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 图书在版编目（CIP）数据

路边的植物／刘夙编著．—上海：少年儿童出版社，2018.4

（发现植物）
ISBN 978-7-5589-0210-9

Ⅰ．①路… Ⅱ．①刘… Ⅲ．①植物—普及读物 Ⅳ．①Q94-

49

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2017）第172639号

发现植物
路边的植物
刘 夙 编著

寿海洋 摄影 邬家祯 插图
陈艳萍 装帧

责任编辑 王 慧 美术编辑 陈艳萍

责任校对 陶立新 技术编辑 陆 赟

出版发行：上海世纪出版股份有限公司 少年儿童出版社

地址：上海延安西路1538号 邮编 200052

发行 上海世纪出版股份有限公司发行中心
易文网 www.ewen.co 少儿网 www.jcph.com

电子邮件 postmaster@jcph.com

印刷 上海中华商务联合印刷有限公司

开本 787×1092 1/20 印张 7

2018年4月第1版第1次印刷
ISBN 978-7-5589-0210-9/N·1062

定价 40.00元

版权所有 侵权必究

如发生质量问题，读者可向工厂调换
 目录
雪松
水杉
落羽杉
圆柏
罗汉松
叶生活
含笑
海桐
棣棠
粉花绣线菊
火棘
紫荆
山茶
结香
杜鹃
红花檵木
紫叶小檗
红叶石楠
迷人小“叶”灯
碧桃
梅
东京樱花
西府海棠
银杏
柳
榉
玉兰
樟
乌桕
喜树
毛竹
森林画笔
黄杨
冬青卫矛
栀子
郁香忍冬
花叶青木
绣球荚蒾
蜡梅
石榴
木樨
大叶醉鱼草
紫薇
梓
夹竹桃
花落下的云
木槿
枫香树
鸡爪槭
梧桐
二球悬铃木
八角金盘
棕榈
杂种鹅掌楸
枸骨
连翘
月季
槐
吴茱萸
臭椿
无患子
七叶树
南天竹
合欢
xuě sōng
雪松

【别名】无

【学名】Cedrus deodara
【家族】松科
【株高】高达50米

【分布】原产阿富汗至印度北部的山区，全世界温带地区广泛栽培
【花期】花期10—11月，果期翌年6—8月

长得比楼房还高的雪松
在世界各地，被用来装扮成圣诞树

雪松的雄球花
 马尾松才是真正的松树，叶子为两针一束

像宝塔一样层层展开的枝桠，厚厚的白雪盖在上面，如果让你在
脑子里想象一幅《青松》诗里描写的那种“大雪压青松，青松挺且
直”的画面，也许很多人会想到一棵类似雪松的树。

其实雪松不是真正的松树，它只是松树的近亲。它们长得也不一
样，很好区别。像黄山迎客松那样的松树，树冠很开阔，枝干常常呈
虬曲状；而雪松的树形就像圣诞树一样，是非常标致的塔状，那向下
展开的枝叶天然充满了雪国情调，即使在夏天看到它，也会让人忍不
住想象大雪落在上面的场景。
和所有松柏类植物一样，雪松没有像桃花那样，让人一眼就认出
的花。它的花是“球花”。和许多春夏开花散粉的植物不同，到了冬
天，雪松的雄球花才会散发出大量的花粉。北风吹过，浓密的花粉有
时会形成阵阵黄烟，在天空飘散开来。如果雌球花接受花粉，就会形
成受精卵，然后雌球花要用差不多一年的时间才发育为成熟的球果。
不过，因为雪松还没有完全适应引种地的环境，如果没有人类的帮
助，栽培雪松很难结果。
雪松不是原产于中国的植物。直到20世纪20年代，人们才把它引
种到华东地区。雪松优雅的身姿很受当地人喜爱，经过几十年的驯
化，它已经在中国许多城市中安下家来。在上海陆家嘴的洋泾中学，
有一棵60岁高龄的雪松，见证了这所上海最早的市立中学之一的发展
历史。
shuǐ shān
水杉

【别名】无

【学名】Metasequoia glyptostroboides
【家族】柏科
【株高】高达35米

【分布】零星野生于重庆、湖北、湖南等地，全世界温带地区广泛
栽培
【花期】花期3月，果期10月
水杉的叶片像羽毛一样轻盈
排列在道路两旁的水杉

水杉未成熟的球果
 霸王龙也曾行走在水杉森林里

水杉的发现是20世纪中国植物学史上的一件大事。起初，一位日
本学者在化石中发现了水杉的化石，要知道，化石是由古生物遗体形
成的，他便断定这种植物定是早已灭绝。1943年，年轻的林学家王战
在湖北西南部的密林中发现了一棵奇怪的树，它的叶子在小枝上像羽
毛的羽片一样密密排列，便采了标本请人鉴定。林学家郑万钧看过标
本之后，确认它是一个全新的树种；著名植物分类学家胡先骕进一步
确定它正是日本学者发现的那种“灭绝”的植物。1948年，胡先骕和
郑万钧正式联合发表了水杉新种，水杉就这样“起死回生”，轰动世
界。

