CHURCH HISTORY QUIZ BY JESSE LYMAN HURLBUT

CHAPTER 1 THE SIX GENERAL PERIODS OF THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

Review Questions:
1-) How many periods is The History of the Church divided into?
In six major periods
2-) What name is given to each period?
first general period: the apostolic church
second general period: the persecuted church
third general period: the imperial church
fourth general period: the medieval church
fifth general period: the reformed church
sixth general period: the modern church
3-) With what event and in what year does the first period begin and end?
With the period of the apostolic age from the ascension of Christ to the death of John [30 – 100]
4-) In what aspects is Christianity shown in the first period?
Since the day the Holy Spirit was poured out, the birth of the Christian church, the early fellowship
has been called "the Pentecostal church."
5-) Name the events and give the date of the beginning and end of the second period.
The persecuted church (from the death of John to the edict of Constantine (100 – 313))

6-) What great events occur in the second period?

The most relevant event in the history of the church in the second and third centuries was the
persecution that the Roman emperors carried out against Christianity.
7-) What are the events and dates that are included in the third period?
The imperial church (from the edict of Constantine to the fall of Rome (313 – 476))
8-) Mention some of the most important events of the third period.
In the period we now begin the most notable and also the most powerful fact, for better and for
worse, was the victory of Christianity.

9-) What great events can be noted in the fourth period?

The most notable fact in the ten centuries of the Middle Ages is the development of papal power.
10-) Give the events and dates that limit the fifth period.
The Reformed Church (from the fall of Constantinople to the Thirty Years' War (1453 – 1648))
11-) What are the great facts that should be noted in the fifth period?
In this period of two hundred years, the great event that attracted attention was the Reformation.
12-) Between what events and dates is the sixth period
the modern church (from the 30 years war to the second world war (1648 – 1945))
13- Name some great movements that have appeared in the sixth period
PURITANIC MOVEMENT
THE WESLAYAN MOVEMENT
THE RATIONALIST MOVEMENT
ANGLO CATHOLIC MOVEMENT
MODERN MISSIONARY MOVEMENT

EPISODE 2
1. What events and dates establish the first general period?
From the ascension of Christ to the death of John [30 – 100])

2. What name was given to the church during the early part of this period?
"the pentecostal church"

3. Define the Christian church

The Christian church in all times, whether past, present or future, has consisted and
consists of all those who believe in Jesus of Nazareth as the Son of God, who accept him as
a personal Savior from their sin and who obey him as Christ, the Prince of the Kingdom of
God on earth.

4. When did the church begin its history?

The church of Christ began its history as a worldwide movement on the day of Pentecost, in
the late spring of AD 30: fifty days after our Lord's resurrection and ten days after his
ascension.

5. Until when were the disciples prohibited from preaching Christ as King-Messiah?
Until he rose from the dead.

6. What gift descended upon the followers of Christ and when did it come?
The baptism of the holy spirit, on the day of Pentecost

7. What effects did this gift produce?

The effect of this fact was threefold : it enlightened their minds , it gave them a new
concept of the Kingdom of God , which was not a political empire, but a spiritual
kingdom where the ascended Lord, although invisible, actively governed all those who
accepted Him as faith and empowered them by imparting to each member a fervor of
spirit and a power of expression so that their testimony was convincing to those who
heard it.

8. Where was the church located during its early years?

The church began in the city of Jerusalem

9. What race and people were all its members?

All members of the Pentecostal church were Jews

10. Name three types of people among the members of the church.
The Hebrews, the Jewish-Greeks or Hellenists and the proselytes.

11. Who were the leaders of the early church?

the apostle Simon Peter, John and Paul
12. How was the church governed?
a church relatively small in number, where everyone was from one city, from one race,
completely obedient to the will of their ascended Lord and in communion with the Spirit
of God, did not need much government. The twelve apostles administered this
government and acted as a body, with Peter being their spokesman. A phrase in Acts 5:13
 hints at the respect that both believers and the people had for the apostles.

13. What were its three main doctrines?

The first and greatest was the messianic character of Jesus
The resurrection of Jesus
The Second Coming of Jesus

14. Who were their preachers?

Since we have several speeches given by Peter, and none during this period by other
disciples, we might assume that Peter was the only preacher. However, a careful reading of
history shows that all the apostles and the church testified of the gospel.

15. What miracles are narrated?

We read about a healing work performed at the beautiful gate of the temple, which is
immediately followed by a crowd listening to Peter and surrendering to Christ. We also
have the account of a miracle of judgment, the sudden death of Ananias and Sapphira after
Peter rebuked them. This judgment constituted a warning against selfishness and falsehood.
We read of the outpouring of divine power in the healing of many sick people. This power
was not limited to Peter or the apostles. It is also mentioned that Stephen performed
"wonders and miracles."

16. What were the effects of these miracles?

These powerful works attracted attention, motivated research, and opened the hearts of
multitudes to the faith of Christ.

17. How was the spirit of brotherhood manifested?

The love of Christ that burned in the hearts of these people caused them to also show a love
for their fellow disciples, a unity of spirit, a joy in communion, and, especially, a self-
sacrificing interest in the needy members of the church.

18. What is said about communism in the early church?

We read of a surrender of property on the part of the richest disciples, so general as to
suggest the extreme of socialism in a community of goods.

