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自序
書中自有顏如玉,書中自有黃金屋

1996年起,全球先進國家開始進入靠研究發展(製造業)、點子(服
務業)制勝的知識經濟時代。創意需要有堅強的知識(包括學問、經
驗,甚至智慧這三層)做根基,知識逐漸取代土地(十九世紀)、勞力(二
十世紀初)、資本(1951至2000年),成為新的生產要素。這代表著「貧
者因書而富,富者因書而貴」的俚語,美夢成真。此造成兩大趨勢:

一、深造:包括大學生報考碩士班每年超過10萬人,其中包括很多上
市公司董事長、總經理擠破頭進EMBA班,此稱為回流教育;光是
2001年,大陸EMBA班就有1萬2000人!

二、自修:很多上班族擔心所學會因資訊爆炸而快速折舊掉,因此孜
孜不倦地念書,以避免被淘汰,積極地準備「更上一層樓」。

知識經濟給「十年寒窗苦讀」的人美好前程,但如何「讀得快、
懂得多、記得牢」呢?

作者教過一年速讀,從大學到博士念過三種領域(大學:國貿、碩
士:經濟、博士:企管),再加上寫了30本書(其中11本是很硬、很厚
的大學、碩士班教科書),可以說是隨時快速地吸收知識、創造知識,
以這樣的條件來把竅門跟大家分享,可讓你「站在巨人肩上,因此看
得比巨人遠」,也就是“Study smarter, not harder”;請照著本書所介
紹的方法做,你將會得到“Try it, you will like it”這個結論。

伍忠賢

謹誌於新店

mandawu@hotmail.com
godlovey@ms22.hinet.net

blessing.com.tw
第一章

識者生存──知識經濟對上班族的
衝擊
未來唯一持久的優勢,是有能力比你的競爭對手學習得更快。

──彼得‧聖吉(Peter M. Senge),美國麻省理工學院資深講師,《第五
項修練》(The Fifth Discipline)

第一節 知識經濟對上班族的衝擊
知識經濟對勞力工作者不是好事,對靠腦力賺錢的員工、自雇者
(如SOHO族)等知識工作者就如魚得水。但泛泛而論,無法令人「心
動,不如馬上行動」,看了以下的說明,終會體會到古語「貧者因書
而富」,真是有道理。

一、知識工作者的定義

我們對於知識工作者(knowledge worker)有兩種定義:

(一)功能定義(狹義)

即屬於技術創新者才算,大都是研發、技術部人員。有很多記
者、編輯、作者自稱為文字工作者,這可說是一看就知道是舞文弄墨
的知識工作者。

(二)直接定義(廣義)
凡是有助於產品生產的員工皆算,也就是把直接、間接員工等第
一線員工皆算在內。

二、新經濟對個人的影響

(一)新經濟的利──有為者,亦若是

未來新經濟的主角,建立在知識基礎之上,微軟就是最好的例
子,比爾‧蓋茲(Bill Gates)是當今全球最有錢的人,持有15%微軟公司
股票,身價最少逾370億美元,以1美元兌換新台幣34.6元來換算,約
合新台幣1兆3000億元,約等於台灣政府一年的預算金額。比爾‧蓋茲
創業時,名下沒有多少有形的資產,他只是掌握了知識產生和運作的
過程;這是人類史上第一次人們可以因為聰明致富,也把自家公司塑
造成影響人類最深遠的企業。

美國《財星》(Fortune)雜誌2000年的全美500大企業排行榜出爐
後,資訊、通訊、生化醫療等高科技公司高達171家,比重達1/3,比
1999年增加78家,高科技產業在美國產業發展上有愈來愈重要的趨
勢。

類似美國由高科技領軍所締造的新經濟形態,在其他地區也開始
顯現。歐洲股市表現最驃悍的是諾基亞(Nokia)、易利信(Ericsson)等
全球通訊領導廠商。日本NTT DoCoMo提供的iMode系統,發展成為日
本最大規模的網路服務提供者,股價不斷創新高。

台灣《商業周刊》公布百大富豪,資訊電子公司比重高達七成,
這些科技新貴大都是憑一身技術,自行創業,往往不到十年就創造數
百億元的身價,像鴻海精密的郭台銘、廣達電腦的林百里......等。

第二節 機會只留給準備好的人
一、面對它、管理它
面對時代潮流,連退休的老人家都學上網、上長青大學,年輕人
更是逃不掉。

2000年10月,來台演講的安盛諮詢顧問公司合夥人賴伯特(Barry
D. Libert)認為,個人在知識經濟裡面對危機時,就怕輕易投降,一旦
宣布放棄,無異跟機會說再見,讓危機產生的過程也對個人成長毫無
貢獻。既然逃避無用,唯有管理它,才能控制它,也才能運用它
(《工商時報》,2000年10月8日,第10版,陳碧芬報導)。

不要放棄每一個學習的機會,而且要選對行,這是知識經濟時代
上班族趨吉避凶之道,詳細說明於下:

(一)貧者因書而富,富者因書而貴

中央研究院經濟研究所研究員吳慧瑛,以1978至1998年的資料,
分析這20年來台灣教育報酬率。教育投資報酬率考量一個人一生各期
薪資的現值之和,以及對於教育的直接間接支出成本(包括學費,或是
因上學而不能去工作的薪資損失等)。醫學相關科系是20年來報酬率最
高的,其次則依序為商科、工科、文科。

教育報酬率隨著教育程度增加而提高,給了人們很強的誘因去追
求高學歷,因此社會上對於高等教育的需求一直是有增無減。雖然高
學歷並不一定可以找到工作,但是只要找到工作,薪資往往比較優
渥,這也可以解釋為何近來雖然「高學歷、高失業」盛行,但追求高
學歷者仍大有人在的原因(《工商日報》,2000年10月8日,第10
版,楊少強報導)。

(二)大陸人很慘

外電與中國大陸內部普遍討論貧富懸殊的問題,少部分人拜經濟
成長之賜而成為都會新貴,大部分則因缺乏知識與機會,淪為都市邊
緣人。工資外收入分配則明顯有收入差距過大的現象。其中有合理和
不可避免的要素,一個是高階管理人才、掌握高新技術的人才和資本
財都是稀有要素,經由市場經濟運作後,這部分人在固定工資以外,
取得較多收入,也較富有;而城鎮普遍勞力過剩,壓制低收入戶提高
收入。前述原因導致大陸的民眾收入差距過大,也造成一般民眾心理
不平(《經濟日報》,2001年6月5日,第10版)。

(三)日本人更慘

這一代年輕人養尊處優,放任自我,卻因日本人口快速老化,而
即將肩負起發展國計民生的重任。多項民調結果顯示,日本十幾歲至
三十歲以下的新世代,其求學取向、就業偏好、價值觀和人生態度,
都跟上一代大相逕庭,以傳統標準來看就是比上一代消極。日本的新
一代無以名之,姑且稱為「沉淪世代」(Generation Slump)。這一代
日本人以後是否能再創「日本第一」的黃金時代?其求學取向和就業
偏好因而備受關注。

歐盟國家向來被各國認定是高失業率的國家,近年來卻在各國紛
紛進行產業政策的調整、勞動法規的鬆綁,以及強調以人力資本主義
(透過教育及訓練來提高勞工的生產力)取代福利國家主義(尤其是減少
失業保險),失業率明顯降低。例如:荷蘭的失業率由1994年的
7.1%,下降至2000年的2.5%,同期間英國的失業率也由9.6%減為
4.7%,愛爾蘭的失業率更由15.6%降為4.6%(《工商時報》,2001
年6月25日,第7版,張令慧報導)。

(五)台灣也是一樣

台灣2001年失業率達5.2%,而且有明顯居高不下的結構性失業
現象。在結構性失業下,失業者以跟生產有關的工人、機械設計操作
工、體力工,以及服務工作人員、售貨員等基層勞工為主,2000年28
萬3000個失業人口中,基層勞工就占了一半以上。

在知識經濟社會中,無知和貧窮、文憑和財富幾乎是同義詞,文
憑主義有些人認為是歪風,但書沒有白念的,最差學校畢業的博士也
比最棒學校畢業的碩士懂得多,多念四年(博士),日子不太可能「由
你混四年」。同理,可用於碩士之於學士。

二、從你開始打破貧窮的惡性循環

文憑不是一切,但至少是門檻條件,更何況學歷往往跟學力是正
向關係。如果承認這道理,接下來就是怎樣打破圖1-1的貧窮的惡性循
環。圖1-1是從許多國家的經濟發展所歸納的結果;難怪許多國家都藉
「蓋學校」的發展教育,提升勞工素質來奠定經濟成長的基礎,台灣
便是其中典範,號稱經濟奇蹟。

圖1-1 貧窮的惡性循環

三、終身學習,以智取勝

2000年9月起,《EMBA世界經理文摘》經常刊登半版廣告,標題
是「知識對抗不景氣」,主要內容如下:

在競爭激烈的知識經濟時代,誰能早一步掌握知識,誰就擁有競爭
力。

英國勞工訓練機構(Chartered Institute of Personnet &


Development, CIPD)則打出「學習才能成功」(success through
learning)的廣告標語,以呼籲老闆們推動員工訓練。
你想測驗你用功比得上別人嗎?請翻到第二章第三節做測驗,要
是不及格,套用《讀者文摘》上的一句格言:「種樹最佳時機,一是
20年前,一是現在。」如果還聽不懂,套用美國耐吉的廣告詞──Just
do it!(哦,學什麼好呢?請看第二章第二節的技能鑑定)。

四、面對危機,就成為你的轉機

這對個人有什麼意義?那就是借錢也要設法受高等教育(大學畢業
已快不算了)。行話說得好,「訓練的代價高,但試試不訓練的代
價」,對個人來說,這還包括教育,以上班族來說,主要指終身教育
中的回流教育,最常見的是在職經營管理碩士班(EMBA)。不過,還有
幾個策略層級問題有待討論。

(一)誰負責主跑?