水杉类植物在一亿年前的白垩纪曾经广泛分布在北半球，和恐龙
同时代，它们躲过了让恐龙消亡的那次生物大灭绝。不过，最近几百
万年里，地球进入了俗称冰河时代的冰期，大陆上覆盖了厚厚的冰
盖。寒冷的冰期使喜暖植物大量灭绝，不少植物都未能幸免。幸运的
是，水杉和银杏躲藏在中国南方相对温暖的山区，逃离了灭绝的险
境。

在人们重新发现水杉之后，很快就把这种树种引种到世界各地。
它是一种速生树种，树苗栽培下去，不久就能长成参天大树。上海的
崇明岛上有一座国家森林公园，其中有一片华东地区面积最大的人工
林，这里的主要造林树种就是水杉。漫步其中，置身于水杉林下，你
的脑海中是否浮现出与恐龙共同漫步的奇妙场景呢？
luò yǔ shān
落羽 杉

【别名】落羽松

【学名】Taxodium distichum
【家族】柏科
【株高】高达50米

【分布】原产北美洲东南部，中国东部和南部引种栽培
【花期】花期3—4月，果期10—11月
 落羽杉喜欢生长在水边

和水杉一样，落羽杉的叶在秋天变黄，然后凋落

落羽杉叶片飘落时像羽毛一样轻盈
 落羽杉的果实

落羽杉的根能钻出水面呼吸

《论语》里写道：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。”这句话是
说，到了一年中最寒冷的季节，才能体现松柏抵御寒风的勇气。在人
们心目中，松柏类是常绿植物，就算到了冬天，万物萧瑟，北风肆
虐，它们的叶子仍然郁郁葱葱。的确，真正的松树和柏树都是常绿树
种，不过，有些树虽然外形和松柏相似，却是落叶性的。水杉和落羽
杉就是这样的落叶树种。

落羽杉的枝叶很有特点，很像鸟类的羽毛。到了深秋，落羽杉的
小枝和叶子会变成褐色，随后凋落，宛如一片褐色的羽毛徐徐飘落，
这便是“落羽杉”名字的由来。

落羽杉不是中国原生的，它的老家在北美洲东南部的沼泽地带。
在那里，一年里大部分时间地表都会被水所淹没。为了在这样严苛的
环境中生活下去，落羽杉的根一反常态，不再一门心思往下钻，而是
向上生长，钻出地表，透出水面呼吸。1936年，落羽杉被引种到中
国。它那能够生长在浅水中的本事在江南水乡找到了用武之地。人们
把它种在江河湖泊的浅滩上，既可以造林护堤，还能作为庭院树装点
公园里的水滨。
yuán bǎi
圆柏

【别名】桧柏

【学名】Juniperus chinensis
【家族】柏科
【株高】高达20米

【分布】产于中国东部大部分省区和朝鲜、日本，并有广泛栽培
【花期】花期4月，果期翌年11月
圆柏的球果很像蓝莓，里面藏着种子
圆柏在寺庙、陵园很常见

圆柏的鳞叶和针叶
 龙柏是圆柏的栽培品种，树形肃穆

桃（左）是被子植物，种子被果皮紧紧保护着；银杏（右）是裸子植物，种子外面
没有真正的果皮

圆柏的叶子有两种：针叶和鳞叶。幼枝上大多是针叶，老枝上大
多是鳞叶，不过也有几乎全是针叶的栽培品种。圆柏是一种裸子植
物，这是说它的种子外面没有真正的果皮，不过圆柏的球果在成熟时
不会像松树的球果那样裂开，使得它看上去和植物学家眼中那些被子
植物的果实没什么两样。

圆柏生长缓慢，靠近地面处的枝叶可以存活很久，所以很多年龄
不大的圆柏的树形都像拔地而起的尖塔；通常只有百年以上的老树才
能形成展开的森森树冠，形成可以容人遮阳的树荫。

