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abdominal appendages in the male serve as copulatory organs. For
the distribution, etc., of these forms see p. 213.
Fam. 3. Parastacidae.—This family includes the Crayfishes of
the Southern Hemisphere, viz. Parastacus from South America,
Astacopsis and Engaeus from Australia, Paranephrops from New
Zealand, and Astacoides from Madagascar. These genera agree with
the Potamobiidae in the union of the podobranchs with the
epipodites, and in the free condition of the last thoracic segment, but
there are generally four pleurobranchs, the gills are without a
lamina, the filaments have terminal hooks, and there are no sexual
appendages in the male. For distribution, etc., see also p. 213.
The larval development in the Crayfishes is still more abbreviated
than in the Lobsters, the Mysis stage being passed through within the
egg-membranes. The young, when they hatch out, are furnished with
hooks upon the chelipedes, by which they anchor themselves to the
pleopods of the mother.
Tribe 2. Eryonidea.
Tribe 3. Peneidea.[135]
The third legs are chelate except in genera in which the legs are
much reduced. The third maxillipedes are seven-jointed, the second
maxillipedes have normal end-joints, and the first maxillipedes are
without a lobe on the base of the exopodite. The pleura of the first
abdominal segment are not overlapped by those of the second. The
abdomen is without a sharp bend. The branchiae are usually not
phyllobranchs.
Fam 1. Peneidae.—The last two pairs of legs are well developed,
and there is a nearly complete series of gills. Cerataspis,[136] a pelagic
form. Parapeneus, Peneus, Aristaeus, etc.
Fam. 2. Sergestidae.—The last or last two pairs of legs are
reduced or lost. The gill-series is incomplete or wanting. Sergestes
possesses gills, and the front end of the thorax is not greatly
elongated. Lucifer has no gills, and the front of the thorax is greatly
elongated, giving a very anomalous appearance to the animal. All the
members of this family are pelagic in habit.
Fam. 3. Stenopodidae.—One or both legs of the third pair are
longer and much stouter than those of the first two pairs. On a
number of small anatomical points this family, including the littoral
genus Stenopus from the Mediterranean and other warmer seas and
Spongicola commensal with Hexactinellid sponges from Japan, is
separated by some authors in a Tribe by itself.
Tribe 4. Caridea.
The third legs are not chelate. The third maxillipedes are 4–6
jointed, the end-joint of the second maxillipede nearly always lies as
a strip along the end of the joint before it, and the first maxillipedes
have a lobe on the base of the exopodites. The pleura of the second
abdominal segment overlap those of the first. The abdomen has a
sharp bend; the branchiae are phyllobranchs.
Fam. 1. Pasiphaeidae.—In this family the end-joint of the
second maxillipedes is normally formed, and exopodites are usually
present on all the thoracic limbs. Rostrum small or wanting. Rather
numerous genera are known, most of which inhabit the deep sea,
though a few come into the littoral zone. Pasiphaea chiefly in the
deep sea, Leptochela in the tropical littoral zone.
Fam. 2. Acanthephyridae.—The end-joint of the second
maxillipede is modified as in other Caridea, and the rostrum is very
strong and serrate, but in the presence of exopodites, and in the form
of the mouth-parts, this family agrees with the preceding. It is also a
characteristic deep-sea family. Acanthephyra, Hymenodora,
Nematocarcinus, etc.
Fam. 3. Atyidae.—This is an entirely fresh-water family,
especially characteristic of the rivers and lakes of the tropics, some of
the forms being exceedingly large and taking the place of the
Crayfishes in these waters. Characteristic of this family is the fact
that the fingers of the chelae are spoon-shaped, and carry peculiar
tufts of bristles. Exopodites are present on the thoracic limbs of some
of the genera (Troglocaris, Xiphocaris from Australia and the Malay
Islands, Atyephyra from S. and W. Europe), but are absent in others.
Caridina, widely spread and common in Indo-Malay and Africa;
Atya from West Indies, West Africa, and Pacific Islands.
Fam. 4. Alpheidae.[137]—The exopodites are absent, and the
rostrum is absent or very feeble. The chelae are powerful, and usually
very asymmetrically developed. Alpheus has an enormous number of
species which live chiefly in the tropical seas, where they haunt
especially the coral-reefs, making their homes among the coral or in
sponges, etc. Although occurring in the Mediterranean they
penetrate very rarely into colder seas.
