Final diesel questions

Q1 - List the types of diesel fuel.

1. Petroleum Diesel (Conventional Diesel).
2. Biodiesel.
3. Synthetic Diesel.
4. Dimethyl Ether (DME).
5. Hydrogenated Oils and Fats.

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Q2 - Identify Diesel Fuel Properties and Discuss six elements that affect the properties of diesel fuel.
1. Density:
o The density of diesel fuel is influenced by the presence of different classes of hydrocarbons. It helps estimate
the mass per unit volume of the fuel.
2. Ignition Quality (Cetane Number):
o The cetane number measures the ease of ignition. Higher cetane numbers indicate better ignition quality,
leading to smoother engine operation.
3. Viscosity:
o Viscosity refers to the thickness or flow resistance of diesel fuel. It affects fuel atomization during injection and
combustion efficiency.
4. Carbon Residue:
o Carbon residue indicates the tendency of diesel fuel to form deposits.
5. Sulfur Content:
o Sulfur content affects emissions and engine performance.
6. Flash point
o It is a safety-related characteristic and defines the minimum temperature at ambient pressure at which a
vapor-air mixture can be ignited in a closed space.
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Q3 - Ignition quality of diesel fuel is expressed by different terms, mention them.
1. Cetane Number:
o The cetane number (or cetane rating) is an indicator of the combustion speed of diesel fuel.
o A higher cetane number corresponds to better ignition quality, resulting in smoother engine
2. Diesel Index:
o The diesel index is an empirical measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuel.
3. Heptane Number:
o The heptane number represents the tendency of diesel fuel to knock.
o Higher heptane numbers imply less knocking tendency during combustion.
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Q4 - Define the engine Knock, then identify the factors affecting it.
1. Diesel Knock (Diesel Engine Knock):
o Definition: Diesel knock is the clanking or rattling sound emitted from a running diesel engine.
o Cause: It occurs due to the compression of air in the cylinders and the ignition of fuel as it is injected into the
cylinder.
2. Factors Affecting Diesel Knock:
o Temperature Factors:
▪ Compression Ratio.
▪ Supercharging.
▪ Coolant Temperature.
▪ Cylinder and Combustion Chamber Wall Temperature.
o Density Factors:
▪ Increased density raises the knocking possibility.
o Time Factors:
▪ Flame Travel Distance.
▪ Engine Size.
o Composition Factors:
▪ Molecular Structure: Fuel properties influence knocking.
▪ Fuel-Air Ratio: Lean mixtures increase knocking tendency.

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Q5 - Explain the phases of Diesel Combustion Process.
1. Ignition Delay Period (A-B):
o During this phase, the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber.
o The heat generated during the compression
of air causes the fuel to ignite.
o The ignition delay period is the time between fuel injection
and the actual ignition.
2. Uncontrolled Combustion(B-C):
o Fuel ignites fast due to high pressure and temperature.
o The air-fuel mixture burns spontaneously,
leading to a sudden release of energy.
3. Controlled Combustion(C-D):
o Following the Uncontrolled combustion phase, controlled combustion occurs.
o Fuel continues to burn, but at a more controlled rate.
o The piston is pushed downward, converting heat energy into mechanical work.
4. After Burning(D-F):
o After the controlled combustion phase, some fuel continues to burn during the exhaust stroke.
o This additional combustion is called after burning.

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Q6 - Diesel fuel system Function
1. Fuel Injection Process:
o The basic principle of fuel injection is that the right amount of fuel must be injected at the right time
to satisfy engine horsepower demands.
o Fuel is injected during the compression stroke before the piston reaches top dead center (TDC).
2. Components of diesel fuel System:
o Transfer or Lift Pump: Draws fuel from the fuel tank through the primary fuel filter (which may
contain a water separator) to remove water from the fuel.
o High-Pressure Fuel Injection Pump: Accurately meters and pressurizes the fuel. It sends a small
amount of fuel through high-pressure lines to each injector in the correct sequence.
o Injectors: Spray the pressurized fuel into the combustion chamber, where it ignites. The resulting
combustion gases drive the piston down, producing the power stroke.

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Q7 - Identify the Function of the following: fuel tank, transfer pump, fuel filter, inline injection
pump, Glow Plugs and injectors.

1. Diesel Fuel Tank:

o Function: The diesel fuel tank used as a reservoir for storing diesel fuel in the vehicle.
2. Diesel Transfer Pump:
o Function: The diesel transfer pump collects fuel from a source (tank) and transfers it into high-
Pressure pump
3. Diesel Fuel Filter:
o Function: The diesel fuel filter removes contaminants such as dirt, dust, and water from the fuel
before it enters the engine.
4. Diesel Inline Injection Pump:
o Function: The inline fuel injection pump is responsible for pumping fuel at high pressure to all
injectors.
5. Diesel Glow Plugs:
o Function: Glow plugs warm up the cylinders in a diesel engine before starting.
6. Diesel Injectors:
o Function: Diesel injectors deliver atomizing fuel into the engine cylinders at the right time.