每個人不宜把自己的責任推給他人(包括自己的子女),最常聽到
的喪氣話是:「我們當父母的這一代已被犧牲掉了,只好把希望寄託
在下一代。」這句話只適用於下列兩種情況的加總:

投資對象有很多,例如金融資產(股票、債券、定存)、不動產,
可惜的是,從2000年3月美國股災以來,恐怕得兩年才能觸底反彈。
在「買什麼,套什麼」、「沒有(報酬率令人滿意的)投資管道」的情
況下,反倒「自己是最佳的投資」,也就是把自己當作一家上市公司
來投資,公司擴大規模、轉型,都需要花錢投資。個人對自己本職學
能的投資,從補習班的統計,最常見的是科技(即電腦)、語文。

投資代表得花錢,接著是怎麼找錢來,但這不是本書的重點。

第三節 e世代社會新鮮人的吸星大法
「畢業即失業」、「出業頭路沒半項,暫時來賣燒肉粽」(台語歌
「燒肉粽」的歌詞),這些俗語、歌詞,在6月的畢業潮中恐將有很多
畢業生體會到箇中滋味,甚至到了9月,失業率會突破6%,也就是有
60萬人失業。

與其擔心還沒就業就先失業,不如正面因應。不過,4月下旬電
視新聞報導,有許多大四學生打算先考研究所,提高學歷、提升競爭
力,以增強在職場的優勢。知識經濟的時代,學歷似乎跟知識成正
比,電子業招考新人時,對碩士學歷的需求就占一半以上,由此可見
注重文憑也是良有以也。

一、57%學生不知畢業後能做什麼

2000年6月《天下》雜誌公布一份對應屆大學畢業生所做的抽樣
調查,令人驚訝的是,連第一志願的台灣大學學生也跟其他大學一
樣,有57%畢業生不知道畢業後能做什麼。這背後顯示大學教育跟實
務之間有鴻溝,當許多大學課程、教學設計孤芳自賞時,大學生本身
則更須費心思在自求多福,例如有不少人到校外補習外文(主要是英
文、日文)、電腦(例如網頁設計),而不是畢業後找工作四處碰壁時,
連忙以「學校沒教」當藉口,因為這樣於事無補,還是找不到工作。

二、柿子不要挑軟的吃

e世代年輕人給人「不肯吃苦」的刻板印象,也就是念大學時盡量
挑輕鬆的科系(主要是文學院)、營養學分(常見的是通識課程),結果是
「少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲」。「一分耕耘,一分收穫」這句古語還
是歷久彌新的。

大學畢業後的薪水高低依序為醫、工、理、商、法、文學院,除
了代表考前的辛勞程度之外,也代表大學入學後的用功程度;每個系
的學分數都差不多(約128個學分),但實習課、作業的時數則是愈多
者,學生學到的愈多。
20年前的名言:「犧牲享受、享受犧牲」,今天看起來還是滿管
用的,就看你的抉擇了。

三、新世代的e人才需求

網路世代固然有許多新職務出現,但大都只是「老狗學新把戲」
的運用,以美國供不應求的資訊人才來說(2001年還缺60萬人),其中
網頁設計人才的需求看似新類,但從美工設計的觀點,只是螢幕取代
畫布、滑鼠取代畫筆,而且圖案更現成,用色、布局的道理則沒有改
變,因此只要適當的電腦技能訓練,拿畫筆的美術系學生很容易轉型
為視覺設計系的電腦高手。

同樣道理,文學院在全球的失業率、大才小用(薪水低於同學歷平
均薪資兩成以上)、學非所用的情況皆相同,如何打破這全球的新貧族
觀點,只消具備基本的企業管理知識,則可以轉行到公司擔任「企業
歷史家」,更清楚地說,便是擔任知識管理部中事後評估組的知識專
員,研究史實真相、檢討歷朝歷代興衰原由,轉換到運用在追根究柢
地分析公司各專案成敗的原因。

這些鬱卒的科系都可能有新希望,而原本就前途不錯的科系,只
要稍加努力,便可跟電腦升級一樣,由Pentium III升格為Pentium
IV。像原來的法律系、電子系,進入科技法律研究所(如清華大學),
專攻智慧財產權的法務,便可跟新經濟搭上線,涉案金額大,律師、
公司內法務人員自然穿金戴銀。

另一個類似例子是工學院的工業工程系,由於製造業外移、工廠
自動化(包括動線規畫、排程),許多工程系畢業生實質上擔任現場的
「領班」。因此,只好窮則變,希望變則通,紛紛在管「物」之外再
加上管「人」,把系名加上管理二字,看看能否拓展就業空間。

舊瓶裝新酒之外,也有新行業出現,其中曝光率最高的企業職務
便是知識業,台灣大學率先卡位,在經營管理碩士班新竹校區中增加
知識管理組,至於政治大學則以科技管理研究所來主攻此處女地,也
算是老蚌新珠的作法。

表1-1 e世代的舊瓶裝新酒人才需求

機會(就業市場需
職務層級 大學 求)新設立大學系

一、中階
科技管理研究 企管所碩士班知識管
(襄理至經 知識長
所 理組
理)
二、低階
心理系法律系 talent officer科技 人力資源研究所科技
(課長至襄
所 法務 法律研究所
理)
美術系資訊管 網頁設計軟體設 視覺設計系電子商務
三、基層人
理系歷史系工 計知識專員廠務 系企業歷史家工業工

業工程系 管理 程暨管理系

(一)新聞機器人將取代編輯

未來編輯會被機器人取代,截稿壓力比起現在有過之而無不及。

在實驗性質的未來新聞編輯室中,傳統報社辦公室中紙張到處散
布的景象已不復存在,辦公室看起來就像太空船的控制室。未來訓練
有素的主管要處理大量的書面與影音資訊,再將資訊分送至報紙、網
站、電視、電子郵件、行動電話與掌上型電腦。

電腦化的「新聞機器人」會處理日常新聞的編輯工作,釋放出的
人力將從事更複雜的工作,例如透過各式各樣的媒體把即時焦點新聞
傳送出去。

專家透露,一座造價數百萬美元的美國Newsplex中心,將於2002
年在南加州大學開張,作為試探這股趨勢的先驅。此中心也將用來當
作訓練中心,培養身懷多種技能的新聞工作者。

報業工作者長久承受截稿壓力苦不堪言,運用科技後壓力不減反
增。Newsplex設計師安克尼加說:「壓力將會大幅增加。」因此他在
中心內設計綠牆,以緩和學員高度緊張的情緒(《經濟日報》,2001
年6月7日,第9版,黃哲寬編譯)。

(二)電腦即將勝過人腦

到了個人電腦問世40周年,也就是2021年8月12日,電腦可能和
人類一樣聰明。未來學作家與發明家柯茲威爾表示,電腦的智力甚至
有可能凌駕人類(《經濟日報》,2001年8月8日,第8版,陳智文編
譯)。

(三)新經濟的弊──貧富不均

新經濟不只有正面而已,它的負面也不可忽視,其中一個最嚴重
的,就是所得分配的惡化。

1980至1996年間,美國最富有者中的5%實質所得提高了58%,
但是最貧窮的人,實質所得卻下降了60%。

另一個新經濟的迷思就是,自雇工作者(自己當老闆)將會逐漸增
加,在企業的受雇型工作者將會逐漸下降。不過事實卻顯示,企業所
雇用的員工,占勞動力雇用量的比例,並沒有明顯的變化;反倒是自
雇型工作者所占的比例逐漸下降。

(四)數位鴻溝是貧富懸殊的主因之一

中國大陸、日本、南韓和台灣的網際網路使用情況,正以爆炸性
的速度在成長,但是亞洲的部分經濟體腳步卻緩慢許多,造成亞洲地
區的數位鴻溝(digital divide)益形擴大,這樣的趨勢將使東北亞國家和
企業家得到豐碩的新興商業機會。
新經濟的贏家和輸家之間的收入差距正不斷擴大,抉擇在於是要
透過抗拒改變來保護現狀,或是透過推動新經濟來擷取上升趨勢,以
恢復傳統企業的活力,並且創造新的成長方式。