圆柏天生带有一种肃穆的气质；它的栽培品种龙柏更是如此，所
以在寺庙、陵园等地经常可以见到很多柏树。圆柏在古代叫做“桧
（guì）”。这本来是一个美好的名字，却在南宋的时候突然沾上了洗
不清的晦气。南宋初年出了一个著名的奸相叫秦桧（huì），因为与金
国媾和、害死抗金英雄岳飞而为后人唾弃。在杭州西湖北边的岳王墓
陵园里有一棵树干倾斜的圆柏，传说本来是很粗的一株大树，然而明
代有人拔刀将其一劈为二，象征把秦桧分尸；其中一半后来死去，今
天我们看到的只是幸存下来的另一半。
luó hàn sōng
罗汉 松

【别名】罗汉杉

【学名】Podocarpus macrophyllus
【家族】罗汉松科
【株高】高达20米

【分布】野生于中国东部、南部和日本，现多为栽培
【花期】花期4—5月，果期8—9月

短叶罗汉松是常见的庭院和盆景树种
 罗汉松的雄球花

罗汉松、梅都属于盆景界常用的植物“十八学士”

罗汉松的雄球花，有些松树雄球花的影子
 罗汉松的种子看起来像高僧背影

罗汉松也叫罗汉杉，“松”也罢，“杉”也罢，只是形容它的叶
子细长，长得很像松树或杉木，但其实它和真正的松树或杉木亲缘关
系非常远，这从它的生殖器官的形态就能看得出来。罗汉松并不会结
松树那样的松塔，也不会结圆柏那样圆形的“果实”。它的种子是单
生的，下面有肉质的种托，看上去很像一位披着袈裟的和尚，这就是
它得名“罗汉松”的原因。

在中国南方，罗汉松被当作民间文化中的富贵树，象征着长寿、
吉祥和财富，所以经常被移栽到院子里。广东人常说：“家有罗汉
松，一世不受穷。”然而罗汉松生长缓慢，在滥采乱挖之下，野生罗
汉松资源遭到了很大的破坏。如今，中国大陆上的野生罗汉松大树已
经十分少见，而海岛上的野生罗汉松也面临着盗采殆尽的危险。

罗汉松有一个变种叫短叶罗汉松，天然就只能长成灌木状，叶片
也要短一些，不仅可以栽于庭院中，更可以方便地栽培在花盆里，因
此从清代以来，它又被开发成著名的盆景树种。
叶生活

你可以使用这些材料：各类植物小叶或小果（此作品用到雪松针形
叶、龙柏鳞叶、野生雀麦、毛茛果实）、十寸相框、镊子、厚卡纸、
保丽龙胶水、已经用完墨水的水笔或圆珠笔。

制作步骤

1 设计好自己的作品底稿，用已经没有墨水的笔在卡纸上画出底稿的
印痕，本作品构图为“Life”。
2 用镊子选取一种叶子顺着画好的字母“L”底稿痕迹，借保丽龙胶
水将其紧密地粘贴在卡纸上。

3 字母“L”成形后，继续用叶片完成剩余字母“i、f、e”的粘贴。

4 完成四个字母最里层的粘贴后，依次以由紧渐疏的方式粘贴叶子，
形成渐变的效果。
5 将粘出卡纸外的叶子用剪刀进行修整，待胶水干后，装框成型。

这样做可以让你的作品更漂亮：

1．材料不限上面这些，只要选择革质类小叶或小果都可以；

2．干枯后颜色变化不大的植物材料效果更好；

3．画作造型也可根据自己的喜好随意设计；
4．可选取多种颜色进行配搭，让作品更有层次。
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
commission, appointed in 1893, had already examined with great
thoroughness and no definite result, was referred in 1896 to a
committee of financial experts, with Lord Rothschild at their
head. This committee reported that it could recommend no
scheme as satisfactory, though it put forward that of Sir
Spencer Walpole as open to less objection than others. The
scheme in question was as follows:

"1. Any person at 65 having an assured income of not less than

2s. 6d. and not more than 5s. may apply for a pension.

2. If the pensioning authority is satisfied as to the income a

pension may be granted.

3. The applicant must not be physically or mentally infirm.

4. To an income of 2s. 6d. 2s. 6d. is to be added.

To an income of 3s. 0d. 2s. 0d. is to be added.
To an income of 4s. 0d. 1s. 0d. is to be added.

5. 'Assured income' includes real estate, leasehold property,

securities, or annuities (Government, friendly society, or
insurance office), but not out-relief.

6. The guardians are to be the pensioning authority.

7. Not more than half of the pension is to be paid out of

Imperial taxation, the remainder out of local rates.

8. The pension is not to involve disenfranchisement."

The committee, however, pointed out some very strong

objections to this scheme, which they roughly estimated as
likely to apply to 443,333 persons, and to cost £2,300,000 a
year. On the whole, while they regarded the Walpole scheme as
the best suggested, the Rothschild committee held that, like
the rest, its inherent disadvantages outweighed its merits. In
 effect, they pronounced the establishment of old-age pensions
to be impracticable.