Fam. 5 Psalidopodidae.—This family, characterised by the
absence of chelae on the second thoracic limbs, which carry instead a
terminal brush of hairs, and by the rudimentary condition of the
eyes, is represented by the genus Psalidopus from the deep waters of
the Indian Ocean.
Fam. 6. Pandalidae.—The first thoracic limb is without chelae,
only six-jointed. The rostrum is large and toothed. The genus
Pandalus has numerous representatives in the northern littoral, P.
annulicornis being one of the prawns most commonly met with in
the fish-markets.
Fam. 7. Hippolytidae.—The first and second thoracic limbs
bear chelae, the carpus of the second being divided into two or more
segments. The first pair of chelae are not distinctly stronger than the
second. Virbius has many species in the littoral zone of all seas, and
one species, V. acuminatus, is pelagic. Hippolyte also has numerous
littoral forms distributed all over the world, but chiefly in the arctic
or subarctic seas. H. varians, common on the English coasts, shows
interesting colour-reactions to its surroundings.[138]
Fam. 8. Palaemonidae.—
The first two pairs of legs are
chelate, the carpus of the second
not being subdivided. Palaemon
serratus, a very common prawn
in the British littoral.
Palaemonetes in the brackish and
fresh waters of Europe and N.
America.
Fam. 9.
Glyphocrangonidae.—The first
pair of legs are subchelate, the
carpus of the second pair is
subdivided, and the rostrum is
long. Glyphocrangon (Fig. 110)
with numerous species entirely
confined to deep water.
Fam. 10. Crangonidae.—
Fig. 110.—Glyphocrangon spinulosa,
from the right side, × 1. (From an
The first pair of legs are
original drawing prepared for Professor subchelate, the carpus of the
Weldon.) second pair is not subdivided,
and the rostrum is short.
Crangon vulgaris is the common
Shrimp of the North Sea.
Tribe 5. Loricata.
Tribe 6. Thalassinidea.
Sub-Order 2. Anomura
In this division are included the so-called Hermit-lobsters and
Hermit-crabs, in which the condition of the abdomen is roughly
intermediate between that of the Macrura and that of the Brachyura.
It is not much reduced in size, and the pleopods of the sixth pair are
fairly well developed, but it is usually carried flexed towards the
thorax, and is never a powerful locomotory organ as in the Macrura.
The antennal scale, if present at all, is a mere spine, not the large
leaf-like structure of the Macrura; and there is never a partition
between the two first antennae as in the Brachyura.
The last or last two pairs of pereiopods are reduced, and are turned
on to the dorsal surface or carried inside the branchial chamber; but
this curious character is met with again in certain Brachyura
(Dromiacea and Oxystomata).
Tribe 1. Galatheidea.[140]
Tribe 2. Hippidea.
Tribe 3. Paguridea.[142]
The ordinary Hermit-crabs, common on the English as on every
coast, are characterised by the fleshy asymmetrical abdomen from
which all the hard matter has disappeared, and which is carried
tucked away in an empty Gasteropod shell. The abdomen is spirally
wound in accordance with the shape of the shell, and a firm
attachment is effected by means of the sixth pair of pleopods,
especially that of the left side, which is fashioned into the form of a
hook and is curled round the columella of the shell; this attachment
is so secure that in trying to pull a Hermit-crab out of its shell the
body is torn apart before the hold gives way. The other pleopods are
in a much reduced condition, being generally altogether absent from
the right side of the abdomen, and often greatly reduced on the left
side, especially in the male, though in the female they are still used
for the attachment of the eggs.
The last two pereiopods are much reduced and are concealed
inside the shell, which they help to carry. The great chelae are usually
asymmetrically developed, that on the right side being much larger
than that on the left, and often serving the purpose of shutting the
entrance to the shell when the crab is withdrawn inside.
The constant association of a large group of animals like the
Hermit-crabs with the appropriated empty houses of another group
is sufficiently curious, but it does not stop there. In almost every case
there are present one or more Sea-anemones growing on the outside
of the shell, and each kind of Hermit-crab generally carries a special
kind of Anemone. Thus at Plymouth, Eupagurus bernhardus is
generally symbiotic with Sagartia parasitica, or else with a colony of
Hydractinia echinata, while E. prideauxii is usually associated with
Adamsia palliata. In the latter case the shell is frequently absorbed,
so that the Anemone comes to envelop the crab like a blanket.