19. What was the fault or defect of the Pentecostal church?

In general, the Pentecostal church had no faults. She was powerful in faith and testimony.
Pure in character and abundant in love. However, his singular defect was his lack of
missionary zeal.
CHAPTER 3

1. Why is this subdivision important in church history?

At that time the great question was decided whether Christianity should remain an
obscure Jewish sect or should become a church whose doors were open to the whole
world.
2. Who started the movement to bring the gospel to the Gentile world?
It was Stephen.

3. What was the result of this man's preaching for himself and for the church?
Stephen was the first in the church to have the vision of a gospel for the whole world
and that was what led to his martyrdom.

4. How did Saul help advance the gospel when he was still an enemy?
Saul's fierce hatred became a beneficial factor for the propagation of the church.

5. Who was Felipe?

He was one of the 7 men associated in the administration of funds for the poor.

6. What part did Felipe occupy in the extension of the movement?

Philip established a church in Samaria that the apostles Peter and John duly recognized.
This was the first church outside of Judaism.

7. Who were the Samaritans?

the Samaritans, a mixed race people, who were neither Jewish nor Gentile.

8. What vision did Peter have?

The apostle here had a vision of a great sheet descending, which contained all kinds of
animals. During that vision, Peter heard a voice: "What God has cleansed, do not call
common."

9. What followed Peter's vision?

Immediately afterwards messengers arrived from Caesarea, thirty miles to the north,
asking Peter to go and instruct Cornelius, a devout Roman officer .

10. Relate the conversion of Saul

Saul, the persecutor, was surprised by a vision of the ascended Jesus as he was on his
way to Damascus. And falling to the ground, he heard a voice saying to him, Saul, Saul,
why are you persecuting me? 5 He said: Who are you, Lord? And he said to him: I am
Jesus, whom you persecute; It is a hard thing for you to kick against the sting.6 He,
trembling and afraid, said, Lord, what do you want me to do? And the Lord said to him,
Arise and enter the city, and you will be told what you must do. And then Ananias went
and entered the house, and laying his hands on him, said: Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus,
who appeared to you on the road by which you came, has sent me so that you may
receive your sight and be filled with the Spirit. Holy.
18 And immediately they fell from his eyes like scales, and immediately he received
sight; and getting up, he was baptized.
He who had once been the most terrible antagonist of the gospel now became its most
powerful defender.

11. Name the places Saul traveled to after his conversion.

He preached in Damascus, then traveled to Jerusalem, but the Greeks tried to kill him
and the brothers took him to Caesarean section and sent him to Tarsus.
12. Where was a church of Jews and Gentiles established?
in Antioch

13. How did this church come about?

In each synagogue there was a separate place for Gentile worshipers. Many of these
heard the gospel in Antioch and embraced the faith of Christ.

14. How was the news of this church received in Jerusalem?

The mother church was alarmed and sent a representative to examine this relationship
with the Gentiles.

15. Who did they send to examine it?

Barnabas

16. How did this messenger feel and what did he do?
He went to Antioch and, instead of condemning the church for its liberality, he rejoiced
with it. He approved of the movement and remained in Antioch to participate in it.

17. Who was associated with you in the work of this church?
Saul

18. What name was given in this city to the followers of Christ?
The church at Antioch rose to such prominence that it was there that followers of Christ
were first called "Christians."

19. Which missionaries does the church send first?

It was undertaken by two workers. At first they are referred to as "Barnabas and Saul,"
then as "Paul and Barnabas." In the end, "Pablo and his company"

20. What methods did they follow?

They again visited the churches they founded on their journey abroad and appointed
elders over them according to the plan of the synagogue. In all the travels that the
apostle Paul made later, we will discover that these working methods were maintained.

21. What places did they visit and in what order?

GOING LAP
Antioch
1.- Salamis Duty
2.- Paphos Lystra
3.- Perge Iconium
4.- Antioch of Pisidia Pisidia Antioch
5.- Iconium Perge
6.- Lystra Antioch
7.- Duty
 22. For what purposes was a council held in Jerusalem?
to consider the question of the status of the Gentile members and establish a rule for the
church.

23. Who was part of it?

It is noteworthy that at this council not only the apostles were represented, but the
elders and "the whole church."

24. What were the conclusions of the council?

was that the law only bound the Jews and not the Gentile believers in Christ. With this
resolution the period of transition from a Jewish Christian church to a church for every
race and country ended. Therefore, the gospel could now move forward in its constant
expansion.

CHAPTER N° 4

1. What is the third subdivision of the apostolic church period?

The church among the Gentiles: from the council of Jerusalem to the martyrdom of Paul
(50 – 68)
2. With what dates and events did it begin and end?
from the council of Jerusalem to the martyrdom of Paul (50 – 68)
3. What was the field of the church at this time?
The field of the church is now the entire Roman Empire, which consisted of all the
provinces on the edge of the Mediterranean Sea and also some lands outside its borders,
especially to the east.
4. What races made up the church?
of all races
5. Who were the three leaders during this period?
During those years, three leaders stood out prominently in the church . The main one is
Saint Paul , the tireless traveler, the indomitable worker, the founder of churches and
eminent theologian. After Saint Paul, Saint Peter , whose name barely appears in the
records, but who Paul recognized as one of the "columns."
The third of the great names of this period is that of James , a younger brother of our Lord
and head of the church in Jerusalem review Paul's first journey

6. Where did Paul leave from on his second missionary journey?

From Jerusalem / Antioch
7. Who was your partner?
Silas
8. Who joined him later?
Timothy
9. What places on your first trip did you visit again?
Derbe, Lystra, Iconium and Antioch of Pisidia.