由Michael Lewis寫的The New New Thing(2000),就是在介紹新


經濟時代財富重分配後的最高階層人物,以及相關的衝擊。

四、台灣的情況

台灣情況跟美國幾乎一個樣,美國矽谷就等於台灣的新竹科學園
區,詳細數字如下:

(一)所得分配大幅惡化

主計處最新完成的調查報告指出,由於近年產業景氣兩極化,高
科技產業薪資扶搖直上,以至於國人的高低所得差距急遽擴大,由表
1-2可見,1999年名列前10%的最高所得者,平均每人「已分配要素
所得」近133萬元,是後10%(最低所得者)的42.17倍,兩年前高低所
得者僅相差23.72倍,兩年來所得差距擴大的速度嚇人。

表1-2 所得收入者十等分位所得差距

最低的10%所得分配 最高的10%所得分配 高低所得差距



比 比 (倍)
1981 1.59 25.13 15.82
1991 1.41 25.43 18.01
1996 1.08 26.83 24.38
1997 1.11 26.32 23.72
1998 0.81 28.79 33.07
1999 0.64 26.99 42.17

資料來源:行政院主計處。
註:十等分位是指將1000多萬所得收入者依所得高低排序,然後均分
為十組,以觀察高低所得者間的差異,這裡的所得是指已分配要素所
得。

主計處調查報告顯示,研究所以上學歷的勞動者,年收入是大學
畢業生的1.3倍,是小學畢業生的3倍,顯示勞動市場已呈現「高學歷
高所得,低學歷求職難」的現象。這意味著知識經濟對就業市場的影
響似已顯現,未來因高學歷人力需求持續增加,學歷差距所導致的所
得分配問題恐將日趨嚴重。

(二)被迫失業人數增加

由表1-3可見近十年的失業原因,因工作場所歇業或業務緊縮的非
自願性失業人口,則在傳統產業式微、高科技產業吸收剩餘勞動力的
胃納有限和服務業發展腳步轉趨緩慢之下,呈快速增加之勢,占總失
業人數比重由10年前的17.2%升至32.1%。顯示產業結構變遷的非自
願性失業,是近年失業率走高的主因。

表1-3 近十年失業原因

1990年 1996年 1999年


失業率(%) 1.67 2.60 2.92
失業人數(萬人) 14.0 24.2 28.3
失業原因 初次尋職者(萬人) 4.7 5.6 6.0
場所歇業或業務緊縮(萬人) 2.4 6.8 9.1
對原有工作不滿意(萬人) 5.0 7.9 8.6
臨時工作結束(萬人) 0.6 1.9 2.6
其他(萬人) 1.3 2.0 2.0
所占比率 初次尋職者(%) 33.7 23.2 21.3
場所歇業或業務緊縮(%) 17.2 28.2 32.1
對原有工作不滿意(%) 35.6 32.5 30.4
臨時工作結束(%) 4.2 7.7 9.1
其他(%) 9.3 8.4 7.1
平均失業周數(周) 14.8 20.5 22.5

(三)經濟上的八掌溪事件

2000年10月發生的「八掌溪事件」,四位工人被水沖失,經過各
家電視台重複、長時間轉播,幾乎烙印在每位國人心中,深怕自己有
朝一日也變成其中一人。

如果做同樣類比,經濟上的八掌溪事件可說是2001年2月23日宏
碁電腦裁減375名本國勞工,電視上一再播出該公司職員掩面而泣的
捲鋪蓋走路的樣子。這個鏡頭,寒了很多上班族的心,連老牌績優公
司的協理都被裁員,那麼一般中小企業的基層員工將更不寒而慄了!

(四)白領階級:鬱卒族

2001年7月4日,《商業周刊》公布最新調查顯示,高達37.8%白
領精英擔心將會失業,其中以高階主管焦慮程度達46.9%最嚴重。

《商業周刊》針對全國30歲以上的企業負責人、中高階主管與專
業人士共600人進行調查,這三個族群一般認為因為經濟穩定、專業
性高,較不受關廠歇業的威脅,結果發現50.8%的受訪者擔心未來工
作會有問題,近四成擔心將會失業。

這項名為「台灣精英憂鬱調查」顯示,高達64.7%的受訪者認為
下一代的所得水準將不如這一代,甚至憂心台灣將成為「菲律賓第
二」(《經濟日報》,2001年7月5日,第15版,林燕翎報導)。

(五)中低階主管位置逐漸減少

管理大師彼得‧杜拉克(Peter Drucker)曾於1999年指出,20年後典
型大企業的管理階層,不僅不到現在的一半,經理人數目也不會超過
目前的1/3。未來企業的組織結構、面對的問題,乃至於關切的重心,
都將跟今日迥異。目前一般人印象中的組織,甚至教科書上所舉的例
子,都還停留在1950年代製造業公司的組織形態。未來的組織形態既
不像今日專業經理人所經營的企業,跟現代管理學者關注的對象更有
天壤之別。未來企業組織將比較像今天的醫院、大學或是交響樂團,
將是一個大部分由專業人員組成的知識型組織。

(六)中年失業情況惡化

主計處統計,1991年40至64歲的中高齡失業人口僅有1萬5000
人,約占當年失業總人數的11%;2000年,中高齡失業人口增至6萬
6000人,占比升至23.3%,2001年前8月再增為6萬8000人,占
24.1%,大約每四個失業人口中,就有一個是家庭生計主要來源的中
高齡勞動力,即代表中年失業情勢的惡化,將使受波及層面也擴大。

(七)來自電腦的威脅

像「人」一樣會思考、會動的機器人[例如羅賓‧威廉斯(Robin
Williams)主演的電影「變人」],在目前的現實社會裡,它只是存在於
科幻電影中的虛擬故事。不過,美國麻省理工學院的人工智慧實驗室
正致力於研究讓機器人像人一樣,也可以「自經驗中學習」。副主任
紀伯琳(Leslie Pack Kaelbling)認為,在機器人學習金字塔的最高階
段,也就是自行進行研究等知性的層面,或者如科幻小說中會自行思
考及行動等,目前的發展還不到這個階段,因此她完全不擔心機器人
會取代人類研究功能(《經濟日報》,2001年5月30日,第15版,黃淑
儀、張靜文報導)。
第二章

富貴成習
我希望你們每一個人都能記住伽利略。因為他所樹立的典範與他的發
現及貢獻一樣永垂不朽,他終其一生都矢志於學習,在追求卓越上他
毫不妥協。他不只追求真理,更深信不疑他能夠發掘真理。

你們的貢獻將凌駕上述的一切。只要你們開始直率地質問自己:「最
近有何成就?」

──丹尼爾‧高汀,美國太空總署署長(《工商時報》,2001年6月19
日,第3版)

前言 Where should I go?


學習是人力資源的投資,為了降低投機、賭博的成分,因此應該
做好知彼(第一、二節)、知己(第二、三節)的工作。第三節技能評鑑可
說是你工作能力的總體檢,由於是主管所評估的,因此可提供旁觀者
清的參考資料,指出你(的工作能力項目)哪些強、哪些弱。第三節則
是DIY的用功程度衡量方式。主、客觀測驗搭配,更能強化你的自知
之明,尤其是「知之為知之,不知為不知」。

第一節 今天、明天什麼人才吃香?
打拚要做對方向,否則只是「用最快速方式犯錯」。在上班族做
知識管理時也特別應該「慎始」,以免千辛萬苦去學習,到終了卻發
現派不上用場。本節要點燃一盞明燈,以免你在黑暗中摸索。
一、念對行才重要

2001年11月底,行政院主計處的2001年人力運用調查報告指出,
勞動市場失業率逐年走高,且低度運用的情況逐年嚴重。1993年教育
與職業不相稱(即學非所用)的人數僅占就業人數的5.61%,但是2001
年「學非所用」的人數已高達71萬人,占就業人數的7.62%(詳見表2-
1)。

一分錢,一分貨;一分耕耘,一分收穫。為了避免學非所用、大
才小用,最重要的是要念對行,工、商科系可能還是利之所在。

二、台灣企業需要什麼人才?