{205}

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896.
Report of Royal Commission on the financial relations
between Great Britain and Ireland.

See (in this volume)

IRELAND: A. D. 1896-1897.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (January).

Agreement with France concerning Siam.

See (in this volume)

SIAM: A. D. 1896-1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (January).

Excitement over the German Emperor's message to President
Kruger on the Jameson Raid.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1896 (JANUARY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (January-February).

Appointment of United States Commission to investigate
the Venezuela boundary.
Reopening of discussion with the government of the United
States on the arbitration of the dispute.

See (in this volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1896-1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (February).

New treaty with the United States for arbitration of
Bering Sea claims.
 See (in this volume)
BERING SEA QUESTIONS.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (March-September).

Expedition to Dongola.
Beginning of an Anglo-Egyptian movement for the
recovery of the Sudan.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (May).

The New Radical party.

A New Radical party, under the leadership of Sir Charles Dilke

and Mr. Labouchere, issued a statement of its policy (May 19),
setting forth as its chief aim "the democritisation and
devolution of Parliament."

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (June).

The Agricultural Land Bill.

Among the measures brought forward in Parliament this year and

carried by the Conservative government was one which aroused
bitter feeling and was sharply denounced, as being legislation
in the interest of the landholding class, at the expense of
the community at large. A ground of justice for it was found
by its supporters, however, in the extreme agricultural
depression of the time. This Agricultural Land Bill, as it was
styled, provided that, in the case of every rate to which it
applied, agricultural land should be assessed in future on
half its ratable value, while houses and buildings would still
be assessed on the whole of their ratable value. The bill
passed the Commons near the end of June, and went speedily
through the House of Lords.
ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (July).
Parliamentary movement to investigate the
British South Africa Company.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY);
A. D. 1896 (JULY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (August).

Suppression of an usurper in Zanzibar.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (ZANZIBAR).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (September).

Papal Bull declaring Anglican orders invalid.

See (in this volume)

PAPACY: A. D. 1896 (SEPTEMBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (November).

Agreement with the United States for the settlement of the
Venezuela dispute.

See (in this volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1896-1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896-1897.
"The Voluntary Schools Act" and
"The Elementary Education Act."

The Conservative Ministry of Lord Salisbury came to power, in

England, in 1895, under pledges to the Church that it would
revise the educational system in the interest of the
"Voluntary Schools" (mostly Church schools), as against the
secular or non-sectarian "Board Schools" which were steadily
gaining ground from the former, and proving superior
efficiency.

See, in volume 1,
EDUCATION, MODERN: ENGLAND: A. D. 1699-1870.

A bill to that end, for England and Wales, was introduced at

the end of March, 1896. In support of the bill it was stated
that, in the previous year, the voluntary schools educated
2,445,812 children, as against 1,879,218 educated in the board
schools, though the voluntary schools were, as a rule,
"understaffed," had less qualified teachers, and labored
generally under financial difficulties; but that a large
proportion of the members of the Church of England, as well as
Roman Catholics, made it a point of conscience that their
children should be educated by teachers of their own
denomination, and could not be forced to send them to board
schools without a gross exercise of religious intolerance;
that, finally, it would cost £25,345,635 to replace the
voluntary schools, and £2,250,000 yearly to maintain board
schools in their place, if they were not kept up. Therefore,
it was contended that they should receive a more liberal
allowance of state aid by parliamentary grant, to keep them
alive and improve their efficiency. Connected with provisions
to that effect were others which would completely reorganize
the system of school administration and control. They proposed
to take the administration to a great extent from the
Committee of Council on Education, where it had been
centralized, and to place it in the County Councils, to be
exercised by statutory educational committees appointed by
each Council. By what was called a "conscience clause," the
bill required separate religious instruction to be given to
children in schools (board or voluntary) wherever a
"reasonable number of parents" required it. The measure was
strenuously opposed on the ground that its aim was the
extinction of the board schools; that it would give them only
£17,000 out of £500,000, and give it, said Lord Rosebery,
"without any vestige of control, so that in 8,000 places where
 only Church of England schools existed the Nonconformists
would have only the vague protection of the conscience
clause." So much debate was provoked by the bill, and so much
time was being consumed by it, that the Government was forced
to drop the measure in June, in order to save the other
business of the session from being spoiled,—promising,
however, to bring it forward again the next January. The
promise was redeemed, on the convening of Parliament in
January, 1897, in so far that a new Education Bill was brought
forward by the government; but the measure was very different
from that of the previous session. It was addressed solely to
the end of strengthening the voluntary or Church schools
against the board schools, firstly by increasing the aid to
them from public funds, and secondly by uniting them in
organized associations, under stronger governing bodies. The
main provisions of the bill were as follows:

"(1.) For aiding voluntary schools there shall be annually

paid out of moneys provided by Parliament an aid grant, not
exceeding in the aggregate five shillings per scholar for the
whole number of scholars in those schools.

