UNIV.

ORELLANA THIRD PARTY TANIA MARIEL

EVAPORATORS
EXERCISE 1
A single effect evaporator concentrates a feed of organic colloid solution from 5% to 50%
by weight. The solution has a negligible boiling point elevation. The heat capacity of the
feed is Cp= 4.06 kJ/kgK and it enters at 15.6 °C.
Saturated water vapor is available at 101.32 kPa and the pressure in the evaporator is
15.3 kPa. It is desired to evaporate a total of 4536 kg/h of water. The total heat transfer
coefficient is 1988 W/m K. What surface area in square meters and what water vapor
2

consumption are required?

GLOBAL MASS BALANCE

F = V+ L..............(1)

PARTIAL MASS BALANCE FOR THE SOLUTE

Fx F = Lx L
(V + L ) x F = Lx L
Vx + Lx F = Lx j
FF l
 Vx F
x, — x
4536 kg h (0.05)
0.5 — 0.05
L - 504
h kg
In equation (1)

ENERGY BALANCE F=V+L

F = 4536 kg/ + 504 kg/
HH
F = 5040 kg/
h

Fh + SH s = Lh L + Sh + VH
Fx F = Lx L............................................................................................................................
Vx + Lx F = Lx j...................................................................................................................
F = V + L..................................................................................................................................
F = 4536 kg/ + 504 kg/..................................................................................................
H H...................................................................................................................................
F = 5040 kg/..................................................................................................................
h........................................................................................................................................
Fh + SH s = Lh L + Sh + VH.....................................................................................................
Lh L + VH V — Fh F.........................................................................................................
HV .......................................................................................................................................
= 2599 kJ/kg.....................................................................................................................
T = 54.33°C...................................................................................................................
Ts = 99.97 o C................................................................................................................
hL = CpL ( T - T )...........................................................................................................
T r = reference temperature = T = T L h L = Cp L (54.33 — 54.33) or C.....................
Lh + VH v — Fh F.............................................................................................................
kg *(................................................................................................................................
— 157.24 kJ ) h ,
kg....................................................................................................
P, = P. -P.............................................................................................................................
abs = 14.7 psi - 10 psi..........................................................................................................
abs = 4.7 psi ( a )..........................................................................................................
T = 160oF..........................................................................................................................
 Fx F = Lx L.........................................................................................................................
Fh P + SH. = Lh + Sh + VH v............................................................................................
L_Lh L + VH V - FH F......................................................................................................
Fig, 3. Dürhmg diagram for aqueous solutions NaOH - H20 Source: Geankoplis, 1998.......10
EPE = 233 — 160 = 73° F..........................................................................................10
A = 924 BTU lb..............................................................................................................12
T = 281 or F.................................................................................................................12

Lh L + VH V — Fh F (2)

We find the enthalpies of the currents

H
V
;
TO ; h F ; h L
To find Hv we will work at P=15.3 kPa interpolating in the saturated water table and at this
pressure the evaporator temperature will also be found
 Saturated water. Pressure table
Specific volume, m 3 /kg Internal energy, kJ/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg • K

Temp, sat. steam, sat. Sat.

steam, Sat.
Pressure sat., Tu Liq. salt., Evap., steam, Liquid sat. Evap., Liquid Evap.,
, PkPa °C Liq. sat., v f u
f OR, OR, h, h sat., s, Yes,
steam, s