台灣經濟研究院的研究顯示,2001年第一季,高技術人力密集產
業產值占整體製造業產值比重為48.47%(詳見表2-2)

表2-1 台灣高階人力供需統計

大學及 碩士班畢 大學程度 學非所


大學在學 學非所用就
年度 獨立學 業人數 占勞動力 用比重
學生(人) 業者(人)
院(間) (人) (%) (%)
1981 27 185,181 2,120 4.61 299,318 4.56
1993 51 285,982 10,448 7.07 488,182 5.61
1994 58 302,093 11,706 7.45 497,224 5.60
1995 60 314,499 12,649 7.81 519,761 5.77
1996 67 337,837 13,316 8.37 554,765 6.13
1997 78 373,702 14,146 9.22 601,280 6.58
1998 84 409,705 15,016 10.07 631,695 6.81
1999 105 470,030 ─ ─ 661,838 7.08
2000 120 ─ ─ ─ 705,515 7.45
2001 135 ─ ─ ─ 708,163 7.62
資料來源:教育統計指標,人力運用調查。

表2-2 1997至2001年技術人力密集製造業產值變化

年度 技術人力密集產值比重
高 中 低
1997 37.69 38.10 24.41
1998 39.28 37.27 23.46
1999 42.45 35.79 21.75
2000 47.38 32.80 19.82
2001 48.47 32.42 19.10
2006(F) 57 27 16
2011(F) 67 20 13

註:2001年為第一季的數字。

資料來源:經濟部工業局。

(一)製造業的人力需求

經濟部工業局官員分析,這是製造業逐步走向以高技術人力密集
產業為主的趨勢。未來半導體、資訊家電、無線通訊、生物技術、軌
道車輛、航太等高技術人力密集產業,仍會是台灣未來發展的核心產
業所在。

歐、美、日等先進工業國家的產業發展趨勢,都是逐步走向高技
術人力密集度的產業,同時中、低技術人力密集產業產值占整體製造
產業產值的比重也逐漸降低(《經濟日報》,2001年6月24日,第6
版,黃玉珍報導)。

根據勞委會2001年6月完成的「對外投資產業勞動狀況調查報
告」,企業派至海外的工作人員類型以管理職最多占72.5%,其次為
技術職占50.9%,顯示企業派至海外人員大都屬於管理和技術層級。
企業赴海外投資後,對台灣各職類員工的需求,以研究開發人
員、生產技術人員較高。勞委會官員分析,從這項職類需求可見,投
資海外的企業大部分的研發仍根留台灣,因而對研發人員的需求相當
殷切(《經濟日報》,2001年6月24日,第6版,林燕翎報導)。

(二)電腦能力居首

英國調查業者MORI公司為Cap Gemini安永顧問公司做的調查,針
對英國近200名企業主訪談,其中65%是董事長、執行長或執行董事
(主要結果詳見圖2-1)。

科技對工作的方式及溝通的手段產生重大影響,例如愈來愈多人
以「虛擬」方式不在辦公室上班,因此採用高科技的管理方式,將有
助於留住人才。這種變遷下最大的贏家是企業的資訊長(Chief
Information Officer, CIO),和資深的資訊技術主管(《經濟日報》,
2001年6月25日,第21版,吳國卿譯)。

圖2-1 下一世代管理者最需要的技能

(三)你講英語嘛也通!
1111人力銀行統計,現有的5萬筆職缺中,要求具備第二語言能
力的共計3萬6000筆,占總職缺的七成。其中以具備英語能力為最
多,科技和服務業則因為國際化程度較深,英語流利的求職者較容易
受到青睞(《經濟日報》,2001年9月10日,第37版,林燕翎報導)。

(四)為什麼英文是高科技業的標準語言?

打開周日報紙的人事廣告徵才欄,可以發現一個特殊現象;在報
章雜誌或是人力網站上,愈來愈多業者使用英文廣告徵才,且要求應
徵者必須書寫英文履歷與自傳,這是為什麼呢?

台灣積體電路製造公司人力資源副總經理李瑞華表示,高科技產
業的專有術語,如果譯成中文,容易失去原意,在工作上無法對同仁
傳達正確訊息;而且高科技產業的技術層面以及使用製程設備,都必
須使用英文,英文徵才廣告可事先過濾英文能力欠佳的人員。台積電
員工的英文能力有一定的底子,進入台積電,英文考試是第一關,英
文不及格,絕不考慮晉用(《管理》雜誌,2001年5月,第73頁,林文
欣報導)。

(五)英語能力測驗DIY

不管是上班族還是莘莘學子,想測試自己的英文程度,又多了一
種新選擇。

由美國史丹福大學學者、電子工程專家Brent Townshend和語言
學家Jared Bernstein所成立的Ordinate公司,兩人經多年研發,終於
成功結合了電腦語音辨識功能、網際網路和電話傳訊三種最新科技,
設計出「PhonePass英語口語能力測試」系統,由敦煌書局引進,民
眾可隨時隨地輕而易舉地測試自己的英文程度(《經濟日報》,2001
年9月12日,第44版,黃梅英報導)。

(六)證照將蔚為趨勢
第一銀行為提高員工素質,是最先實施證照制度的銀行。考試科
目有三科,包括存款匯兌、放款、外匯。考試成績將成為升遷快慢的
參考依據。未通過考試者,將逐步取消承作相關業務的資格(《經濟日
報》,2001年7月23日,第7版,應翠梅報導)。

(七)MBA(企管碩士)的條件也在改

台積電董事長張忠謀認為,幾十年前國際間普遍認為,在大學主
修理工專科,再進到研究所攻讀企業管理,畢業之後才稱得上所謂的
企管人才。在這套模式上加上學校頭銜,就成了美國麻省理工學院的
工科畢業生,進入哈佛大學研讀商學院研畢,才稱得上管理人才最十
全十美的學歷,是擔任企管人士的應有條件。他強調,管理學應該是
政治、經濟、歷史為經,科技為緯的學問,寄望每位管理人士都擁有
全才的資質(《工商時報》,2001年7月1日,第9版,陳碧芬報導)。

三、大勢所趨

2001年2月19日,美國未來趨勢預測專家表示,由於現在科技和
社會變遷快速,許多新的賺錢機會和工作也應運而生。他們預測從現
在開始五年內,將會出現五種新興的熱門職業,前兩項皆跟企業知識
管理有關。

(一)企業中的創投家(Corporate Venture Capitalist)

這個職業就是協助各大公司老闆篩選員工所提出的創意,並挑選
具有創業精神的員工成立一個執行單位,確保此一創意能在公司各方
面資源的配合下,順利達成。

(二)早期學習潛力開發專家(Early Learning Specialist)

由於研究發現小孩開始成長前幾年的腦力訓練,是將來智力發展
的關鍵,因此許多望子成龍的家長,就會雇用這方面的專家,到家或
是幼稚園協助孩子學習,或是利用他們所設計的親子腦力激盪活動,
激發孩子的潛能(《工商時報》,2001年2月20日,第9版,張秋康報
導)。

(三)知識工程師是明日之星

2000年5月22日出刊的美國《時代》雜誌報導,二十一世紀最熱
門的十大職業,知識工程師吊車尾,但至少名列排行榜,可見知識管
理前途看好。這工作的主要內容是:人工智慧交易員會把個人專業知
識轉變成電腦軟體,接著企業就精簡人事。

不過,知識工作者中的教師也被列入十大冷門職業,因為網路教
室將取代水泥(或實體)教室。

四、未來工作像什麼?

對於未來工作最極端的描述之一,可說是美國作者Barbara Moses
所著《未來工作像什麼──來自暫時世界的好消息》(The Good News
about Careers: how you`ll be working in the next decade,臉譜出
版)中所形容的,很多人將變成日本人力派遣公司、台灣人力銀行人才
庫中的派遣人員,她稱之為「暫時工作者」。

(一)公司認同vs.專業認同

試著撇開你的工作頭銜,重新定義自己。例如,你會說自己是某
信託公司的稽核,還是你覺得自己是具備企業規畫和解決問題技能的
金融專業人員,能在不同團隊中轉換工作,只是目前正在金融服務產
業發揮長才而已?你應該把自己想像成是一個具備多項技能的人,有
能力在不同的工作領域中遊走自如。

在這種情形下,所有的關係就亟需重新定義。例如,勞工者應把
老闆當成客戶。他們最重要的公事優先順序為何?你的工作對他們的
目標有何貢獻?對企業又具有哪些價值?你在處理雇用關係,也像面
對客戶那樣戒慎恐懼嗎?
在這個新時代能夠崛起的人,就是那些能夠把創意和情感轉化成
產品的人。這些是一腳踏在創意的波希米亞世界,另一腳則踩在野心
和追求成功的布爾喬亞領域當中的高學歷知識分子。這些新資訊時代
的精英分子,美國作者David Brooks在《BOBO族:新社會精英的崛
起》(Bobos in Paradise : the new upper class and how they got
there,遠流出版)中稱之為布爾喬亞(bourgeois)的波希米亞人
(bohemian),並取兩者的第一個字,稱他們為「布波族」(Bobos)。

(二)三招四式走遍天下

暫時工作者知道展現工作技能的決定權掌握在自己手上,他們不
會得到企業的任何訓練以讓他們快速上手。因此應該接受哪些訓練,
完全由他們自己決定。

在專案工作裡,不容有任何錯誤閃失,工作表現差強人意時,職
位也得不到保障。因此必須確保自己的專業技能在就業市場上的優
勢。假如你必須在明天立刻找到新工作,你知道自己有哪些技能得以
在就業市場中脫穎而出嗎?你知道應跟誰接洽,而這個人可能會是雇
用你的人嗎?你的技能是否廣泛,能使你同時應徵好幾個領域的工
作?還是你的技能只能讓你待在某個行業或局限在某個領域中?終身
學習已是必然的趨勢。

第二節 你今年用功嗎?
變革緣自對於危機的自覺,同樣的,上班族的知識管理必須靠員
工自覺「心有餘而力不足」,有動機才會「樂知好行」,至少是「困
知勉行」。

一、你為明天做好準備了嗎?