{206}

"(2.) The aid grant shall be distributed by the Education

Department to such voluntary schools and in such manner and
amounts, as the Department think best for the purpose of
helping necessitous schools and increasing their efficiency,
due regard being had to the maintenance of voluntary
subscriptions.

"(3.) If associations of schools are constituted in such

manner in such areas and with such governing bodies
representative of the managers as are approved by the
Education Department, there shall be allotted to each
association while so approved, (a) a share of the aid
grant to be computed according to the number of scholars in
the schools of the association at the rate of five shillings
per scholar, or, if the Department fix different rates for
town and country schools respectively (which they are hereby
empowered to do) then at those rates; and (b) a
corresponding share of any sum which may be available out of
the aid grant after distribution has been made to unassociated
schools.

"(4.) The share so allotted to each such association shall be

distributed as aforesaid by the Education Department after
consulting the governing body of the association, and in
accordance with any scheme prepared by that body which the
Department for the time being approve.

"(5.) The Education Department may exclude a school from any

share of the aid grant which it might otherwise receive, if,
in the opinion of the Department, it unreasonably refuses or
fails to join such an association, but the refusal or failure
shall not be deemed unreasonable if the majority of the
schools in the association belong to a religious denomination
to which the school in question does not itself belong.

"(6.) The Education Department may require, as a condition of

a school receiving a share of the aid grant, that the accounts
of the receipts and expenditure of the school shall be
annually audited in accordance with the regulations of the
Department.

"(7.) The decision of the Education Department upon any

question relating to the distribution or allotment of the aid
grant, including the question whether an association is or is
not in conformity with this Act, and whether a school is a
town or a country school, shall be final."

The passage of the bill was resisted strenuously by the

Liberals in the House of Commons. "Whether they regarded the
bill from an educational, a constitutional, a parliamentary,
 or a social aspect," said Mr. John Morley, in his concluding
speech in the debate, "he and his friends regarded it as a
mischievous and reactionary measure." But the opposition was
of no avail. The bill passed its third reading in the House of
Commons, on the 25th of March, with a majority of 200 in its
favor, the Irish Nationalists giving it their support. In the
House of Lords it was ruled to be a money bill, which their
lordships could not amend, and they passed it with little
debate. In April, the government brought forward a second
school bill, which increased the parliamentary grant to Board
schools by £110,000. The sum was so trivial that it excited
the scorn of the friends of the Board schools, and did nothing
towards conciliating them. It became a law on the 3d of June.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896-1897 (May-April).

Continued controversies with the South African Republic.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1896-1897 (MAY-
APRIL).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (January-May).

Arbitration Treaty with the United States defeated in
the United States Senate.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1897 (JANUARY-MAY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (February).

Indemnity for Jameson Raid claimed
by the South African Republic.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (February).

 Loan for national defense.
Purchase of 60 square miles on Salisbury Plain.

A bill which authorized a loan of £5,458,000 for purposes of

national defense was passed rapidly through both Houses of
Parliament in February. It included an item of £450,000 for
the purchase of 40,000 acres (60 square miles) on Salisbury
Plain, for military manœuvres.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (February).

Punitive expedition against Benin.

See (in this volume)

NIGERIA: A. D. 1897.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (February-July).

Parliamentary investigation of the Jameson Raid.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY-
JULY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (April).

Increase of armament in South Africa.
The Government accused of a war policy.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1897 (APRIL).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (May).

Treaty with Menelek of Abyssinia.

See (in this volume)

ABYSSINIA: A. D. 1897.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (May-June).

New cessions and concessions from China.
 See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1897 (MAY-JUNE).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (May-July).

The Workmen's Compensation Act.

A subject which had grown urgent, in England, for

parliamentary attention, was that of a better provision in law
for securing proper compensation to workmen for accidental
injuries suffered in the course of their employment. The
measure was not one that a Conservative government would be
likely, under ordinary circumstances, to take up; since the
class of large employers of labor, from which opposition to it
came, were mostly in the Conservative ranks. But the Liberal
Unionists, now in parliamentary coalition with the
Conservatives, were called upon to favor such a piece of
legislation by their creed, and rumor said that they bargained
for it with their political partners, in exchange for the
support they gave unwillingly to the Voluntary Schools Bill.
At all events, a bill which was first called the Employers'
Liability Bill, but finally named the Workmen's Compensation
Bill, was brought in to the House of Commons, by the
government, in May, and was carried, after much debate,
through both Houses in July. The essential provisions of the
Act as passed are the following:

"I.
(1.) If in any employment to which this Act applies personal
injury by accident arising out of and in the course of the
employment is caused to a workman, his employer shall, subject
as herein-after mentioned, be liable to pay compensation in
accordance with the First Schedule to this Act.