10. What new places do I visit in Asia?

None, the holy spirit forbade it
11. What new places in Europe?
Troas, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens and Corinth
12. Can you narrate your experiences in each of these places?
They founded a small flock in the city of culture, Athens, and a strong congregation in
Corinth, the commercial metropolis of Greece.
13. What letters were written on this trip?
From Corinth Paul wrote two letters to the church of Thessalonica, these being his first
epistles.
14. Where did your journey end?
Antioch of Syria.
15. What was the result of your second trip?
In his three-year travels, by land and sea, he covered more than three thousand two hundred
and nineteen kilometers. He founded churches in seven major cities and opened, as it were,
the imperial continent of Europe for the preaching of the gospel.
16. What places did Paul visit on his third trip?
Tarsus, Lystra, Iconium Antioch, Loadicea, Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Troas ,
Thessalonica, Berea , Athens, Corinth, Berea , Thessalonica , Philippi, Troas , Miletus,
Myra, Tyre, Ptolemais, Caesarea, Joppa and Jerusalem
17. Where did you stay the longest?
Ephesus, the metropolis of Asia Minor. He stayed here for more than two years, the longest
time he resided in the same place during all his travels.
18. Tell the return route of your third trip
Athens, Corinth, Berea, Thessalonica, Philippi, Troas, Miletus, Mira, Tyre, Ptolemais,
Caesarea, Joppa
19. Where did Paul's third journey end?
Jerusalem
20. What epistles were written during this trip?
two of his most important epistles. One of these was to the church in Rome where he
expounded the principles of the gospel as he himself preached them. The other was to the
Galatians , addressed to the churches of his first journey, where the Judaizing teachers had
perverted many of the disciples.
21. What situations was Pablo in for a while after this?
After his arrest, Paul spent more than five years in prison: briefly in Jerusalem, then three
years in Caesarea, and at least two years in Rome.
22. In what condition did Paul make his fourth journey?
as a prisoner
23. What places do I visit?
Sidon, Mira, Crete, Good Harbors, Malta, Syracuse, Reggio, Puteoli, Three Taverns and
Rome
24. What happened in Rome?
Although he was a prisoner awaiting trial, he had a rented house where he lived chained to
a soldier.
25. What letters did he write in prison?
His greatest work in Rome was writing four epistles that are counted among the treasures of
the church: Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians and Philemon.
26. What can be said about Paul's last years?
His greatest work in Rome was writing four epistles that are counted among the treasures of
the church: Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians and Philemon. There is good reason to
believe that after spending two years in prison, Paul was acquitted and released. We may
well consider Paul's three or four years of freedom as the continuation of his fourth
missionary journey.
27. Which emperor started the first imperial persecution of Christians?
Nero
28. What caused this persecution?
They tortured and killed thousands.
29. Who suffered martyrdom at this time?
Saint Peter, who was crucified in the year 67 AD, and Saint Paul who died beheaded in the
year 68 AD
30. What was the Christian literature of the period?
Before the end of this period, AD 68, a large part of the New Testament was in circulation,
including the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, the epistles of Saint Paul and James,
First Peter and perhaps Second Peter.
CHAPTER N° 5
1. Name the four subdivisions in the history of the apostolic church
1.- the Pentecostal church: from the ascension of Christ to the death of John (30 – 100)
2.- the expansion of the church: from the preaching of Stephen to the council of
Jerusalem (35 – 50)
3.- the church among the Gentiles: from the council of Jerusalem to the martyrdom of Paul
(50 – 68)
4.- The dark ages: from the martyrdom of Paul to the death of John (68 – 100)
2. Why is the last subdivision called the “dark age”?
We call it "the dark age," in part because the darkness of persecution was upon the church.
But especially because, of all the periods in history, it is the one we know the least about.
3. Between what dates did this subdivision occur?
To the last generation of the first century, from 68 to 100 AD
4. What was the first important fact mentioned?
The fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD brought a great change in the relationship between
Christians and Jews.
5. Describe that event
Around 66 AD, the Jews rose up in open rebellion. Furthermore, the Jews themselves were
divided into groups that fought and killed each other as fiercely as they did with their
common enemy, Rome. After a terrible siege, made more terrible by hunger and civil strife
within the walls, they took and destroyed the city. They killed countless thousands of Jews
and enslaved many thousands more. The Colosseum in Rome was built through the forced
 labor of captive Jews. Many of them even died due to the intense work. The Jewish nation,
after an existence of thirteen centuries, was destroyed.
6. What was the effect on the Christian church?
The great effect on the church of this destruction was that it put an end forever to all
relations between Judaism and Christianity.
7. Which emperor ordered the second imperial persecution of Christians?
the cruel and unworthy emperor Domitian began a second imperial persecution of
Christians
8. When did this persecution happen?
Around 90 AD
9. What happened to one of the apostles during this persecution?
Saint John, the last of the apostles and who lived in Ephesus, was arrested and taken to the
island of Patmos, in the Aegean Sea.
10. Which books of the New Testament were the last to be written?
During this time the last books of the New Testament were written: Hebrews, perhaps
Second Peter, the Epistles and Gospel of John, Jude and Revelation.
11. What is said about the number and extension of the church at the end of this period?
By the beginning of the second century, churches had been founded in every country and in
almost every city, from the Tiber to the Euphrates, from the Black Sea to North Africa.
Some believe that it extended to Spain and Great Britain, in the West. Its members
numbered many millions.
12. What kinds of people did the church represent?
The members were from all classes, from the most noble categories to slaves.
13. What was your doctrinal system?
At the end of the first century, the entire church accepted as rules of faith the doctrines set
forth by the apostle Paul in the epistle to the Romans. The teachings of Peter and John in
their epistles demonstrate complete agreement with Paul's concepts.
14. What institutions did the church have?
The Lord's Supper
Baptism by immersion
15. How was baptism observed?
there is definite mention in the year 120 AD that baptism by sprinkling was already a
custom.
16. How was the Lord's Supper observed?
the Lord's day was observed, although not strictly, as an absolutely separate day. While
most of the church was Jewish, the Hebrew Sabbath was observed. However, the first day
of the week was moved as the Gentiles in the congregation increased.