以前常聽到「今日事今日畢」和「做一天和尚撞一天鐘」,認為
事情盡可能不拖延到明天處理,依職責辦事,就算負責了。行銷大師
菲利浦‧科特勒在《科特勒談行銷》一書,對下一世紀的行銷展望,企
業該如何面對電子化行銷戰,提出不少問題供企業思索,在知識經濟
時代「只把今天工作做好」還不夠,「明天將如何」才是競爭決戰的
關鍵。

(一)前無去路,後有追兵

1999年以前,台灣上班族至少可以去大陸打天下;但是隨著台
商、外商採取「以華制華」的本土化人資策略,再加上大陸人士求知
若渴地迎頭趕上,協理以下的中低階管理階層,已快沒有台勞的生存
空間,令不少台灣上班族有「前無去路」的茫茫感。

30萬外勞搶走台灣許多藍領工人的飯碗,開放大陸人士(尤其是科
技)來台工作,加入世貿組織(例如律師),許多知識工作者的生存也大
受威脅。產業升級才能生存,同樣的,個人的能力也得與時俱進,否
則甚至連軟體工程師的工作也會被印度阿三搶走。

(二)高學歷,高失業率?

2001年的失業率比1995年高出三個百分點,失業率逐年上升的原
因(見表2-3),主要是大學過度擴充,訓練出許多粗製濫造的大學生,
卻不知能力不足,偏偏又「高不成,低不就」。

台灣大學經濟系教授吳忠吉認為,如何規畫高等教育科系學生結
構,以迎合台灣產業所需的專業人才,將是台灣高等教育發展最重要
的課題。

表2-3 失業率逐年上升的原因

原因 貢獻率
高等教育的發展 199.82
外勞引進 33.09
投資意願下限 16.02
營建業不景氣 14.07
工資率上升 2.65
經濟成長趨緩 2.48

資料來源:整理自吳忠吉,〈迎合產業發展規畫高等教育結構〉,
《經濟日報》,2001年6月24日,第7版。

(三)自知之明

「盡信書不如無書」,這句話道盡「白紙黑字」的事不見得「寧
可信其有,不可信其無」;同樣道理,文憑也是如此。2001年7月19
日,《工商時報》第2版〈教育政策毫無章法〉一文中指出,「高教
政策」令人不敢恭維。十年來大學院校由46所驟升至105所,高等教
育質量嚴重失衡。日前大學教師無奈地指出,很多學生不只英文程度
差,中文程度也差,有些校方甚至主張只要交報告就應該及格。學生
素質如此,難怪企業每每大嘆沒有人才。

(四)一技在身夠嗎?

古語說:「一技在身勝過腰纏萬貫」,不過在知識快速折舊(或者
說知識壽命周期變短)的資訊時代,反倒是「技多不壓身」比較合用。
以伍氏BCG來說明,上班族從自己的技能檢定中,可發現自己哪些知
識(技能)將過時(即落水狗階段)、哪些知識是看家本領(即金牛階段)、
哪些知識未來看好(即明日之星階段),美國專家Patricia A.
Mclagan(2000)把此種個人能力組合(competence portfolio)稱為個人
能力組合管理(personal portfolio management)。

2001年高達50萬人失業(失業率5.2%),其中有1/4屬於中高年(40
歲以上),再就業很難,這就是「一招半式闖天下」中的一招已過時的
後果。

二、你今年用功嗎?
《朱子家訓》中有一句「晚起是一過」,描寫出從行為看結果的
自律。那麼今年、今天是否對得起工作,是否充實、對得起自己,很
大部分還得看你是否用功。在此之前,得先破除「柿子挑軟的吃」的
想法;你才會相信阿基米德所說:「數學之路,無君王之途。」(即國
王學數學,也沒有捷徑。)

(一)耍小聰明比較容易成功?

在2000年10月號《遠見》雜誌的專欄中,作家吳若權檢視這個不
用功的時代。

報上的消息指出,大多數醫學院的學生傾向選擇皮膚科,工作輕
鬆、風險低、比較少挨告,相對的,收入也比較多。而心臟科、內
科、外科等,讀書時念得很累,正式行醫時不輕鬆,還不時有醫療糾
紛,所以常讓醫科學生卻步。

在不用功的年代裡,每個人都是靠小聰明出頭天的。主持綜藝節
目靠「嘴賤」,從事政治工作靠「作秀」,理財投資靠「明牌」,接
攬生意或謀個職位靠「關說」。

(二)如何判斷自己是否夠用功?

機器、汽車得經常保養,才能永保如新;同樣的,個人的知識能
力也得靠不斷進修才能進步,否則「不進則退」。那麼如何判斷自己
的用功是否足夠呢?由表2-4的小小測驗,可大略判斷,其中第6題是
加分題;簡單以第1、2題來說明各題的及格標準(即6分)是怎麼來的。

表2-4 個人用功程度評分表

得分 2分 4分 6分 8分 10分
1. 全年購書/雜誌 600元 800元 1200元 1800元 2400元
2. 全年上課時數 12時 24時 36時 60時 84時
3. 全年參加讀書會 6次 8次 12次 18次 24次
4. 全年參加研討會 1次 2次 3次 4次 5次
5. 全年參加公司考察 1次 2次 3次 4次 5次
6. 全年發表專業文章 1篇 2篇 3篇 4篇 5篇

第三節 技能評鑑:員工自覺的客觀資訊
協助你「做然後知不足」自覺的另一種方法,便是「旁觀者
清」,以免填寫「用功問卷」時不說實話的「當局者迷」,技能評鑑
倒是騙不了自己的。雖然此屬於下列兩種情況:一、宜放在第六章第
二節「學習內容的抉擇」;二、此屬於人資管理中的訓練需求分析,
本書本不宜撈過界。

但是把它作為員工自覺的客觀衡量,可說再恰當不過了,因此我
們把它擺在這裡來討論,但為了避免太越俎代庖,所以想點到為止。

一、技能管理流程

底下將針對公司技能管理流程每一步驟詳細說明。
圖2-2 技能管理流程

二、你該懂什麼?

在圖2-2中,我們約略說明各階層管理人員應具備的技能,但是科
學的方式是,在工作說明書中即明列各職位所須具備的一般、專業管
理能力的項目、程度。本段先討論所須具備的技能項目,至少可分為
兩個時間面向。

(一)現在該懂什麼?
做一天和尚撞一天鐘,但問題是「今天撞鐘是否及格、完美」,
這可從兩個時間面向來進行。

在實施計畫晉升的公司、員工光把今天工作做好,也算對不起公
司,因為沒有為明天的工作(尤其是職務輪調、代理、晉升)做好準
備。職場導師(詳見第四章第四節)、人資專員應定期給與員工工作諮
詢意見,指引其「今天為明天做好準備」,以免「少小不努力,老大
徒傷悲」。

三、員工職能等級

(一)ITIS的技能向度和等級

經濟部技術處ITIS把產業分析師所須具備的技能,分成知識(知道
與否)和實務經驗(是否曾做過)兩個技能向度;技能高低程度通常畫分
為五個等級,其意涵如表2-5所示。

表2-5 ITIS的技能向度和等級

知識 實務經驗
5 4+創新能力 4+創新能力
完整的相關知識,有能力教 豐富的實際經驗,能指導他
4
授其他人員 人工作
已累積相當實作經驗,只需
3 應用性知識
方向上的指引
有限的經驗,須在少量指導
2 整體觀念
下執行工作
極有限的經驗,須在大量指
1 基本概念
導下執行工作
(二)Wiig的分類

美國專家Karl Wiig(1995)則分為八級,愈細愈好,詳見表2-6第
2、3欄,第1、4欄是我增加的。

至於各職的在各技能項目該達到哪一職能等級,這已遠超過本書
的範疇,只好就此打住。

表2-6 員工職能等級

得 以18洞高爾夫球為
等級 說明
分 例
66-70桿,如老虎伍
7 大師(grand master) 世界級的教練
茲般的職業選手
有能力指導別人,可說 71-78桿,業餘賽選
6 教練(master)
到了爐火純青的階段 手
熟能生巧,可以當助理 79-86桿,友誼賽選
5 專家(expert)
教練 手
熟手(proficient 不需他人指導,便能獨
4 87-92桿
performer) 立作業
老鳥(competent 理論知識具備,但仍得 93-100桿,即已破
3
performer) 有人偶爾耳提面命 百,下場逾6個月
登堂入室(advanced 101-120桿,下場不
2 像不像,七分樣
beginner) 超過12次
一知半解,且沒有實務 不能算桿數,因只
1 初學者(beginner)
經驗 在練習場打
0 門外漢(ignorant) 全然不了解 連球桿都沒碰過