1.0 6.97 0.001000 129 19 29.302 2355.2 2384.5 29.303 2484.4 2513.7 0.1059 8.8690 8.9749
1.5 13.02 0.001001 87.964 54.686 2338.1 2392.8 54.688 2470.1 2524.7 0.1956 8.6314 8.8270
2.0 17.50 0.001001 66.990 73.431 2325.5 2398.9 73.433 2459.5 2532.9 0.2606 8.4621 8.7227
25 21.08 0.001002 54.242 88.422 2315.4 2403.8 88.424 2451.0 2539.4 0.3118 8.3302 8.6421
3.0 24.08 0.001003 45.654 100.98 2306.9 2407.9 100.98 2443.9 2544.8 0.3543 8.2222 8.5765
4.0 28.96 0.001004 34.791 121 39 2293.1 2414.5 121.39 2432.3 2553.7 0.4224 8.0510 8.4734
5.0 32.87 0.001005 28.185 137.75 2282.1 2419.8 137.75 2423.0 2560.7 0.4762 7.9176 8.3938
75 40.29 0.001008 19.233 168.74 2261.1 2429.8 168.75 2405.3 2574.0 0.5763 7.6738 8.2501
45.81 0.001010 14.670 191 79 2245.4 2437.2 191 81 2392.1 2583.9 0.6492 7.4996 8.1488
TO /53.97 s 0.001014 10.020 225.93 2222.1 2448.0 225.94 2372.3/ 2598.3 0.7549 7.2522 8.0071
‘0.001017 2608.9/
60.06/ 7.6481 251.40 2204.6 2456.0 251.42 2357.5s 0.8320 7.0752 7.9073
25 64.96 0.001020 6.2034 271.93 2190.4 2462.4 271.96 2345.5 2617.5 0.8932 6.9370 7.8302
30 69.09 0.001022 5.2287 289.24 2178.5 2467.7 289.27 2335.3 2624.6 0.9441 6.8234 7.7675
40 75.86 0.001026 3.9933 317.58 2158.8 2476.3 317.62 2318.4 2636.1 1.0261 6.6430 7.6691
50 81.32 0.001030 3.2403 340.49 2142.7 2483.2 340.54 2304.7 2645.2 1.0912 6.5019 7.5931

Interpolating we obtain the values:

HV
= 2599 kJ/kg
T = 54.33°C

To find λ we work at P=101.325 kPa and we will also find the temperature of the water vapor
temperature Ts in the saturated water table
Saturated water. Pressure table
Specific volume, m 3 /kg Energy in topic, kJ/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg • K

Temp, sat. Sat Sat.

Pressur sat., 7". Sat steam, Liquid u Liquid sat, Evap., steam.. Liquid Steam,
steam,
e, PkPa °C Liq. sat., v i ¥, sat., "r Evap., U,
n
h, h, sat., S, Evap., S, $

1.0 6.97 0.001000 129.19 29.302 2355.2 2384.5 29.303 2484.4 2513.7 0.1059 8.8690 8.9749
1.5 13.02 0.001001 87.964 54.686 2338.1 2392.8 54.688 2470.1 2524.7 0.1956 8.6314 8.8270
2.0 17.50 0.001001 66.990 73.431 2325.5 2398.9 73.433 2459.5 2532.9 0.2606 8.4621 8.7227
2.5 21.08 0.001002 54.242 88.422 2315.4 2403.8 88.424 2451.0 2539.4 0.3118 8.3302 8.6421
3.0 24.08 0.001003 45.654 100.98 2306.9 2407.9 100.98 2443.9 2544.8 0.3543 8.2222 8.5765
4.0 28.96 0.001004 34.791 121.39 2293.1 2414.5 121.39 2432.3 2553.7 0.4224 8.0510 8.4734
5.0 32.87 0.001005 28.185 137.75 2282.1 2419.8 137.75 2423.0 2560.7 0.4762 7.9176 8.3938
7.5 40.29 0.001008 19.233 168.74 2261.1 2429.8 168.75 2405.3 2574.0 0.5763 7.6738 8.2501
10 45.81 0.001010 14.670 191.79 2245.4 2437.2 191.81 2392.1 2583.9 0.6492 7.4996 8.1488
15 53.97 0.001014 10.020 225.93 2222.1 2448.0 225.94 2372.3 2598.3 0.7549 7.2522 8.0071
20 60.06 0.001017 7.6481 251.40 2204.6 2456.0 251.42 2357.5 2608.9 0.8320 7.0752 7.9073
25 64.96 0.001020 6.2034 271.93 2190.4 2462.4 271.96 2345.5 2617.5 0.8932 6.9370 7.8302
30 69.09 0.001022 5.2287 289.24 2178.5 2467.7 289.27 2335.3 2624.6 0.9441 6.8234 7.7675
40 75.86 0.001026 3.9933 317.58 2158.8 2476.3 317.62 2318.4 2636.1 1.0261 6.6430 7.6691
50 81.32 0.001030 3.2403 340.49 2142.7 2483.2 340.54 2304.7 2645.2 1.0912 6.5019 7.5931
75 91.76 0.001037 2.2172 384.36 2111.8 2496.1 384.44 2278.0 2662.4 1.2132 6.2426 7.4558
100— —99,61 0.001043 1.6941 417.40 2088.2 2505.6 417.51 2257.5 2675.0 1.3028 6.0562 7.3589
101 325 99 97 0.001043 1 6734 418.95 2087.0 2506.0 419.06 c2256.52 2675.6 1.3069 6.0476 7.3545
125 105.97 0.001048 1.3750 444.23 2068.8 2513.0 444.36 2240.6 2684.9 1.3741 5.9100 7.2841
150 111.35 0.001053 1.1594 466.97 2052.3 2519.2 467.13 2226.0 2693.1 1.4337 5.7894 7.2231