17. What church officials are mentioned?
Deacons are mentioned in Paul's last letters as officers of the church. In the Epistle to the
Romans, written ca. 58 AD, Phoebe of Cenchrea is called a "deaconess." A reference in 1
Timothy may have been made to women who held that office.
18. What was the plan of worship at the church meetings?
The plan of worship in the Christian assemblies was derived from that of the Jewish
synagogues. Passages from the Old Testament and the apostolic letters, as well as the
Gospels, were read. Psalms from the Bible and Christian hymns were sung. The prayers,
different from those in the synagogues, were spontaneous.
19. What was the spiritual state of the church at the end of the first century?
The standards of moral character were high, but the tone of spiritual life was lower than it
had been in early apostolic days. However, everywhere the church was strong, active,
growing and rising to dominate all areas of the Roman Empire.
 Chapter 6
1. Name the second general period of church history
ANS: The persecuted church
2. With what event and dates did it begin and end?
ANS: From the death of John to the edict of Constantine (100 – 313)
3. What is the most prominent event in the history of this period?
ANS: The most relevant event in the history of the church in the second and third
centuries was the persecution that the Roman emperors carried out against
Christianity.
4. In what centuries did the Roman emperors persecute the church?
ANS: In the fourth century it lasted until 313 AD,
5. What kind of Roman emperors were the most severe in their persecutions?
ANS: During this period some of the best and wisest emperors were the most active in
the persecution of Christianity.
6. Point out seven causes that motivated these imperial persecutions
ANS: 1. Christianity was opposed to all worship (Paganism) except that of its own
God.
2. Worship of the emperor was held as a test of loyalty. The crowds considered them
disloyal and conspirators of a revolution.
3. The secret meetings of Christians aroused suspicion.
4. The celebration of the Lord's Supper, from which outsiders were excluded, was
often a cause of accusation and persecution.
5. Christians were considered "egalitarians", anarchists and disruptors of the social
order. That is, enemies of the state.
6. Economic interests generated or stimulated the spirit of persecution.
7. The rulers also persecuted Christians under the influence of individuals whose
financial interests were affected by the progress of the church.
7. What was the attitude of paganism towards the new objects of worship?
ANSWER: Paganism welcomed new forms and objects of worship, while Christianity
excluded them. Where the gods already numbered in the hundreds, even in the
thousands, one more god did not stand out in any way.
8. What was the spirit of Christianity towards another form of worship?
ANSWER: Christianity, on the other hand, was opposed to all worship except that of
its own God.
9. How did the government view the Jewish religion?
ANSWER: The government recognized Judaism as a permitted religion.
10. How did it affect the Christian religion, first and later?
ANS: This apparent relationship preserved Christians for some time from
persecution. However, after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, Christianity was
left alone without laws to protect its followers from the hatred of its enemies.
11. How were the secret meetings of Christians considered?
ANS: False rumors circulated of lewd or criminal rites that were carried out between
them
12. What was the effect of matching trends of the Christian church?
ANSWER: This was an ignominy (serious offense that the honor or dignity of a person
suffers) for the nobles, the philosophers and the ruling classes. Christians were
considered "egalitarians", anarchists and disruptors of the social order. That is,
enemies of the state.
13. How did some commercial interests promote persecution against Christians?
ANS: The rulers persecuted Christians under the influence of individuals whose
financial interests were affected by the progress of the church. For example, among
these were priests and lay servants of idol temples, image makers, sculptors, temple
architects, and others who earned their living through pagan worship .
14. Was the persecution of Christians continuous during those centuries?
ANS: During the second and third centuries, and especially in the first years of the
fourth century, until the year 313 AD,
15. What was the condition of the church most of the time during those centuries?
ANSWER: The Christian religion was prohibited and its supporters were banned.
However, most of the time the sword of persecution was sheathed and the disciples
were hardly disturbed in their religious observances.
16. Which emperors persecuted the church before 100 AD?
ANSWER: The persecutions in the first century, by Nero (68) and Domitian (90-95),
were simply explosions of frenzy and hatred
17. Who were known as the five good emperors?
ANS: Under the emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, who with
Marcus Aurelius became known as the "five good emperors ",
18. How were Christians treated during their rule?
ANSWER: No Christian could be arrested without a defined and proven complaint.
The spirit of the time was rather to ignore the Christian religion. However, when
charges were made and Christians refused to recant, rulers were forced, even against
their will, to enforce the law and order its execution.
19. Which Christian leaders suffered martyrdom at that time?
ANS: Simeon (or Simon; Mark 6:3), James's successor as head or bishop of the
church in Jerusalem. And Ignatius, bishop of Antioch in Syria
20. What especially great and good emperor became a persecutor of the church?
ANS: It was Marcus Aurelius, who reigned from 161 to 180 AD
21. What reasons did he have?
 ANSWER: He sought to restore the ancient simplicity of Roman life and with it
ancient religion .
22. Who were martyrs during his reign?
ANS: Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna in Asia Minor, died in 155 AD
Justin Martyr was a philosopher who continued teaching after accepting Christianity
23. Who is mentioned as the third persecuting emperor in that period?
ANS: Septimius Severus began in 202 AD. c. a terrible persecution that lasted until his
death in 211 AD
24. Who suffered under this emperor ?
ANS:Leonidas, the father of the great theologian Origen, was beheaded in Alexandria.
In 203 AD, wild beasts tore to pieces Perpetua, a noblewoman of Carthage, and
Felicitas her faithful slave.
25. What good edict did Caracalla promulgate and as a benefit to Christians?
ANS:Emperor Caracalla (211-217) confirmed citizenship to every person who was not
a slave. By the way, a benefit for Christians, since they could no longer crucify them
or throw them to wild animals, unless they were slaves .
26. Who was the fourth persecuting emperor?
ANS: With the reign of Decius (249-251), a terrible persecution broke out again
27. What relief followed the death of this emperor?
ANS:After the death of Decius, there followed more than fifty years of relative calm,
although there were sometimes brief periods of persecution.
28. What was the fifth persecuting emperor?