四、不教而殺,謂之賊也!
當發現員工力有未逮時,公司常採取下列兩種方式來增進員工的
本職學能。
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
corresponded with the boundary between Cup Field and Purse Field.
Definite proof of this has not been obtained, but it will be shown that
the St. John’s property must have extended to within a little of this,
thus occupying the site of about thirty numbers. Obviously, the
houses must have been very scattered. It is also possible that certain
buildings were in existence further to the west, towards Little
Turnstile, as early as the reign of Edward II.,[13] and certainly the
whole of this part of the frontage to High Holborn was covered in the
early part of Elizabeth’s reign.
Agas’s map (Plate 1) shows a single line of buildings extending
between the two turnstiles, but this is not an adequate representation
of the state of affairs in the closing years of the sixteenth century. In
order to describe this, so far as the records which have come to light
in the course of the investigation for this volume will allow, it will be
necessary to go into some detail, but as the point has never before
been dealt with, it has been thought desirable to do so. Although the
results in some cases fall short of certainty, it is hoped that thereby
an idea may be gained of the somewhat complex system of houses,
gardens and orchards that existed between High Holborn and the
site of Whetstone Park. The accompanying plan will render the
description of the properties more easy to follow. It should be
understood that the plan is quite a rough one, and intended merely
to give a general idea of the situation about the year 1590. The
discovery of further records would, no doubt, modify it in certain
details.

HIGH HOLBORN, BETWEEN THE TURNSTILES, CIRC. 1590.


Where now is the entrance to Little Turnstile, there then
existed an open ditch or sewer. In the Survey of Crown Lands[14]
taken in 1650, reference is made to a certain property “scituate and
adjoyninge to Lincolnes Inn Fields alias Pursefeild,” being 214 feet
long from Purse Field south, to Mr. Lane’s houses on the north, and
22 feet wide, which ground was “heertofore a ditch or comon sewer
and filled upp to bee part of the Pursefeild.” Lane’s houses were on
the projecting north side of Little Turnstile, and the sewer lay 21 feet
to the east of the present line of Gate Street.[15]
In 1560, Lord and Lady Mountjoy sold[16] to Thomas Doughty
and Henry Heron “syxtene meses, mesuages or tenementes
adioyninge nere together ... scytuate and being in Holborne,” called
by the name of Purse Rents, together with six additional gardens.
From the inquisition[17] held on the death of Doughty in 1568 it
appears that he held eight of the houses and three of the gardens.
Eight years later (1576) Thomas Doughty, junior, sold[18] that
part of the property to “Buckharte Cranighe,[19] doctor of physyke.” In
the same year Queen Elizabeth granted[20] to John Farnham, one of
her gentlemen pensioners, the whole of the combined Doughty and
Heron property, increased on the Heron side by two houses, five
cottages, three stables and an orchard, none of which are mentioned
in the previous deeds. Farnham immediately sold the property afresh
to Doughty[21] and Heron.[22] The latter in 1589 sold to [23]Rowland
Watson and Thomas Owen, nine houses, which, by the names of the
occupiers, can be identified as nine of the ten sold by Farnham, and
which are stated to contain in length together on the street side 35½
yards. In 1669 the same property, then consisting of seven houses,
was sold[24] by William Watson to Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
and is obviously to be identified with the six houses in High Holborn
leased by the college in 1800,[25] and described as Nos. 246 to 251,
High Holborn. The length of the Holborn frontage of Nos. 246 to 251
accords well with the dimension required (35½ yards), and the
identification of these houses with the property sold by Heron to
Watson (B on accompanying plan) may be regarded as fairly certain.
In 1592 Heron sold a further portion of his property[26], the
purchaser this time being Anne Carew.[27] This consisted of (i.) six
messuages (C on plan) abutting north upon the lands and tenements
of Master Watson (i.e. B), and south upon Heron’s garden; (ii.) a
messuage in the occupation of Sir Thomas Gerrard,[28] abutting north
on Heron’s garden and south on “the White Hart feilde”, (i.e., Purse
Field, which was held with The White Hart); (iii.) the said garden
and an orchard[29] lying together and containing three roods, the
garden adjoining west on “the lands late Burcharde Crainck,” and the
orchard towards the east, abutting on the messuage and garden of
William Cook; and (iv.) the messuage and garden of Cook (H on
plan) abutting south on Cup Field, on the north on a tenement of
Mistress Buck, widow, and east on a garden late of Thomas
Raynesford. In the light of (iii.) it is now possible to assign the
Doughty property (afterwards Burrard Cranigh) to position A.
Plots A to F are thus roughly settled, but before leaving them
it is necessary to trace further the history of F until its development
by building. On the death of Anne Carew the property seems to have
passed[30] to her son George, afterwards Baron Carew of Clopton and
Earl of Totnes, and by him to have been bequeathed to Peter Apsley,
grandson of his brother Peter. In 1640, John Apsley sold[31] to Daniel
Thelwall and William Byerly, together with other adjacent property,
a messuage with an orchard containing half an acre, “scituate over
against the said messuage and extending from the way or path there
to the feild side,” all formerly in the occupation of John Waldron. Of
this William Whetstone held a lease, which he had obtained certainly
before 1646[32], and in 1653 reference is made[33] to “all the newe
buildings thereon erected.” It is most probable, therefore, that this
was the scene of the building operations described in the Earl of
Dorset’s report to the Privy Council on 11th December, 1636, when
he complained that “one William Whetstone,” having lately erected
five brick houses in Lincoln’s Inn Fields, without proper permission,
had “for the better countenanceing of himselfe therein, and for the
finishinge and mayntayneing the said buildings, counterfeited his
Lopps hand, as also the hand of his Secre, frameing a false lycence,” etc.
It having been decided that this was “a presumption of a high nature,
and a fraud and offence not fitt to be passed by wthout exemplary
punishment,” instructions were given for the demolition of the
houses,[34] but it is not known whether this was actually done.
At any rate, Whetstone succeeded in stamping his name on
the new thoroughfare which parted the property in High Holborn
from that in the adjoining fields, though the western part was at first
known as Phillips Rents. The Phillips in question was perhaps the
John Phillips mentioned in a document[35] of 1672, as having lately
been in occupation of a piece of land in the rear of Purse Rents,
“being southward upon a way [i.e., Whetstone Park] leading from
Partridge Alley towarde Great Queene Street.”
Notice must now be taken of another property of Heron,
“parcell of the lands of the late dissolved Hospital of St. John of
Jerusalem.” In 1586 he sold to John Buck[36] eight houses (seven with
gardens attached) and one garden plot, the first house being
described as “all that messuage or tenement with a garden and
backsyde, now in the tenure, farme or occupacion of one Thomas
Raynesford or his assignes.” The position of Raynesford’s messuage
and garden is obviously J (see above) and as H is distinctly stated to
be bounded on the north by a tenement of Mistress Buck,[37] the Buck
property may be assigned to position G.
In October 1583, Heron had sold[38] to Anne Carew five houses
with gardens, a garden with a little house, and three other gardens.
The only information given as to the position of the property is that it
was situated in St. Giles-in-the-Fields. It is, however, possible to
locate it approximately. In 1634, Peter Apsley sold[39] to Sir John
Banks, the attorney general, “all that messuage or tenement with
appurtenances, scituate in High Holborne, in St. Giles, together with