{207}

(2.) Provided that:

 (a.) The employer shall not be liable under this Act in
respect of any injury which does not disable the workman
for a period of at least two weeks from earning full wages
at the work at which he was employed;

(b.) When the injury was caused by the personal negligence

or wilful act of the employer, or of some person for whose
act or default the employer is responsible, nothing in this
Act shall affect any civil liability of the employer, but in
that case the workman may, at his option, either claim
compensation under this Act, or take the same proceedings as
were open to him before the commencement of this Act; but
the employer shall not be liable to pay compensation for
injury to a workman by accident arising out of and in the
course of the employment both independently of and also
under this Act, and shall not be liable to any proceedings
independently of this Act, except in case of such personal
negligence or wilful act as aforesaid;

(c.) If it is proved that the injury to a workman is

attributable to the serious and wilful misconduct of that
workman, any compensation claimed in respect of that injury
shall be disallowed.

(3.) If any question arises in any proceedings under this Act

as to the liability to pay compensation under this Act
(including any question as to whether the employment is one to
which this Act applies), or as to the amount or duration of
compensation under this Act, the question, if not settled by
agreement, shall, subject to the provisions of the First
Schedule to this Act, be settled by arbitration, in accordance
with the Second Schedule to this Act. …

"2.
(1.)
Proceedings for the recovery under this Act of compensation
for an injury shall not be maintainable unless notice of the
accident has been given as soon as practicable after the
happening thereof and before the workman has voluntarily left
the employment in which he was injured, and unless the claim
for compensation with respect to such accident has been made
within six months from the occurrence of the accident causing
the injury, or, in case of death, within six months from the
time of death. …

"3.
(1.)
If the Registrar of Friendly Societies, after taking steps to
ascertain the views of the employer and workmen, certifies
that any scheme of compensation, benefit, or insurance for the
workmen of an employer in any employment, whether or not such
scheme includes other employers and their workmen, is on the
whole not less favourable to the general body of workmen and
their dependants than the provisions of this Act, the employer
may, until the certificate is revoked, contract with any of
those workmen that the provisions of the scheme shall be
substituted for the provisions of this Act, and thereupon the
employer shall be liable only in accordance with the scheme,
but, save as aforesaid, this Act shall apply notwithstanding
any contract to the contrary made after the commencement of
this Act. …

"7.
(1.)
This Act shall apply only to employment by the undertakers as
herein-after defined, on or in or about a railway, factory,
mine, quarry, or engineering work, and to employment by the
undertakers as herein-after defined on, in or about any
building which exceeds thirty feet in height, and is either
being constructed or repaired by means of a scaffolding, or
being demolished, or on which machinery driven by steam,
water, or other mechanical power, is being used for the
purpose of the construction, repair, or demolition thereof.
(2.)
In this Act— … 'Undertakers' in the case of a railway means
the railway company; in the case of a factory, quarry, or
laundry means the occupier thereof within the meaning of the
Factory and Workshop Acts, 1878 to 1895; in the case of a mine
means the owner thereof within the meaning of the Coal Mines
Regulation Act, 1887, or the Metalliferous Mines Regulation
Act, 1872, as the case may be, and in the case of an
engineering work means the person undertaking the
construction, alteration, or repair; and in the case of a
building means the persons undertaking the construction,
repair, or demolition. … 'Workman' includes every person who
is engaged in an employment to which this Act applies, whether
by way of manual labour or otherwise, and whether his
agreement is one of service or apprenticeship or otherwise,
and is expressed or implied, is oral or in writing."