Instead of Anemones carried turret-like and imposing aloft, or
enveloping the inmate of the shell like a blanket, some of the
Hermits have Sponges, an unexpected association; and it is a
common sight at Naples to find the little red round Sponge,
Suberites, running around animated by its Hermit within. It is held
that Anemone and crab mutually assist one another, that the
Anemone stings the crab’s enemies, and that the Hermit-crab carries
the Anemone to new feeding-grounds. It is also said that when a crab
grows too big for its shell, and is forced to seek another, it persuades
the Anemone to loosen its attachment to the deserted shell and to be
transplanted to the new one, and that there is something mesmeric
in its power, because nobody else can pull an Anemone off a shell
without either cutting it off at the base or tearing it to pieces. Other
animals as well sometimes enter into this partnership. At Plymouth a
Polychaet worm, Nereis fucata, frequently inhabits the Whelk’s shell,
together with Eupagurus bernhardus, and puts out its head for a
share of each meal; and at Naples the Amphipod Lysianax punctatus
is almost always present in the shells of Eupagurus prideauxii.
Besides the ordinary twisted Pagurids which inhabit Gasteropod
shells, there are a few which preserve the symmetry of the body. The
interesting Pylocheles miersii[143] (Fig. 118), taken by the
Investigator in the Andaman Sea at 185 fathoms, inhabits pieces of
bamboo; it is perfectly symmetrical, with well-developed pleopods
and symmetrical chelae, which, when the animal is withdrawn,
completely shut up the entrance to its house (Fig. 118, A).
It is doubtful whether this animal ever inhabited a spiral shell or
not in its past history; but there is no doubt that a number of peculiar
crabs, which caused the older systematists much trouble, are
Pagurids, derived from asymmetrical shell-haunting ancestors that
have secondarily taken to a different mode of life, and lost, or
partially lost those characteristics of ordinary Hermit-crabs which
are associated with life in a spiral shell. These are the Lithodidae and
the “Robber-crab,” Birgus latro, of tropical coral islands.
Although the Robber-crab and the Lithodidae bear a certain
superficial resemblance to one another in that they lead a free
existence, and have reacquired to a great extent their symmetry, yet
it is clear that they have been independently derived from different
groups of asymmetrical Hermit-crabs, and that their resemblance to
one another is due to convergence.
Birgus latro (Fig. 119), a gigantic crab, frequently over a foot in
length, lives on land, and inhabits the coasts of coral islands in the
Indian and Pacific Oceans where cocoa-nut trees grow. It feeds on
the pulp of the cocoa-nut, which it extracts by hammering with its
heavy chela on the “eye-hole” until room is made for the small chela
to enter and extract the pulp. There is not the slightest doubt that the
animal often ascends the cocoa-nut trees for the purpose of picking
the nuts, a fact illustrated by a fine photograph by Dr. Andrews,
exhibited in the Crustacean
Gallery in the Natural History
Departments of the British
Museum. It uses the husk of the
nut to line its burrow, and it is
said to have the habit of putting
its abdomen into the nut-shell for
protection and carrying it about
with it. Owing to its terrestrial
mode of life, the branchial
chamber is highly modified, being
divided into two portions—a
dorsal space, the lining of which
is thrown into vascular ridges and
folds for aerial respiration, and a
lower portion where the
rudimentary branchiae are
situated. Although the Robber-
crab lives ordinarily on land, it
must be supposed that these
branchiae are of some service; the
young are hatched out as ordinary
Zoaeas in the sea, and go through
a pelagic existence before seeking
the land. At the present time the Fig. 118.—Pylocheles miersii, × 1. A,
Robber-crab is confined to the End view of a piece of mangrove or
Pacific and the islands of the bamboo, the opening of which is closed
by the great chelae (c) of the Pagurid;
Indian Ocean, wherever the B, the animal removed from its house.
cocoa-nut grows. It seems, (After Alcock.)
however, that its association with
the cocoa-nut is a comparatively
modern one. Mr. C. Hedley, of Sydney, who has had great experience
of the Pacific Islands, informs me that the cocoa-nut is not, as is
usually supposed, a native of these coral islands, but has been
introduced, probably from Mexico, by the Polynesian mariners
before the discovery of America by Columbus. Before the
introduction of the cocoa-nut the Robber-crab must have fed on
some other tree, possibly the Screw Pine, Pandanus.