the court or yard lying on the south part of the said messuage, and
the garden beyond the said court, extending to the feildes lying on
the south of the said messuage, as the same is enclosed with a brick
wall, and as the said premises were lately heretofore in the
occupation of Sir John Cowper, Knt. and Bart. deceased, and
formerly in the occupation of Sir Anthony Asheley, Knt. and Bart.
deceased.” In 1661 Sir Ralph Banks sold[40] the house to William
Goldsborough, and in 1716 Edward Goldsborough assigned[41] the
remainder of a lease of 500 years granted in January, 1692, by Grace
and Robert Goldsborough in respect of premises described as “all
that messuage, tenement or inn, with appurtenances, scituate in
High Holborne in St. Giles-in-the-Fields, known by the name of The
George, together with a courtyard or backside lying on the south part
thereof, and the peice of vacant ground or garden beyond the said
court and belonging to the said messuage and extending to a certain
street or place there called Whetstones Park, lying on the south side
of the said messuage or inn.” There can be little doubt that the
premises are identical with those described in the deed of 1634, and
it may therefore be assumed that the Carew property included the
site of The George, which a reference to Horwood’s Map of 1819 will
show is now occupied by the eastern portion (No. 270) of the Inns of
Court Hotel.
This identification is confirmed by the following. Sir Ralph
Banks owned two other houses, one behind the other, adjoining
Goldsborough’s house on the east, and these Goldsborough bought at
the same time as he purchased his own house. In 1663, he sold them
to Edmond Newcombe, and in the indenture[42] embodying the
transaction they are described as being 40 feet broad and 160 feet
long, and bounded on the east by “the house in which Firman now
dwelleth.” In June, 1716, a mortgage was effected by Prescott
Pennyston and Thomasin, his wife, of two messuages in High
Holborn, adjoining the inn called The Unicorn. Thomasin was the
daughter and heir of Elizabeth Hollinghurst, formerly Tompson,
cousin and devisee of William Firmin. Now Unicorn Yard occupied a
position corresponding approximately to the western half of the
present No. 274 (the position is well shown on Horwood’s Map,
though the numbering does not quite accord with that of the present
day), and distant about 58 feet from No. 270. Assuming the two
houses to be one behind the other, as was the case in Newcombe’s
property, this leaves the 40 feet required for Newcombe’s house, and
18 feet for Firmin’s house, corresponding almost exactly with the old
No. 274 shown by Horwood. The Carew property may therefore be
assigned definitely to position K with a fixed eastern limit at No. 270.
It has not proved possible to determine its frontage towards the west,
and perhaps it did not extend as far as Raynesford’s house (J). It is,
however, known that it included a tavern called The Three Feathers.
[43]
It seems a reasonable assumption that this was in the
neighbourhood of Feathers Court, shown in Horwood’s Map as
occupying much the same position as the present Holborn Place, but
entering High Holborn somewhat further east. The Three Feathers
would therefore correspond approximately to the present No. 263.
The adjoining properties (L and M) have already been
referred to. The house (M) next to The Unicorn was in Elizabeth’s
reign in the possession of John Miller, and in 1607 was described as
“all that messuage, cottage, tenement or house with a forge,” in High
Holborn, “reaching to a certeyne pasture adjoyninge to Lincolnes
Inne on the south syde,” and bounded on the west by the house and
land of John Thornton.[44] Beatrice Thornton, widow, is shown in the
Subsidy Rolls as far back as 1588 as resident at or near this spot, and
this circumstance is undoubtedly to be connected with the name of
Thornton’s Alley, which was hereabouts.[45]
The premises (N), which in the early part of the seventeenth
century comprised a single inn, The Unicorn, had in 1574 been
purchased by Francis Johnson from John and Margaret Cowper, as
three messuages and three gardens,[46] and are described in 1626[47]
as having been “now longe since converted into one messuage or inn
commonly called The Unicorne.” Apparently its use as an inn was of
recent date, for in the description of (M), dated 1607, the eastern
boundary of that property is said to be “a tenement in the occupation
of John Larchin, baker,” and in 1629, when the premises had been
re-divided into two, one is said to be[48] “now in the tenure of Mary
Larchin, widdowe, and is now used by her as a common inne, and is
called by the name or signe of The Unycorne.” The dimensions of the
premises are given as 45 feet wide on the north, 40 feet on the south
on Lincoln’s Inn Fields, and 156 feet long.
No records of the time of Elizabeth relating to property
between The Unicorn and the house at the corner of Great Turnstile
have, so far, been discovered. The latter (O), having a frontage to
High Holborn of 39 feet, was certainly at the time in the possession
of the same John Miller[49] who held the property (M).
XXIII-XXIV.—Nos. 3 and 4, GATE STREET.
Ground landlord.
The ground landlord of No. 3 is the London County Council.
General description and date of
structure.
The area lying between Great Queen Street, Little Queen
Street and Gate Street (the east to west portion of which street was
formerly known as Princes Street) was originally a portion of Purse
Field, the early history of which has already been detailed.[50]
On 27th May, 1639, William Newton sold to John Fortescue[51]
“all that peece or parcell of ground, being part of Pursefeild and the
pightells, designed for two messuages to be built thereon by the said
John Fortescue, the foundations whereof be now laid.” The ground is
described as measuring 50 feet 3 inches from north to south, and 127
feet from east to west. Between the ground and Princes Street (“a
way leading upon a backgate of an Inn lately called The Falcon and
Greyhound”) lay the houses (or their sites) of Lewis Richard and
John Giffard, and a slip of ground afterwards bought by Arthur
Newman, having widths of 25 feet, 25 feet and 8½ feet
respectively[52]. From these measurements it can be shown that the
ground sold to Fortescue was the site of what afterwards became
Nos. 3 and 4, Gate Street. The indenture contained, in common with
those relating to Richard’s and Giffard’s houses, a provision “that
there doth and soe perpetually shall lye open from the front of the
said messuage eastward, three score foote of assize, wherein there
shall be noe building erected or builded by the said William Newton,
his heirs ... or any other person or persons whatsoever, it being the
principall motive of the said John Fortescue to purchase the estate
and interest aforesaid, to have the said 60 foote in front to lye open
for an open place from the front of the building, except 11 foote to be
inclosed in before the house, and that there shal be noe buildinges
erected at the south-east end of the said open place by the space of
30 foote, to take away the prospect of the greate fielde, otherwise
than a fence wall, whether he, the said William Newton or his
assignes, keepe the same in his or their owne hands, or doth or doe
depart with it to any other.” It was also agreed “that there shall not at
any tyme or tymes hereafter be erected or built any manner of
building whatsoever” in the gardens of any of the four messuages[53]
in question. These conditions, as will be seen, have been more than
observed.
From the above it is clear that the foundations of the two
houses had already been laid by 27th May, 1639, and the premises
were accordingly probably completed by the end of the year. No
exact date can be assigned to the rebuilding of the houses, but it
seems probable that this took place about the middle of the 18th
century. The carved mouldings of the joinery on the first floor of No.
3 are interesting, and details are given in Plate 7.
Condition of repair.
No. 4 was demolished about 1905. No. 3 has been much cut about,
and is now used as a workshop.
Biographical notes.
The occupants of these two houses[54], up to the year 1800, so far as
it has been possible to ascertain them, were as follows:—