ANS: Valerian in 257 AD

29. Who perished in his reign?

ANSWER: The famous Cyprian, bishop of Carthage and one of the great writers and
leaders of the church in that period, as well as the Roman bishop Sextus, died.
30. Describe the sixth and last persecuting emperor
ANS: The reign of Diocletian and his successors, from 303 to 310 AD In a series of
edicts it was ordered: to burn every copy of the Bible, to demolish the churches built
throughout the empire during the half century of relative calm, to take away
citizenship from those who did not renounce their Christian religion and left them
without the protection of the law. . In some places they gathered Christians in their
temples and burned them .
31. What works of this emperor later became signs of the triumph of Christianity?

ANS:Twenty-five years later, Christianity became the official religion of the emperor,
the court, and the empire. The immense Baths of Diocletian in Rome were built
through the forced labor of Christian slaves. However, twelve centuries after
Diocletian, Michelangelo transformed a part of the building into the Church of Santa
Maria Degli Angeli, consecrated in 1561 AD, which is still used for Roman Catholic
worship.

Chapter 7
1- Point out the two topics already considered in this period
ANSWER: The formation of the New Testament canon and the development of
ecclesiastical organizations
2- What is the third theme?
ANS: The development of doctrine
3- What is the difference between the books and canon?
ANS: The establishment of these books, and only these as the canon or rule of faith
with divine authority, was not immediate. Not all of these books were everywhere
accepted as inspired Scripture .
4- What books of our New Testament were discussed for some time?
ANSWER: Hebrews, James, Second Peter and Revelation, accepted them in the East,
but for many years they rejected them in the West .
5- What books that are not now in the Bible were accepted by some churches?
ANS:The Shepherd of Hermas, the Epistle of Barnabas, the Teaching of the Twelve
Apostles and the Apocalypse of Peter.
6- How were the canon books finally accepted?
ANS: Gradually and slowly the books of the New Testament, as we have them today,
achieved the prominence of inspired Scriptures and the other books little by little lost
validity in the churches. The councils that were held from time to time did not choose
the books to form the canon. Rather, the councils ratified the choice already made by
the churches.
7- What is said about the ecclesiastical organization of the early church?
ANS: While the first apostles lived, the general respect for them as Christ's elect,
founders of the church and men endowed with divine inspiration, made them the
undisputed leaders and rulers of the church, to the extent that government was
necessary.
8- Which two orders were originally the same?
ANS:When Luke wrote Acts and Paul wrote to the Philippians and Timothy, the titles
"bishops" and "elders" (presbyters) were loosely applied to the same church officials.
9- When do we find the organization complete?
ANS:In 50 AD, the Council of Jerusalem was composed of "apostles and elders," and
expressed the voice of the entire church, both ministers (if there were any, which is
doubtful) and laymen.
10- What was the form of government established in the church?
ANS:Only the bishops were the ones who held the councils and dictated the laws. The
episcopal form of government became dominant and universal.
11- Point out five causes for the establishment of this form
* The loss of apostolic authority made it necessary to elect new leaders.
* The growth and scope of the church made organization and discipline necessary.
* Persecution, a common danger, unified the churches and exerted its influence
toward union and government
 * The birth of sects and heresies in the church made some articles of faith and some
authority to put them into effect absolutely necessary.
12- How did the empire's system of government guide the church system?
ANS: Christianity did not arise in a republic where citizens choose rulers, but in an
empire governed by authority. Hence, as some government was needed for the church,
a somewhat autocratic form arose everywhere. That is, government by bishops, to
which the church submitted willingly, being accustomed to the same government in
the state.
13- What teachings are emphasized in the apostolic period?
ANS: In apostolic times faith was of the heart, a personal surrender of the will to
Christ as King and Lord, a life according to his example because the Spirit dwelt
within .
14- What change occurred later in the church?
ANS: THE faith little by little became mental, a faith of the intellect. A faith that
believed in a rigorous and inflexible system of doctrine. Sound doctrine was
emphasized rather than spiritual life.
15- What was the first creed to be declared?
ANS: "The Apostles' Creed," the oldest and simplest statement of Christian faith, was
composed during this period.
16- Where did theological schools emerge?
ANSWER: Three great schools of theology emerged: in Alexandria, in Asia Minor
and in North Africa
17- Name some of the main teachers and lecturers at each school.
ANS: The school in Alexandria was founded about 180 AD, by Pantenus, a former Stoic
philosopher, but as a Christian he was eminent for the fervor of his spirit and eloquence in
oral teaching.
The school of Asia Minor was not based in a single center, but consisted of a group of
theological teachers and writers. Its great representative was Irenaeus who "combined the