The "First Schedule" referred to in the first section of the

Act prescribes rules for determining compensation, those
principally important being as follows; "The amount of
compensation under this Act shall be—(a) where death results
from the injury—(i) if the workman leaves any dependants
wholly dependent upon his earnings at the time of his death, a
sum equal to his earnings in the employment of the same
employer during the three years next preceding the injury, or
the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds, whichever of those
sums is the larger, but not exceeding in any case three
hundred pounds, provided that the amount of any weekly
payments made under this Act shall be deducted from such sum,
and if the period of the workman's employment by the said
employer has been less than the said three years, then the
amount of his earnings during the said three years shall be
deemed to be 156 times his average weekly earnings during the
period of his actual employment under the said employer;

(ii)
 if the workman does not leave any such dependants, but leaves
any dependants in part dependent upon his earnings at the time
of his death, such sum, not exceeding in any case the amount
payable under the foregoing provisions, as may be agreed upon,
or, in default of agreement, may be determined, on arbitration
under this Act, to be reasonable and proportionate to the
injury to the said dependants; and

(iii)
if he leaves no dependants, the reasonable expenses of his
medical attendance and burial, not exceeding ten pounds; (b)
where total or partial incapacity for work results from the
injury, a weekly payment during the incapacity after the
second week not exceeding fifty per cent. of his average
weekly earnings during the previous twelve months, if he has
been so long employed, but if not, then for any less period
during which he has been in the employment of the same
employer, such weekly payment not to exceed one pound."

60 & 61 Victoria, chapter 37.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (May-October).

Reassertion of suzerainty over the South African Republic.
Refusal of arbitration.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1897 (MAY-OCTOBER); and 1898-1899.

{208}

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (June).

The "Diamond Jubilee" of Queen Victoria.

The sixtieth anniversary of the coronation of Queen Victoria

was celebrated in London on the 20th of June, by religious
services of great solemnity and impressiveness, and, two days
 later, by pageants of extraordinary pomp and magnificence, in
which representatives of every people who acknowledge the
queen's supremacy bore a part. Numerous functions and
ceremonies followed, to many of which the aged sovereign was
able to lend her presence. At the end of all, on the 15th of
July, she addressed the following letter to the millions of
her subjects throughout the world: "I have frequently
expressed my personal feelings to my people, and though on
this memorable occasion there have been many official
expressions of my deep sense of the unbounded loyalty evinced
I cannot rest satisfied without personally giving utterance to
these sentiments. It is difficult for me on this occasion to
say how truly touched and grateful I am for the spontaneous
and universal outburst of loyal attachment and real affection
which I have experienced on the completion of the sixtieth
year of my reign. During my progress through London on the
22nd of June this great enthusiasm was shown in the most
striking manner, and can never be effaced from my heart. It is
indeed deeply gratifying, after so many years of labour and
anxiety for the good of my beloved country, to find that my
exertions have been appreciated throughout my vast empire. In
weal and woe I have ever had the true sympathy of all my
people, which has been warmly reciprocated by myself. It has
given me unbounded pleasure to see so many of my subjects from
all parts of the world assembled here, and to find them
joining in the acclamations of loyal devotion to myself, and I
would wish to thank them all from the depth of my grateful
heart. I shall ever pray God to bless them and to enable me
still to discharge my duties for their welfare as long as life
lasts.
VICTORIA, R. I."

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (June-July).

Conference of colonial premiers with the Secretary of
State for the Colonies.
Discussion of important questions.
Denunciation of commercial treaties with Germany and Belgium.
"On Thursday, the 24th of June, the Prime Ministers of Canada,
New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand, Queensland, Cape
Colony, South Australia, Newfoundland, Tasmania, Western
Australia, and Natal, assembled at the Colonial Office,
Downing Street, for the discussion of certain Imperial
questions with the Secretary of State for the Colonies. It was
decided that the proceedings should be informal and that the
general results only should be published. With the view of
giving a definite direction to the discussion, the Secretary
of State, in opening the proceedings, set forth the subjects
which he considered might usefully be discussed, so as to
secure an interchange of views upon them, and where they were
ripe for a statement of opinion, a definite resolution in
regard to them. [He did so in a speech of some length, after
which the several questions brought forward in his remarks
were discussed in succession at a series of meetings in the
Colonial Office.] The commercial relations of the United
Kingdom and the self-governing Colonies were first considered,
and the following resolutions were unanimously adopted:

1. That the Premiers of the self-governing Colonies

unanimously and earnestly recommend the denunciation, at the
earliest convenient time, of any treaties which now hamper the
commercial relations between Great Britain and her Colonies.

2. That in the hope of improving the trade relations between

the mother country and the Colonies, the Premiers present
undertake to confer with their colleagues with the view to
seeing whether such a result can be properly secured by a
preference given by the Colonies to the products of the United
Kingdom. Her Majesty's Government have already [July 31, 1897]
given effect to the first of these resolutions by formally
notifying to the Governments concerned their wish to terminate
the commercial treaties with Germany and Belgium, which alone
of the existing commercial treaties of the United Kingdom are
a bar to the establishment of preferential tariff relations
between the mother country and the Colonies. From and after
the 30th July 1898, therefore, there will be nothing in any of
Her Majesty's treaty obligations to preclude any action which any
of the Colonies may see fit to take in pursuance of the second
resolution. It is, however, right to point out that if any
Colony were to go farther and to grant preferential terms to
any Foreign Country, the provisions of the most favoured
nation clauses in many treaties between Her Majesty and other
powers, in which the Colonies are included, would necessitate
the concession of similar terms to those countries.

