions inside the bucket.
 Align the base that has the tool, leveling it with the bucket and verifying that the
contact surfaces of the chameleon and the respective o-rings or seals are not
damaged.
 Secure the base of the tool to the trap using tension bands in order to prevent it
from moving during the introduction of the inspection tool.
 Slowly start moving the tool towards the interior of the bucket. Depending on the
type and diameter of the equipment, an additional aluminum bed and a
mechanical and/or hydraulic mechanism must be used so that the operation is
carried out easily and safely.
 The tool must be moved until the first cup is firmly in contact with the reduction
between the chamber or barrel and the nominal diameter section.
 If the aluminum bed has been inserted, it must be removed slowly, verifying that
the tool does not lose its position in the reduction.
 Remove the tension bands to remove the base of the chameleon area.
 Clean the contact surfaces of the chameleon and apply grease. Check o-ring
seals and their housings. They should be replaced if they are worn or damaged.
 Close the chamela and install the safety device (if applicable).

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 Close the bucket vent, making sure that the vent remains partially open in order
to extract air from the bucket.
 Slowly open valve C to pack the bucket and remove air through the vent. Once
the air has been removed, the vent must be completely closed. Continue with
valve C open, until the pressure of the bucket is equal to that of the pipeline. When
the pressures are equal, valve C must be closed.
 Slowly open valve A to its fully open position.
 Slowly open valve C to its fully open position.
 Begin to close valve B in order to direct the flow of the product through the
bucket.
 Verify that the tool passes completely through valve A and continues moving,
leaving the installation. When the above is confirmed, open valve B to the fully
open position and close valves A and C to the fully closed position.

1.9.5 PROCEDURE FOR RECEPTION AND WITHDRAWAL OF EQUIPMENT

1.9.5.1 INSPECTION

Like shipping traps, receiving traps have characteristics for each particular
pipeline; however, there are elements that are basic for the correct and safe

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 53

operation of the installation. Regardless of whether the lines are in operation or
not, during the process of receiving and recovering the tools, the same basic
procedure must be followed for all cases.

Figure3 .22 Receipt trap diagram

(TD Williamson, 2009)

1.9.5.2 Receipt Trap Valves

  Valve A is the isolation valve and is installed in line with the bucket
receiver and the duct where the tool is being run. This must be a gate or sphere
type, with full passage designed for the passage of tools and of the same nominal
diameter as the polyduct.
 Valve B is the main valve of the polyduct and is installed upstream of the
isolation valve and the polyduct when the trap is isolated.
 Valve C is the bypass valve and is installed in the area of the bucket near the lid
or chamber. Its purpose is to allow the flow required for the movement of tools into
the receiving bucket, in addition to assisting insulation during the tool removal
process.
 The normal arrangement of valves for receiving a tool is as follows: Valves A
and C must be in their fully open position, secured and marked with labels. Valve

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 54

B must be in its completely closed position. All valves must be checked prior to
tool arrival.
Figure3 .23 receipt trap
(TD Williamson, 2009)

1.9.5.3 Reception and withdrawal procedure

 Ensure that the personnel who will participate in the operation of receiving and
recovering the tools are fully aware of the activities to be carried out.
 Verify that valves A and C are in the completely open position.
 Verify that valve B is in the completely closed position.
 Upon arrival of the tool at the receiving trap, ensure that it completely passes
valve A.
 Open valve B to the fully open position.
 Close valves A and C to the completely closed position.
 Check the pressure on the pressure gauge installed in the receiving bucket
 Slowly open the relief valve to the recovery tank
 Open the vent valve to facilitate emptying of the trap and verify that it is
completely depressurized.
 If products or substances have been used, the trap must be inerted before
opening the chamber (example nitrogen)
 The pressure release safety device installed in the chamber or lid of the bucket
must be removed slowly (if applicable)
 Slowly open the bucket lid. Make sure that personnel are on the opposite side to
where the chamela opens. Under no circumstances should personnel remain
directly in front of the chamela when it is being operated. Necessary measures
must be taken to prevent spills or damage to the environment of the trap area.
 After opening the chamber, check the interior of the basin to ensure that there
are no obstructions. It is necessary to remove all debris from the trap area.