zeal of the evangelist with the skill of the accomplished writer."
The North African school was at Carthage which, through a series of able writers and
theologians, did more than any of the other schools to shape the theological thought of
Europe. The two greatest names of this school were those of the brilliant and fervent
Tertullian (160-220 AD) and that of Cyprian, the more conservative but able bishop who
died a martyr in the persecution under Decius (258 AD).
Chapter 8
1. What promoted the birth of sects and heresies in the church?
ANSWER: When the church was composed mostly of Greeks, and especially the
mystical and biased Greeks of Asia Minor, all kinds of opinions and theories arose
that developed strongly in the church.
2. Name four of the main sects
* The Gnostics (from the Greek, gnosis: "wisdom")
*The Ebionites (from a Hebrew word meaning "poor")
 * The Manichaeans, of Persian origin, were named after their founder, Mani, whom
the Persian government killed in 276 AD
* The Montanists, so called because of their founder, Montanus
3. Explain the teachings of each of these sects
The Gnostics: They believed that a large number of inferior deities emanated from the
supreme God, some beneficial, others evil. Through these the world was created with its
mixture of good and evil. They considered that, in Christ, as one of these "emanations", the
divine nature dwelt for a time. They also interpreted the Scriptures in an allegorical manner,
making each statement mean whatever seemed most appropriate to the interpreter.
The Ebionites : They were Jewish Christians who insisted that Jewish laws and customs
must be observed. They rejected the writings of Saint Paul because they recognized
Gentiles as Christians.
The Manichaeans : They taught that the universe is composed of two kingdoms, one of
light and the other of darkness, and that each one fights for dominance in nature and in
man. They rejected Jesus, but believed in a "heavenly Christ." They were severe in
asceticism and renounced marriage.
The Montanists were Puritans who demanded a return to the simplicity of the early
Christians. They believed in the priesthood of all true believers and not in the orders of the
ministry. They observed strict discipline in the church. They considered the gifts of
prophecy to be the privilege of the disciples and had many prophets and prophetesses
among their members.
4. Why is it difficult to know precisely what these sects taught?
ANSWER: About these sects, and generally called heresies, the difficulty in
understanding them arises from the fact that (except for the Montanists and even in
this case to a large extent) their own writings no longer exist. To form our concepts
about them we depend on those who wrote against them who were undoubtedly
prejudiced.
5. What were the four aspects of the condition of the church at the end of the persecutions?
* One of the effects produced by the trials that the Christians of that period
underwent was a purified church.
* In a general sense, it was a unified teaching church.
* It was a completely organized church.
* It was a growing church.
6. What will give us a clue as to their number?
ANSWER: An admirable example of evidence has been found in the catacombs of
Rome, large underground quarries, which for two centuries were places of hiding,
meeting and burial for Christians. From the tombs of the Christians, as demonstrated
by the inscriptions and symbols on them, some estimate that they amounted to seven
million and no explorer estimates less than two million. Four million in seven
generations would perhaps be a good conclusion. Add to these four million many
others who were not buried in the catacombs, and then consider how large the
number of Christians must have been throughout the Roman Empire.
 Chapter 9
1. What is the title of the third general period?
ANS: The imperial church
2. With what events and on what dates did it begin and end?
ANS:From the edict of Constantine to the fall of Rome (313 – 476)
3. What was the most prominent event of this period?
ANSWER: In the period we now begin, the most notable and also the most powerful
fact, for better and for worse, was the victory of Christianity.
4. What contrast occurs between two dates not very far apart in the history of the church and
the empire?
ANS: In 305 AD, when Diocletian abdicated the imperial throne, the Christian
religion was strictly prohibited. Their profession was punished with torture and death,
 and all the power of the state was exercised against it. Less than twenty years later, in
324 AD, Christianity was recognized as the official religion of the Roman Empire and
a Christian emperor exercised supreme authority with a Court of professing
Christians around him.
5. Which emperor recognized Christianity?
ANS: In 313 AD, Constantine .
6. With whom did he contend for imperial power?
ANS: The two most powerful rivals were Maxentius and Constantine, whose armies
met at the Milvian Bridge over the Tiber, ten miles from Rome, AD 312.
7. What was your vision reportedly?
ANS: He claimed to have seen a luminous cross in the sky with the motto: "Hoc Signo
Vinces": "By this sign you will conquer", which he later adopted as the insignia of his
army.
8. What edict did I promulgate and when?
ANSWER: 'He promulgated his famous Edict of Tolerance that officially put an end
to the persecutions. It was not until 323 AD that Constantine became supreme
emperor and that Christianity was enthroned