"On the question of the political relations between the mother

country and the self-governing Colonies, the resolutions
adopted were as follows:

1. The Prime Ministers here assembled are of opinion that the

present political relations between the United Kingdom and the
self-governing Colonies are generally satisfactory under the
existing condition of things. Mr. Seddon and Sir E. N. C.
Braddon dissented.

2. They are also of opinion that it is desirable, whenever and

wherever practicable, to group together under a federal union
those colonies which are geographically united. Carried
unanimously.

3. Meanwhile, the Premiers are of opinion that it would be

desirable to hold periodical conferences of representatives of
the Colonies and Great Britain for the discussion of matters
of common interest. Carried unanimously. Mr. Seddon and Sir E.
N. C. Braddon dissented from the first resolution because they
were of opinion that the time had already come when an effort
should be made to render more formal the political ties
between the United Kingdom and the Colonies. The majority of
the Premiers were not yet prepared to adopt this position, but
there was a strong feeling amongst some of them that with the
rapid growth of population in the Colonies, the present
 relations could not continue indefinitely, and that some means
would have to be devised for giving the Colonies a voice in
the control and direction of those questions of Imperial
interest in which they are concerned equally with the mother
country. It was recognised at the same time that such a share
in the direction of Imperial policy would involve a
proportionate contribution in aid of Imperial expenditure, for
which at present, at any rate, the Colonies generally are not
prepared.

"On the question of Imperial defence, the various points

raised in the speech of the Secretary of State were fully
discussed;" but on this, and on some questions of minor
importance, no conclusions were definitely formulated.

Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command, C.-8596, 1897).

{209}

The following reference to the "denunciation" of the treaties

appeared in the "London Statist" of August 7, 1897: "Last week
the British Government gave notice to Germany and Belgium of
its intention to terminate the commercial treaties with those
countries at the end of July next year, at the same time
expressing its willingness to conclude fresh treaties. This
important step is a fitting sequel to the jubilee festivities.
It is a graceful recognition of the great loyalty displayed by
our colonies toward the mother country and prepares the way to
that closer union which this paper has strongly advocated. In
twelve months' time, therefore, we shall be free from our
embarrassing engagements not to permit our colonies to place
higher or other import duties on the produce of Germany and
Belgium than upon the produce of the United Kingdom. Our
colonies will thus have complete freedom to place what duties
they choose on any produce they care to purchase from the
United Kingdom or from any other country, and if they so
 desire they may place discriminating duties on their own
exports. The action taken indicates no change in the policy of
this country, and foreign nations need have no fear that
British markets will be closed to their produce. It is quite
possible that at some future time, when the colonies have much
further developed their resources and the struggle for
existence becomes still keener, we may be disposed to give a
greater preference to colonial than to foreign produce, but
that period has not yet come. Of course, the time may be
greatly hastened by the attitude of foreign countries. The
unfriendliness of Germany last year caused a wave of feeling
in this country in favor of a duty upon German goods, and the
Canadian offer of preferential duties to the mother country
has created a responsive desire to assist Canadian trade.
Should our other colonies follow the lead of Canada, which,
from Mr. Chamberlain's statement, appears most likely, a
strong movement might arise for giving them preferential
treatment, especially if, at the same time, Germany, Belgium,
or anyone else were disposed to raise their duties on British
goods."

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (July-October).

Discussion with American envoys of a bi-metallic agreement.

See (in this volume)

MONETARY QUESTIONS: A. D. 1897 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (August).

Report on condition and prospects of West India colonies,
and Parliamentary action.

See (in this volume)

WEST INDIES, THE BRITISH: A. D. 1897.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897-1898.
Campaigns on the Nile.
Anglo-Egyptian conquest of the Sudan.
 See (in this volume)
EGYPT: A. D. 1897-1898.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897-1898.
Insurrections and mutiny in Uganda.

See (in this volume)

UGANDA: A. D. 1897-1898.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897-1898 (June-April).

Wars on the Afghan frontier of India.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1897-1898.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897-1898 (July-January).

The great strike and lock-out in the engineering trades.

See (in this volume)

INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES:
A. D. 1897 (GREAT BRITAIN).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898.
Alleged treaty with Portugal.

See (in this volume)

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1898.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898.
Results of British occupation of Egypt.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1898.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (February).

British troops fighting in eight regions of the world.