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Caution should be taken when handling sediments because there is a risk of
spontaneous combustion with certain products (example: iron sulfate).
 Align and level base with trap bucket
 Secure the base with tension bands to prevent it from moving during tool
retrieval.
 Hook the tool via the recovery device
 Initiate tool recovery making sure that personnel are not near the maneuvering
area.
 Once the tool is completely on the base, it must be secured with tension bands.
 Demonstrate the tension bands that hold the base of the tool to the bucket and
remove it from the trap area.
 Clean the contact surfaces of the chameleon and apply grease.
Check o-ring seals and their housings. They must be replaced if
found worn or damaged.
 Close the chameleon and install the safety device (if applicable).
 Close the bucket vent, making sure that the vent remains partially open in
order to extract air from the bucket.
 Slowly open valve C to pack the bucket and remove air through the vent. Once
the air has been removed, the vent must be completely closed. Continue with
valve C open until the pressure in the bucket is equal to that in the pipeline.
When the pressures are equal, valve C must be closed.
 Valves A and C must remain in the fully closed position and valve B in the fully
open position.

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 56

 Board3 .3 Pumping benefit after the pig run

1.10 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

Safety measures in pigging work are of utmost importance, especially when work
is carried out where pressure parameters, crane operations and handling of
dangerous products are involved.
Some potential dangers during operations are:
 Problems with pressure hoses due to poor operation.

 Problems in the launcher, due to poor adjustment of studs in flanges.

 Pressure increases during cleaning operations
 Pollution of the environment with dangerous products.
 Intoxication of operators due to dangerous products on the line.
 Accidents related to crane operations.

Some of the considerations for potential dangers are:

MODULE: COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 57

  Correct handling of line connection materials.
 Cross fits on flanged connections.
 Permanent control of pressures and flow during pumping operations.
 Use of containers for the deposit of materials.
 Use of vehicles to evacuate dangerous products.
 Use of special equipment in the launching area.

Regarding the equipment that must be used in the launching area, the following is
required:
 Boots with metal toe and oil-slip sole.
 Coveralls made of non-flammable material, in places where fuels are
handled.
 Use of protective gloves, especially when handling black products.
 Use of protective helmets.
 Print of the company logo on clothing
 Knowledge of safety areas in case of accidents.

An operation in which accidents frequently occur is the operation of cranes. An

important consideration to avoid accidents of this type is the appointment of a
crane operation supervisor. The person designated to carry out this work will be
the only one qualified to direct the crane operator when this equipment is used.

Other important considerations at the international level are:

 I manage valves in a pumping station.
 Electrical insulation in the area, depending on the system.
 Designation of risk area to the launch and pumping sector.
 Area around launcher.
 Line waste management.

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With respect to the first point, it is important to emphasize in the planning meetings
established with the client that the management of its system, control valves, fire
equipment, among others, is carried out by its personnel, due to the
familiarity, procedures and prevention measures of each company.
It is not permitted for any operator outside the company to handle valves, even if
strictly necessary. Client personnel must be permanently in designated areas
during Pigging operations.

The work area on the launcher must have a minimum radius of three meters
around the lid of the launcher.

1.10.1 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS PRESENTED

1.10.1.1 SECURITY CONDITIONS

Work permits

 During the scheduling of office work, the following must be obtained :

 FS.059 Non-routine work permit approved by maintenance and operations.
 In the field at both the launching and receiving stations
 FO.121 Work permit for swapping and internal cleaning of ducts
 FO.021 Cold work permit.
 LO.013 Throwing the pig –Previous checklist
 LO.014 Reception of the pig – Prior verification list
SSMS Management Specifications
Prior to any chanche operation, the corresponding risk-impact analysis must be
carried out, including the identification of the operational danger in the stations
involved and defining the contingency measures that are applicable with those
responsible. This requires that a meeting be held prior to the operation. with
the personnel responsible for the exchange and with the operations person.
This analysis must be carried out under the methodology described in

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 procedure PS.040 (SSMS Risk Management) or another methodology
previously approved by YPFB Transporte SA of the contracting company.
 Contingency plans.
Other Prerequisites
-Work order entered into the JDE.
-Work planning coordinated with operations and control room.
-Work documentation folder (Risk analysis, personnel list, vaccines,
insurance, etc.) approved by SSMS.

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 4.CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIO
N
1.11 CONCLUSION

 The pig run is a process of great importance in the Oil Industry due to the
benefits it offers to the production of hydrocarbons. This must be carried out
periodically in each of the production facilities under flow and operating
conditions.

 The main causes of why a run must be performed are: after the pipeline is
built, excessive paraffin accumulation in the pipeline, decreased production,
the flow present in the pipeline is excessively turbulent, when more energy
is needed For pumping fluids, the final product has a large percentage of
impurities such as paraffin or water.

 The main problem that arises in the pig run is that the pig stops or gets lost
in the pipe when the operation is being carried out and the parameters that
help solve it are pressure and volume.

 The following variables: diameter of the pipes, pressure at the inlet and
temperature of the system, the volume fraction of gas, are some of the most
important for the study of the pig run system. The pressure at the inlet of
the system turned out to be very important to keep the operation controlled.