9. What resulted from having become the only emperor?
ANSWER: Christianity was enthroned.
10. What was his character like?
ANS: Constantine's character was not perfect. Although he was usually fair, he was
sometimes cruel and tyrannical .
11. Mention seven good results obtained after the recognition of Christianity in the empire
* Once and for all all persecution of Christians ceased
* Church buildings were being restored and reopened everywhere
* Although pagan worship was still tolerated, official sacrifices ceased.
*In many places temples were consecrated as churches.
* Throughout the empire the temples of the gods were supported mainly by the public
treasury. Now these donations were granted to churches and clergy.
* The clergy were granted many privileges, not all by imperial law, but by custom that
soon became law.
* The first day of the week was proclaimed as a day of rest and worship.
12. Say what you had involved in each of these seven outcomes.
* The cessation of the persecutions of Christians was forever.
* With the restoration of the churches, Christians were free to build temples.
* With the abolition of official sacrifices it shows that pagan observances were for a
long time a simple formalism.
* in many cities pagan temples were consecrated as churches.
*Bishops, ministers and other officials of the Christian cult received their support
from the state.
* They were no longer required to fulfill public duties that were obligatory for all
citizens, since they were exempted from paying contributions. All accusations against
 him were tried before ecclesiastical courts. The ministers of the church soon became a
privileged class in the law of the land.
* Its observance soon became widespread throughout the empire. In 321 AD,
Constantine forbade the courts to be opened on Sundays, except for the purpose of
freeing slaves. Also on that day the soldiers were ordered not to do their daily military
exercises.
13. Name some good results for the state from the victory of Christianity.
* Crucifixion was abolished.
* Infanticide was stopped and repressed.
* the treatment of slaves immediately became more humane
* Gladiator games were banned.
14. What form of execution ceased and why?
ANS: Crucifixion was abolished
15. What was the effect of Christianity on the lives of babies?
ANS: Throughout the previous history of Rome and its provinces, any child who was
not wanted by his father was suffocated or "abandoned" in order to die. Some people
made a business of collecting abandoned children, raising them, and then selling them
into slavery. The influence of Christianity imparted a sacred character to human life,
even in that of the smallest children, and caused the evil of infanticide to disappear
from the entire empire.
16. How was the treatment of slaves affected?
ANS: With the influence of Christianity, the treatment of slaves immediately became
more humane. They were given legal rights they never had before. They could accuse
their masters of cruel treatment. Emancipation was approved and encouraged. Thus,
the condition of the slaves improved and slavery was gradually abolished .
17. What happened regarding the gladiator games?
ANS: Gladiator games were prohibited. This law was put into effect in Constantine's
new capital, where the Hippodrome was never contaminated with men killing each
other for the pleasure of the spectators .
18. What bad results did the victory of Christianity also bring?
ANS: The alliance of the state and the church also brought many evils in its course.
The establishment of Christianity as the state religion became a curse.
19. What was the bad effect on the church?
ANSWER: Everyone sought to be members of the church and almost everyone
received them. Both the good and the bad, those who sincerely sought God and the
hypocrites who sought personal gain, hastened to enter into communion. Worldly,
ambitious, unscrupulous men sought positions in the church to obtain social and
political influence. The moral tone of Christianity in power was much lower than that
which had distinguished the same people under the time of persecution .
20. What pagan customs emerged in the churches?
ANS:Some of the ancient pagan festivals became church festivals with a change of
name and worship. Around 405 AD, images of saints and martyrs began to appear,
worship and worship in temples. The adoration of the Virgin Mary replaced the
 adoration of Venus and Diana. The Lord's Supper became a sacrifice rather than an
act of remembrance. The "elder" evolved from a preacher to a priest.
21. What was the spiritual level of the church influenced by?
ANS:Due to the power exercised by the church, we do not see Christianity
transforming the world to its ideal, but the world dominating the church. To the
humility and holiness of the ep
22. primitive goose was succeeded by ambition, pride and arrogance among the members
of the church.
The wave of worldliness advanced untamed upon many of those who professed to be
disciples of their humble Lord.
23. What harm did the union of the church with the state cause?
ANSWER: From this forced union two evils arose: one in the eastern provinces and
others in the western ones. In the East the state dominated the church in such a way
that it lost all its energy and life. In the West, as we will see, the church gradually
usurped power from the state. As a result, there was no Christianity, but rather a
more or less corrupt hierarchy that dominated the European nations and that
fundamentally turned the church into a political machine .