Where do we get the values from?

 A = 2256,

Ts = 99.97 o C

To find h F we will use the formula:

hF = CP F (T F - Tr )
T r = reference temperature = T
(15.6 -
54.33)°C

To find hL we will use the formula:

hL CpL ( T - T )
=

T r = reference temperature = T = T L h L = Cp L (54.33 —

54.33) or C

Replacing values in equation (2)

Lh + VH v
LVF
— Fh F

kg *(
5040
— 157.24 kJ
)h ,

kg

S = 5575.6 kg, h

We can calculate the economics of the process

4536kg
h
5575.6 kg h
E = 0.81
To find the area

We know

Q = UA A T also Q=AS
AC
E
UA
T Ts - T )
U(
Í5575.6 kg / *1 h/ . (2256.54 kJ/ )
, ,
\ /h /3600 s)\ /kg)
(1988*10-3 / 2 )( 99.97 - 54.33)° C \
kW
/m ° Cr '
2
‘/

A = 38.52 m
2
EXERCISE 2
Determine the heating area required for the production of 10,000 lb/h of a 50% caustic soda
solution from a charge of a 10% solution of the same product entering at 10°F.

Evaporation is carried out in a normal single-body evaporator for which an overall coefficient of
500 Btu/h ft °F is expected. The available vapor is saturated at 50 psi(a) and the evaporator can be
2

operated at 10 psi(g) relative vacuum with respect to a barometric pressure of 14.7 psi(a).

First, we convert the gauge pressure to absolute pressure

P, = P. -P
abs atm man

abs = 14.7 psi - 10 psi

abs = 4.7 psi ( a )
At this pressure value we will find the evaporator temperature from tables by interpolating
Saturated water. Pressure table
Specific volume, Internal energy , enthalpy, entropy,
ft3/Ibm Btu/lbm Btulbm Btufbm ■ R
Temp. Liq. Steam Liq. Steam Liq. Steam Liq. Steam
Pres., sat., sat., sat., sat., Evap.. salt, salt., Evap., sat., sat., Evap., sat.,
P psia Tst °F * vg or, Urg ug h, htg h, Mr Sg %

1 101.69 0.01614 333.49 69.72 973.99 1043.7 69.72 1035.7 1105.4 0.13262 1.84495 1.9776
2 126.02 0.01623 173.71 94.02 957.45 1051.5 94.02 1021.7 1115.8 0.17499 1.74444 1.9194
A 14441 0.01630 118.70 109.39 946.90 1056.3 109.40 1012.8 1122.2 0.20090 1.68489 1.8858
(4) (152.9) 0.01636 90.629 120.89 938.97 1059.9 120.90 1006.0 1126.9 0.21985 1.64225 1.8621
0.01641 73.525 130.17 932.53 1062.7 130.18 1000.5 1130.7 0.23488 1.60894 1.8438
W 162.19
 6 170.00 0.01645 61.982 138.00 927.08 1065.1 138.02 995.88 1133.9 0.24739 1.58155 1.8289

Getting a value of

T = 160oF
Mass balance

F = V + L.....................................................................(1)

Partial mass balance

Fx F = Lx L
lLxL

F= —-
XF
10000 i
and h ( 0.5 )
0,1
F = 50000 lb
/ hr

Substituting into equation (1):

V=F-L
V = 50000 - 10000
V = 40000 lb
/ hr

Energy balance:

Fh P + SH. = Lh + Sh + VH v
Fx F = Lx L............................................................................................................................1
Vx + Lx F = Lx j...................................................................................................................1
F = V + L.................................................................................................................................2
F = 4536 kg/ + 504 kg/..................................................................................................2
H H...................................................................................................................................2
F = 5040 kg/..................................................................................................................2
h........................................................................................................................................2
Fh + SH s = Lh L + Sh + VH....................................................................................................2
Lh L + VH V — Fh F.........................................................................................................3
HV .......................................................................................................................................4
= 2599 kJ/kg.....................................................................................................................4
T = 54.33°C...................................................................................................................4
 Ts = 99.97 o C................................................................................................................5
hL = CpL ( T - T )...........................................................................................................5
T r = reference temperature = T = T L h L = Cp L (54.33 — 54.33) or C.....................5
Lh + VH v — Fh F.............................................................................................................5
kg *(................................................................................................................................5
— 157.24 kJ ) h ,
kg...................................................................................................5
P, = P. -P.............................................................................................................................7
abs = 14.7 psi - 10 psi..........................................................................................................7
abs = 4.7 psi ( a )..........................................................................................................7
T = 160oF.........................................................................................................................8
Fx F = Lx L........................................................................................................................8
Fh P + SH. = Lh + Sh + VH v............................................................................................8
L_Lh L + VH V - FH F......................................................................................................9
Fig, 3. Dürhmg diagram for aqueous solutions NaOH - H20 Source: Geankoplis, 1998.......10
EPE = 233 — 160 = 73° F..........................................................................................10
A = 924 BTU lb..............................................................................................................12
T = 281 or F.................................................................................................................12

L_Lh L + VH V - FH F
D— (2)
TO
Analyzing the elevation of the boiling point, we will use Duhring lines for the NaOH-Water system, at
a temperature of 160 °F and concentration 50%:

Boiling point of sodium solution (°C)

Fig, 3. Dürhmg diagram for aqueous solutions NaOH - H20 Source: Geankoplis, 1998

Reading from the graph T = 233 °F

Boiling point elevation:

EPE = 233 — 160 = 73° F

At the temperature of 233 °F we observe that the water vapor leaving the evaporator will come out
overheated, so we must find the enthalpy of the vapor Hv at the pressure of 4.7 psi and T = 233 °F in
the superheated steam table interpolating:
 TABLE A-6E
Superheated water vapor
yes vuh
yes v
T v or h Btu/ Btu/
°F ft3/Ibm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm Ibm ■ R ft3/Ibm Btu/lbm Btu/ibm Ibm ■ R 1

P = 1.0 psia (101.69°F)* P = 5.0 psia (162.18°F)

Sat.T 333.49 1043.7 1105.4 1.9776 73.525 1062.7 1130.7 1.8438
200 392.53 1077.5 1150.1 2.0509 78.153 1076.2 1148.5 1.8716

240 416.44 1091.2 1168.3 2.0777 83.009 1090.3 1167.1 1.8989

280 440.33 1105.0 1186.5 2.1030 87.838 1104.3 1185.6 1.9246
320 464.20 1118.9 1204.8 2.1271 92.650 1118.4 1204.1 1.9490
360 488.07 1132.9 1223.3 2.1502 97.452 1132.5 1222.6 1.9722
400 511.92 1147.1 1241.8 2.1722 102.25 1146.7 1241.3 1.9944
440 535.77 1161.3 1260.4 2.1934 107.03 1160.9 1260.0 2.0156
500 571.54 1182.8 1288.6 2.2237 114.21 1182.6 1288.2 2.0461
600 631.14 1219.4 1336.2 2.2709 126.15 1219.2 1335.9 2.0933
700 690.73 1256.8 1384.6 2.3146 138.09 1256.7 1384.4 2.1371
800 750.31 1295.1 1433.9 2.3553 150.02 1294.9 1433.7 2.1778
1OOO 869.47 1374.2 1535.1 2.4299 173.86 1374.2 1535.0 2.2524
1 onn n0O =9 i 1=7 i 1eAnA 91079 1 07 7n 1 A RT n TMaAM -2 OQ

Hv = 1164.15 BTU/b
To find the latent heat λ we work at P = 50 psi from tables:

Saturated water. Pressure table

Specific volume, Internal energy , enthalpy, entropy,
ft3/Ibm Btu/lbm Btullbm Btufbm ■ R
Temp, sat., Liq. sat., v sat. Liq. sat, Sat Liq. sat., Vapor Liq. salt, Sat.
Fres., ur h, st
Ta °F r
steam, steam, sat, hg steam,
Ppsia Evap., U Evap., hg Evap., %
vg ug %

1 101.69 0.01614 333.49 69.72 973.99 1043.7 69.72 1035.7 1105.4 0.13262 1.84495 1.9776
2 126.02 0.01623 173.71 94.02 957.45 1051.5 94.02 1021.7 1115.8 0.17499 1.74444 1.9194
3 141.41 0.01630 118.70 109.39 946.90 1056.3 109.40 1012.8 1122.2 0.20090 1.68489 1.8858
4 152.91 0.01636 90.629 120.89 938.97 1059.9 120.90 1006.0 1126.9 0.21985 1.64225 1.8621
5 162.18 0.01641 73.525 130.17 932.53 1062.7 130.18 1000.5 1130.7 0.23488 1.60894 1.8438

6 170.00 0.01645 61.982 138.00 927.08 1065.1 138.02 995.88 1133.9 0.24739 1.58155 1.8289
8 182.81 0.01652 47.347 150.83 918.08 1068.9 150.86 988.15 1139.0 0.26757 1.53800 1.8056
10 193.16 0.01659 38.425 161.22 910.75 1072.0 161.25 981.82 1143.1 0.28362 1.50391 1.7875
14.696 211.95 0.01671 26.805 180.12 897.27 1077.4 180.16 970.12 1150.3 0.31215 1.44441 1.7566
15 212.99 0.01672 26.297 181.16 896.52 1077.7 181.21 969.47 1150.7 0.31370 1.44441 1.7549

20 227.92 0.01683 20.093 196.21 885.63 1081.8 196.27 959.93 1156.2 0.33582 1.39606 1.7319
25 240.03 0.01692 16.307 208.45 876.67 1085.1 208.52 952.03 1160.6 0.35347 1.36060 1.7141
30 250.30 0.01700 13.749 218.84 868.98 1087.8 218.93 945.21 1164.1 0.36821 1.33132 1.6995
35 259.25 0.01708 11.901 227.92 862.19 1090.1 228.03 939.16 1167.2 0.38093 1.30632 1.6872
40 267.22 0.01715 10.501 236.02 856.09 1092.1 236.14 933.69 1169.8 0.39213 1.28448 1.6766

45 274.41 0.01721 9.4028 243.34 850.52 1093.9 243.49 928.68 1172.2 0.40216 1.26506 1.6672
280.99 0.01727 8.5175 250.05 845.39 1095.4 250.21 1174.2 0.41125 1.24756 1.6588
C50D
55 287.05 0.01732 7.7882 256.25 840.61 1096.9 256.42 919.70 1176.1 0.41958 1.23162 1.6512
60 292.69 0.01738 7.1766 262.01 836.13 1098.1 262.20 915.61 1177.8 0.42728 1.21697 1.6442
 A = 924 BTU lb
T = 281 or F
To find the enthalpy of the feed hF and the concentrate hL we will use the enthalpy vs concentration
diagram for aqueous solutions of NaOH:

400

c 350

400(°
300 F

Ye
s 200
3
saturated solution

saturated solution

3 0.4 0.5
z, mass fraction of NaOH
i.22: Hx diagram for NaOH/H20. (Reproduced with permission. W. L. McCabe, Trans. AJChE., vol. 31, pp. 129-164, H. Wilson and
W L. McCabe, Ind. Eng. Chern., vol. 34, pp. 558-566,1942.)

10% and T = 100 o F

hF = 64,871 lb
50% and T = 233 o F
h L = 245 BTU lb
Replacing values in equation (2):
40000 (1164,15) +10000 (245) - 50000
(64)
S =--------Yes--—------------Yes 2
------------——
924
Calculating the economics of the process:
E=V
Yes
4 40000
E =-------
49584,42
E = 0.81

To find the area:

Q = UA A TQ = SA
TO SX
A =----
UAT
_ 49584,42(924)
= 500(281 - 233)
A = 1909 ft 2