 The main function of the long pig is to inspect the interior of the pipe, for this
reason the short pig, which is designed to remove debris deposited in the
pipe, performs better cleaning in the system.

1.12 RECOMMENDATIONS

 Take special care in those equipment where dirt can affect them,
for example pump suction, lines to mechanical seals, filters in
general.

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  Before making any decision, it is necessary to have carried out a sufficient
number of runs that involve all possible scenarios and parameters.

 Carry out a devil run at least every six months on each hydrocarbon
transportation system so that its performance remains stable.

 In subsequent studies, other aspects such as corrosion, hydrate plugs,

handling three fluids, and using heat transfer along the pipe, among others,
may be included.

1.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Piggingassnppsa, 2005
 (YPFB Transporte S.A, 2013)
 First Edition An Introduction to Pipeline Pigging-Pigging Products &
Services Association and Jim Cordell/Hershel Vanzant

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  Third Edition Pipeline Pigging & Integrity Technology-John Tiratsoo
 Second Edition Pipeline Pigging Technology-JNH Tiratsoo
 Fourth Edition Pipeline Pigging & Integrity Technology-John Tiratsoo
 Thesis (UNAM), Elvis Edward Fragoso Rivera “ NUMERICAL STUDY OF
THE CORRIDA DE DIABLOS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF
PRODUCTION IN OIL PIPELINES ”

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5. ANNEXES
 DOCUMENTATION CHECKLIST FOR CHANCHEOS LO.012 R0

Date:

Y
E
A
Item Document H NO

1 Do you have a Work Order? (OT)

2 Do you have the methodology and technology to carry out the work?
3 Is there a risk analysis of the activities to be carried out?
4 Is there an adequate and correctly updated Site Emergency Plan?
Was the Contingency Plan for swapping updated appropriate to the
5 pipeline to be swapped?
6 Was the Vehicle Inspection (FO.107) carried out?
7 Was the list of tools to carry verified?
Was the FS.060 Inspection of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
8 completed?
Did you coordinate with Gas and/or Liquid Operations as appropriate
9 for the work to be carried out?
10 Was a work program and schedule carried out?
11 Was form FS.059 Permit for Non-Routine Work completed?
Do you have blank work permits? (FS.021 Cold Work Permit,
12
FO.121 Work Permit for Chancheo or other specific ones)
Did the Control Room receive and sign the FS.059 Permit for Non-
13
Routine Work and the work schedule?
14 Were the Stations involved and their supervisor notified?
15 Were folders sent in advance to the Stations, when required?

Note : Boxes marked NO must be explained and justified.

Clarifications:

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 LAUNCH OF THE PIG
PRE-CHECK LIST

Date: Time: Supervisor:

OT: Work permit:

PRIOR TO THE LAUNCH OF THE CHANCHO

YEA
H NO
1 Is the operation supervisor present?
2 Was the procedure reviewed?
3 Was a Hazard Analysis carried out? (HEMP)
4 Was the contingency plan for stuck pigs reviewed?
5 Is there a medical evacuation plan?
6 Have you checked and contacted nearby medical aid facilities?

7 Has the corresponding work permit been opened?

8 Was the condition of the tools to be used verified?
9 Are portable fire extinguishers available in the area?
10 Is there a pig passage detector available?
11 Is the reception staff located in the pig reception trap?
12 Was the product identified in the system?
13 Were operational parameters defined for the pig run?
14 Was it coordinated with the Control Room and stations involved?
15 Are the means of communication operable?
16 Is there stable communication with the reception group?
17 Is there stable communication with the monitoring group?
18 Is the pig monitoring staff ready?
19 Have the pig passage control points been defined?
20 Does the staff have all their PPE?
21 Are staff using their PPE correctly?
22 Is there knowledge of the pig throwing procedure?
23 Are all elements of the launching trap operable?
24 Are trunk trap and kick valves closed?
25 Were trunk trap and kick valves closed and tagged?
26 Has it been verified that the pressure in the trap is 0 psig?
27 Was the pig trap drained?
28 Open vent valve (if equipped)
29 Was the detector tested for toxic or hazardous atmospheres?
30 Have all personnel present been removed from the front of the trap cover?
31 Open pig trap
32 Introduce pig to the trap
33 Close pig trap cover

Close drain and vent valve

34
35 Have you verified that all valves are closed?
36 Apply pig throwing procedure
Have you verified that all valves are closed and the trap is in its initial condition?
37

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AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL 67
During pig release operations, personnel should NOT be in front of the trap lid.

If any item is marked NO , a direct consultation must be made to GMN for the evaluation and approval of the
continuity of the operation or suspend it until the requirement is met.
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