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Q8 - Draw the main component of diesel fuel system.

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Q8 - Identify the types of diesel injectors.
1. Mechanical Injectors:
o These injectors are mechanically operated and rely on mechanical linkages to control fuel injection.
2. Electric Injectors:
o Also known as electronic injectors.
o These injectors use electrical signals to control fuel injection.
3. Hydraulically Actuated Injectors:
o These injectors use hydraulic pressure to open and close the injector nozzle.
4. Piezoelectric Injectors:
o These injectors use piezoelectric crystals to control fuel injection.
o Highly precise and responsive.
5. Solenoid Valve Injectors:
o These injectors use solenoid valves to regulate fuel flow.
o Often used in small diesel engines, such as those in generators or agricultural equipment.

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Q9 - compare between direct & indirect injectors.

Direct injectors indirect injectors

- No need for glow plugs - Glow plugs needed
- Reach to 300 Bar. - Reach to 130 Bar.
- Big size - Small size
- Multi nozzle - One nozzle
- Used in modern diesel vehicles - Used in old diesel vehicles
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Q10 - Classify different types of diesel injection systems.
- Mechanical system such as (Distributer injection pump, inline injection pump).
- Electronic Unit Injectors (EUI).
- Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injectors (HEUI).
- Mechanically actuated Electronically controlled Unit Injectors (MEUI).
- Common Rail Diesel Injection System.
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Q11 - List different types of diesel emissions, and define each type, and mention their sources.
1. Carbon Monoxide (CO):
o Definition: CO is a colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels.
o Sources: incomplete combustion.
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂):
o Definition: CO₂ is a greenhouse gas formed during complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels.
o Sources: incomplete combustion.
3. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):
o Definition: NOx includes nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). These gases form during high-
temperature combustion.
o Sources: incomplete combustion.
4. Particulate Matter (PM):
o Definition: PM consists of tiny solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. It includes soot, ash,
and other fine particles.
o Sources: incomplete combustion.
5. Hydrocarbons (HC):
o Definition: HC refers to unburned or partially oxidized fuel hydrocarbons escaping into the air.
o Sources: incomplete combustion.

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Q12 - Mention the symptoms of damage for the following parts.
1. Diesel Filter: 2. Air Filter:
▪ Rough engine idle. ▪ Reduced engine power.
▪ Vehicle jerking or stalling during acceleration. ▪ Poor acceleration.
▪ High-speed engine issues. ▪ Increased fuel consumption.
▪ Possible difficulty starting the car. ▪ Black smoke from the exhaust.
3. Diesel Injector: 4. Crankshaft Sensor:
▪ Decreased acceleration. ▪ Engine misfires.
▪ Increased fuel consumption. ▪ Stalling or difficulty starting.
▪ Black smoke from the exhaust. ▪ Erratic RPM readings.
▪ Knocking sound from the engine. ▪ Check engine light (CEL) illumination.
5. Lower Fuel Quality: 6. Low Power of Injection Pump:
▪ Reduced engine efficiency. ▪ Reduced engine power.
▪ Increased emissions. ▪ Sluggish acceleration.
▪ Poor combustion. ▪ Poor fuel atomization.
▪ Deposits in injectors and valves. ▪ Increased smoke.
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Q13 - Classify different technologies to reduce diesel emissions, and mention every technology types.
1- pre-treatment technology of diesel engine emissions control
- Hydrogen Injection.
- Forced Charging (Turbocharging and Supercharging).
- Fuel Substitutes.
- Fuel Hygiene.
2- engine control systems of diesel engine emissions control
- Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR).
- Combustion Chamber Design.
- Improved Injector Performance.
3- after-treatment technology of diesel engine emissions control
- Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC).
- Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF).
- Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).
- Lean NOₓ Trap (LNT).
- Lean NOₓ Reduction (LNR).
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Q14 - Explain the effect of the following systems on diesel engine emission.
1. Alternative Fuels (Fuel Substitutes):
o Effect: The use of alternative fuels (such as biodiesel, ethanol, or natural gas) can significantly reduce
emissions.
2. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR):
o Effect: EGR recirculates a portion of exhaust gases back into the combustion chamber, reducing peak
temperatures and NOx emissions.
3. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC):
o Effect: DOC converts CO and HC into CO₂ and water vapor.
4. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF):
o Effect: DPF traps and removes PM (soot) from exhaust gases.
5. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR):
o Effect: SCR injects urea (AdBlue) into the exhaust stream, converting NOx into harmless nitrogen and
water.
6. Lean NOx Trap (LNT):
o Effect: LNT stores NOx during lean conditions and releases it during rich conditions for reduction.
7. Regeneration of Nitrogen Traps (RNT):
o Effect: RNT regenerates NOx traps by periodically adjusting air-fuel ratios.

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