No. 3. No. 4.
1667. Richd. Sherbourne. 1659 until after 1675. Thomas Povey.
1675. Judge Twisden.
1683. Sir John Markham. 1683. “Jervas Perepont.”
Before Thomas 1708. John Partington.
1708. Broomwhoerwood.
1708– Phineas Cheek. 1715. Mrs. Ann
1732. Partington.
1732– J. Winstanley. 1723. William Thomson.
1735.
1735– Phineas Cheek. From before 1730 Mrs. Anne
1753. until 1732. Thomson.
1755– Wm. Mackworth
1763. Praed.
1763– Dr. Jas. Walker.
1767.
1768– William Hamilton. 1732–1736. Elizabeth
1772. Partington.
1773. Wm. Everard. 1736–1743. [55]Henry Perrin.

1774– The Rev. Chas. 1744–1746. Thomas Smith.


1786. Everard.
1786– The Rev. Chas. 1746–1748. R. Symonds.
1792. Booth.
1794– Robert Kekewitch. 1749–1753. Joseph Martin.
1800.
1753–1755. Thomas Western.
1760–1794. Charles Catton.
1795–1797. Messrs. Burton
and Co.
1798– Thomas Burton.
Sir Thomas Twisden, second son of Sir William Twisden, was born at
East Peckham in 1602. In 1617 he was admitted to the Inner Temple, and
called to the Bar in 1626. Although a staunch royalist, he prospered during
the Commonwealth, and in 1653 was made serjeant at law. At the
Restoration he was confirmed in this dignity, advanced to a puisne
judgeship in the King’s Bench, and knighted. In 1664 he was created a
baronet. He died in 1683.
Thomas Povey was the son of Justinian Povey, auditor of the
exchequer and accountant general to Anne of Denmark. At the outbreak of
the civil war he at first joined neither party, and published a treatise called
The Moderator: expecting sudden Peace or certaine Ruine. In 1647,
however, he entered the Long Parliament, and was subsequently appointed
a member of the council for the colonies. At the Restoration he was taken
into favour, and many lucrative appointments were bestowed on him. The
dates of his birth and death are unknown. His residence in Gate Street, then
known as Lincoln’s Inn Fields, seems to date from the latter part of 1658 or
the very commencement of 1659. A letter from him is extant written from
Lincoln’s Inn Fields, dated 9th February, 1658–9, while one dated 20th
July, 1658 is written from “Graies Inn.”[56] Apparently he took the house on
the occasion of his marriage, as in an undated letter, after mentioning
certain family bereavements, he proceeds: “I was [thus] driven to meditat
on a settlement of myself; and did therefore accept of such an oportunitie,
as it pleased God about that time to offer mee, of adventuringe upon
marriage, wch I have donn upon such grounds as you have all waies
heretofore proposed to myself, my wife being a widdowe, about my own
yeares, never having had a child; of a fortune capable of giving a reasonable
assistance to mine, and of a humour privat and retired. Soe that I am now
become a settled person in a house of my own in Lincolnes Inn Fields.”[57]
His house was famous, and both Evelyn and Pepys have, in their diaries, left
a description of it. The former thus records a visit paid by him on 1st July,
1664. “Went to see Mr. Povey’s elegant house in Lincoln’s Inn Fields, where
the perspective in his court, painted by Streeter, is indeed excellent, with the
vases in imitation of porphyry, and fountains; the inlaying of his closet;
above all, his pretty cellar and ranging of his wine-bottles.” Pepys had been
there a few weeks before, and under date of 29–30th May, 1664, writes:
“Thence with Mr. Povy home to dinner; where extraordinary cheer. And
after dinner up and down to see his house. And in a word, methinks, for his
perspective upon his wall in his garden, and the springs rising up with the
perspective in the little closet; his room floored above with woods of several
colours, like but above the best cabinetwork I ever saw; his grotto and vault,
with his bottles of wine, and a well therein to keep them cool; his furniture
of all sorts; his bath at the top of his house, good pictures, and his manner
of eating and drinking; do surpass all that ever I did see of one man in all
my life.”
Charles Catton, the elder, was born in Norwich in 1728. He was
apprenticed to a London coach painter, and attained eminence, not only in
this branch of the profession, but as a painter of landscapes, cattle and
subject pictures. He was appointed the king’s coach painter, and was one of
the foundation members of the Royal Academy. He died in Judd Place, in
1798.
For a number of years (1776–1781) his son, Charles Catton, the
younger, is shown in the Royal Academy Catalogues as residing at his
father’s house in Gate Street. He was born in London in 1756, and acquired
a certain reputation as a scene-painter and topographical draughtsman. He
died in the United States in 1819.
In the Council’s collection are:—
Exterior of No. 3 and cross to the memory of Mr. Booker, 1837
(photograph).
[58]Joinery details on first floor of No. 3 (measured drawing).

The Ship Tavern, Gate Street—exterior, showing Little Turnstile


(photograph).
Twyford Buildings—View of court in 1906 (photograph).
XXV.—HIGH HOLBORN, BETWEEN LITTLE
TURNSTILE AND KINGSWAY.

In 1592 a Commission on Incroached Lands reported[59] the


existence of certain property in St. Giles, held without any grant,
state, or demise from the sovereign. On 29th August, 1609, James I.
granted the whole of this to Robert Angell and John Walker. As the
point is of importance, the description of the premises included in
the grant is here given in some detail.[60]
“All that one messuage of ours with appurtenances in the
tenure of Thomas Greene, and one cottage with appurtenances, with
garden, in the tenure of Thomas Roberts, situated in the parish of St.
Giles-in-the-Fields ... and all those four cottages with appurtenances
lying and being on the south side of the public way leading from the
said town called St. Giles-in-the-Fields towards Holborne ... and all
those small cottages built within the small pightell called Pale Pingle,
lying and being within the parish of St. Giles opposite the aforesaid
cottages, namely, on the north side of the royal way between the
town of St. Giles aforesaid ... and Holborne.”
In 1650 a survey[61] was made of certain property “late
belonginge to Charles Stuart, late king of England,” and included
therein were a number of premises, which extended along the south
side of High Holborn for a distance of 234½ feet eastwards from
Little Queen Street, and the easternmost house of which was The
Falcon.
To the reversion in fee farm of this property a Mr. Gibbert laid
claim, basing his pretensions on the identification of the property
with certain of that included in the grant of James I. above referred
to, and the surveyors reviewed at length his title, annexing a “plott of
ye ground” (Plate 2). The conclusion to which they came was, that it
was “clere and aparent” that Green’s messuage and Roberts’ cottage
and garden, together with the four cottages opposite the Pale Pingle,
were the tenements granted to Gibbert, and that these were “at the
least 40tie pole” distant from the houses which he claimed. “Soe yt his
clayme in those aforesaid houses is very unreasonable, false,
imperfect and untrue. And wee, whose names are heerunto
subscribed, shall (if Gibbert should bee so uncivell or shameles
heereafter to lay clayme to them before yor honors) make it clerely
appeare to the contrary if at any tyme required.”
In spite of this emphatic condemnation of the unfortunate Mr.
Gibbert, there can be no doubt that the surveyors were wrong. They
seem entirely to have overlooked the possibility that the houses of
Green and Roberts were not adjacent to the four cottages opposite
the Pale Pingle; in fact, a perusal of the royal grant is sufficient to
make it reasonably certain that they were quite distinct. The matter
is, however, capable of definite proof.
A fortnight after the grant by James I., Angell and Walker
conveyed the whole of the property to Richard Reade and Henry
Huddleston,[62] and they in turn, on 23rd November, 1610, sold it to
John Lee.[63] In the indenture accompanying this sale the two first
mentioned houses are described as “all that messuage or tenement
with appurtenances, late in the tenure of one Thomas Greene ... now
called the signe of The Falcon, also one messuage or tenement or
cottage there late in the tenure of one Thomas Roberts.”
It is quite clear therefore that Gibbert was right in his
contention, and that the premises extending from Little Queen Street
up to and including The Falcon had had their origin in the house of
Green and the cottage of Roberts, which had first been officially
noticed in 1592. There is also evidence (see below) that the land
included in the grant reached as far east as Little Turnstile.
With the above information it is possible to date the
interesting plan (Plate 2) appended by the surveyors to their report.
It will be apparent that this has almost exclusive reference to the
property granted to Angell and Walker in 1609. Thus, there are
shown the four cottages by the White Hart, opposite the Pale Pingle,
the Pale Pingle itself, and the land extending from Little Turnstile to
Little Queen Street, including Green’s premises, the only building
which in the royal grant is dignified with the name of “house.” It is
therefore suggested with confidence that the plan in question is a
copy of the one appended to the grant of 1609. With this assumption
the title “Queene streete,” given to the still unformed thoroughfare
entering Purse Field is in entire accord.[64]
Immediately after or shortly before Lee’s purchase, additional
buildings were erected, for on 11th December, 1610, he and Nicholas
Hawley sold The Falcon to William Woodward,[65] “with all yards,
wayes, waste groundes, stables and appurtenances,” excepting,
however, from the sale “four little houses, cottages or tenements
latelie builded on the west side of the Falcon yarde.” Moreover, in
1612–13, the same vendors sold to William Lane, junior, one
messuage, two cottages, two gardens, and a rood of land with
appurtenances in the parish of St. Giles.[66] As in 1661 the property
immediately to the west of Little Turnstile is described as “now or
late” in the possession of Mistress Lane,[67] it is practically certain
that the land sold in 1612 was identical therewith, and Hollar’s plan
of 1658 (Plate 3), which shows the area fully built on, indicates the
development which had taken place in the course of the half century.
Building on the remaining portion of the land had also greatly
increased.[68] The survey of 1650 contains a detailed description of
the property, giving much interesting information as to the building
materials, arrangement of the rooms, outhouses, etc. The following is
a list of the premises. In most cases there were garrets in addition to
the storeys mentioned.
The Falcon (2 storeys), and a house (3 storeys) in the rear.
Frontage 15 feet. (Present No. 233.)
A house of three storeys. Frontage 33 feet. (Present No. 232
and site of New Turnstile.)
The King’s Head Inn (3 storeys), with an addition (2 storeys),
a gateway, a smith’s shop with room, stables, sadler’s house,
tenement of 2 storeys, shed and coachhouses, houses of office.
Frontage 54 feet. (Present Nos. 229–231.)
Two small tenements lying in front of The King’s Head (3
storeys), a house (3 storeys), with small back addition. Frontage 19
feet.
A house (3 storeys), a garden with coach house and stable.
Frontage 26 feet. (The site of these last two houses is now occupied
by the Holborn Station of the Piccadilly tube railway.)
The Gate Tavern (3 storeys.) Special mention is made of the
“very faire and spacious dyneinge room, 38 feet in length,” on the
first floor. A bowling alley and gardens were in the rear. Frontage 38
feet. The site is occupied partly by the Holborn station and partly by
Kingsway.
A house of 3 storeys, with a garden containing a small
tenement of 2 storeys. Frontage 16 feet.
A similar house, with a garden containing a “small decayed
tenement.” Frontage 16 feet.
A tenement of 2 storeys, with a shop on the ground floor, a
back addition of 2 storeys. In the garden behind were two small
tenements of 2 storeys. Frontage 17½ feet. The site of the three last
mentioned houses is now covered by Kingsway.
It will be seen from the above that New Turnstile was not
included in the original scheme for building. It is not shown in
Morden and Lea’s Map of 1682, nor in the map accompanying
Hatton’s New Guide to London of 1708, but appears in the sewer rate
book for 1723.
XXVI.—No. 211, HIGH HOLBORN
(Demolished).

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