Al-Balqa` Applied University

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 Part III

Synchronous generator

and

power system controls

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Introduction :
 The customer must receive electrical power at constant
frequency and voltage
 The system load changes continuously
 The loads between generation and consumption must be
balanced load as possible.
 The active power balance is controlled by generators ,another
method is load shedding.
 The reactive power balance is controlled by generators and static
components.
 At the same electric grid for many synchronous generators
all must be in synchronism , because they operate at the same
frequency and the angular differences between the voltage
angles of each generator. If any one changes its angle of
operation, all the others are affected.

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Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator

Stator

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 Turbine for
power Plant

(Steam turbine)

Gas

Basic Gas
Turbine

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 Combined Cycle Power Plant

Efficiencies of up to 60% can be achieved, with even higher

values when the steam is used for heating. Fuel is usually natural gas
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active power Control (P) by Primary mover
• Speed governor control of a generating unit:

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Voltage Control and Reactive Power
1-Automatic voltage control (AVC)

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Electrical Frequency

Electrical frequency produced is synchronized to the

mechanical speed of rotation of a synchronous
generator:

nm p
fe 
120
Where:
fe = electrical frequency in Hz
P = number of poles
nm= mechanical speed of the rotor, in rev./min

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 Rotating field

Synchronous Generator windings

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 Classical Model of Synchronous Generator

 The leakage reactance of the armature coils, Xl

 Armature reaction or synchronous reactance, Xs
 The resistance of the armature coils, Ra

jXs jXl Ra
+
Ia
+
E d Vt 0o

Equivalent circuit of a cylindrical-rotor synchronous machine

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 EQUIVALENT CIRCUTS
Generator:
Motor:
V  E  I R  j Xs  V  E  I R  j Xs 

Synchronous machine
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 Current and voltage at synchronous machine
1- If the synchronous machine working as generator and
since the internal impedance in which the resistance is
very small compared with its reactance ,then the
resistance may be neglected and Z=jXg, the internal
voltage and current become: :
Ea  Va  jX g .I a
Va  Ea  jX g .I a
Ea  Va
Ia 
jX
Same for Vb ,Vc , I b and I c
I n  I a  Ib  Ic
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2- If the synchronous machine working as motor
The internal voltage and current become: :
Ea  Va  jX m .I a
Va  Ea  jX m .I a
Ea  Va
Ia 
jX m
if the E= 0 (motor case ) , then
Va
Ia 
jX m
Same for Vb ,Vc , I b and I c
I n  I a  Ib  Ic
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 Generator
Over- excitation
E cos d  V
I lagging V by 
E leading V by d
d is smaller compared
with under excitaion
S  VI *  P  jQ
Supply Q to network
like (capacitive load )
E = V + I(R + jX s )  E d
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Under- excitation
E cos d  V
I leading V by 
E leading V by d
d is grater compared
with over excitaion
S  VI *  P  jQ
Consum Q from system
Like (inductive load )
E = V + I(R + jX s )  E d
Motor
Over- excitation Under -excitation
E  V E  V
I leading V by  I lagging V by 
E lagging V by d E lagging V by d
d is smaller compared d is grater compared
with under excitaion with over excitaion
S  VI *  P  jQ S  VI *  P  jQ
Supply Q to network Consum Q from system
Like (Capacitive load )
like (inductive load )
V = E  I(R + jX s )
E = V  I(R + jX s )
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Controlling of P and Q of synchronous machine
Power angle characteristics (d )

E d o
,
V 0o and
Z  o

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 Sin R- is very small compared with X then :

Z  jXs or Z  X 90o    90o 

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From the above equation we observe that P and Q are controlled by delta
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Example:

A3Φ,5kVA,208V,60Hz,synchronous machine has negligible

stator winding resistance and Xs =8Ω per phase at rating
terminal voltage. The machine is first operated as generator in
parallel with a 3Φ,208V,60Hz power supply. Determine:

a) The excitation voltage and the power angle when the

machine is delivering rated kVA at 0.8 PF lagging. Draw
the phasor diagram for this condition

b) If the field excitation current is now increased by 20%,find

the stator current ,power factor, and kVA supplied by the
machine.

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Solution :
208
a ) V1   120 V / phase
3
S 5000
Stator current at rated kVA is I s    13.9 A
3VLL 3  208
for 0.8 lagging P.F .   36.9o
E f  V 0  jX s I s  1200o  13.9  36.9o  890o  
o

 206.925.3o .Excitation voltage E f  206.9 V / phase

and power angle d  25.3o
b) The new excitation voltage E 'f  1.2  206.9  248.28 V
Because power transfer remains same,
Vt E f Vt E 'f
then P1  P1'  sin d  sin d '
Xs Xs
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or E f sin d  E 'f sin d ' then;
Ef 206.9
d  sin (
' 1
sin d )  sin 1 ( sin 25.3o )  d '  21o
E 'f 248.28
E f  Vt
The stator current is I s  
jX s
248.2821o  1200o
  17.86   51.5o
A
890 o

The power factor  cos 51.5o  0.6225 lagging

Reactive kVAr  3 Vt I a sin 51.5o 
 3  120  17.86  0.7826  5.03kVAr
2
3V E 3V
or Q  cos(d )  
X Z
 120  248.28 120
2

 3 cos(21 ) 
o
  5.03kVA
 8 8 

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 Some Important Conclusions
• * The frequency is a common parameter throughout the system
• * The voltage is controlled locally
* The control mechanism for P (rotor angle) and Q (voltage
amplitude) operate more or less separately
• * The voltage depends on the reactive power
• * The angle of transmission depends on the active power
* Machine can be loaded gradually up to Pmax (static stability
limit)
* Beyond 90 degree, machine loss synchronism
* Field current (E) need to be increase if the machine loss
synchronism

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