Chapter 10
1. Name the five themes of this chapter
RESP: Foundation of Constantinople
Division of the empire
suppression of paganism
controversies and councils
development of monasticism
2. Why did the empire need a new capital?
ANS: Constantine understood that Rome was closely associated with pagan worship,
full of temples and statues, heavily inclined to ancient worship, a city dominated by
pagan traditions .
3. Where was the capital founded?
ANS: He chose the Greek city of Byzantium
4. Why was the choice of location wise?
ANSWER: Located at the point of contact between Europe and Asia. The location of
the city was highly fortified by nature. In its entire history of more than twenty-five
centuries, it has rarely been taken by enemies, while its rival, Rome, has been defeated
and plundered many times .
5. How were the relations between the emperor and the church leader in the capital?
ANS: In the new capital the emperor and the patriarch (which was the title later
received by the bishop of Constantinople) lived in harmony. The church was honored
and revered, but overshadowed by the authority of the throne.
6. Describe a famous building in that capital
ANS:The largest of these was called Hagia Sophia, "Holy Wisdom."
7. Why was the empire divided?
ANS: The borders were so extensive and the danger of barbarian invasion was so
imminent, that a single emperor could no longer protect his vast domains.
8. Who started the division?
ANS:Diocletian began the division of authority in 305 AD
9. who finished it?
ANS:Theodosius completed the separation.
10. Where was the border between the two sections of the empire drawn?
ANS:Since the time of Theodosius the Roman world was divided into Eastern and
Western, separated by the Adriatic Sea.
11. What languages were spoken in the two sections?
ANS:The Eastern Empire was called Greek and the Western Empire Latin due to the
language that prevailed in each of them .
12. How did Constantine's successors treat paganism?
ANSWER: Constantine's successors to the throne were intolerant. The conversion of
the pagans was progressing quite rapidly, still too fast for the well-being of the church
.
13. What was Constantine's attitude toward pagan religions?
ANS: Constantine was tolerant, both by temperament and for political reasons,
although he was forceful in his recognition of the Christian religion. He did not
sanction any sacrifice to the images that were previously worshiped and put an end to
offerings to the statue of the emperor. However, he favored tolerance of all forms of
religion and sought the gradual conversion of his subjects to Christianity through
evangelization and not by coercion.
14. What edicts were issued after his time against ancient religions?
* All donations received by temples or pagan priests, whether donated by the state or by the
worshipers themselves, were confiscated and almost everywhere transferred to the temples.
* Sacrifices and worship rites were prohibited and their observance constituted a punishable
offense.
* Not long after Constantine's reign, his son ordered the death penalty and confiscation of
all property of idol worshipers.
* Those still standing were ordered to be torn down, unless they were needed for Christian
worship.
* A law was decreed so that no one would write or speak against the Christian
religion.
15. What was the effect of those laws?
ANSWER: One result of this edict was that practically all of our knowledge of
heretical or anti-Christian sects is obtained from books written against them. So all
your opponents' books should be burned .
16. When did major controversies arise in the church?
ANS: When the long conflict of Christianity with paganism was ending in victory, a
new struggle arose, a civil war in the field of thought, a series of controversies within
the church over its doctrines.
17. What topics were the controversies about?
ANS: The first controversy arose over the doctrine of the Trinity, especially the
relationship of the Father and the Son.
18. Who was Arius?
ANS: Arius, a presbyter of Alexandria, around 318 AD. c.
19. What did he teach?
ANS: he expounded the doctrine that Christ, although superior to human nature, was
inferior to God and that he was not eternal in existence, but had a beginning.
20. Who opposed Arius?
ANSWER: The main opponent of this idea was Athanasius, also from Alexandria.
21. What was the point of view of this opponent of Arius?
ANSWER: It affirmed the unity of the Son with the Father, the deity of Christ and his
eternal existence .
22. Which council consider the question?
ANS: He called a council of bishops who met in Nicaea, Bithynia, in 325 AD .
23. How was the issue resolved?
ANSWER: Athanasius, who at that time was only a deacon, had a voice, but no vote.
Despite this, he managed to get the majority of the council to condemn the teachings of
Arius, in the Nicene creed .
24. What was the result later?
ANS: Although long after his death, his ideas eventually became supreme throughout
the church, both East and West .
25. What was the heresy of Apollinarius?
ANS:Apollinarius, bishop of Laodicea (360 AD), declared that the divine nature took
the human nature of Christ. Furthermore, that Jesus on earth was not a man, but God
in human form
26. What council decided the question?
ANS: At the Council of Constantinople, 381 AD
27. What was the Pelagian controversy about?
ANSWER: It was about issues related to sin and salvation .
28. Who was Pelagius?
ANS: Monk who came from Great Britain to Rome around 410 AD
29. What were the ideas against Pelagius?
ANSWER: His doctrine was based on the fact that we do not inherit our sinful
tendencies from Adam, but that each soul makes its own choice, whether of sin or
righteousness. That each human will is free and each soul has responsibility for its
decisions.
30. What council intervened in the decision of that question?
ANS: The council of Carthage in 418 AD condemned Pelagius' idea
31. What was the origin of monasticism?
ANS: After Christianity dominated the empire, worldliness entered the church and
prevailed. Many who longed for a higher life were dissatisfied with their surroundings
and withdrew from the world. Whether alone or in groups, they lived in seclusion.
They sought to cultivate spiritual life through meditation, prayer and ascetic habits.
This monastic spirit began in Egypt, where it was fostered due to the warm climate
and the few necessities of life.
32. Who founded it?
ANS: We can consider Antony as its founder, around 320 AD
33. What were the pillar saints?
ANSWER: a peculiar form of asceticism was adopted by the saints of the pillars, the
first of them was a Syrian monk, Simon, nicknamed "of the Pillar." He left the
monastery in 423 AD and he built several pillars in succession, raising them higher
and higher until the last one was sixty feet high and four feet wide. He lived on these
pillars for thirty-seven years.
34. What was the trend of monastic life in Europe?
ANSWER: This way of life never had followers in Europe. The monastic movement in
Europe spread more slowly than in Asia and Africa. The solitary and individual life of
the ascetic soon resulted in the establishment of monasteries in Europe, where work
was linked to prayer .
35. Who regulates it?
ANS: The Law of Benedict, which was most widely used to organize and direct the
monasteries of the West, was promulgated in 529 AD
History of the Church Chaps. XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII
OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII
FOURTH GENERAL PERIOD
THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Since the Fall of Rome 476 AD

Until the Fall of Constantinople 1453 AD

YO. THE PROGRESS OF PAPAL POWER (CHAPTER X11)

1.Growth Period 590-1073 AD

The causes.

(a) Power to Justice

(b) Uncertainties of Secular Government
c) Evidence of the Government of the Church.
(d) Medieval “Pious Frauds”

(1) Counterfeit Donation from Constantine

(2) The False Decretals of Isidore
(3) Evidence of Fraud

2.Period of Culmination, 1073-1216 AD

(a) The Government of Hydelbrand (Gregori VII).

(1) The Reformed Clergy.

(2) The Freed Church of the State.
(3) Government in Rome.
(4) Submission of the French King.
(5) Submission of the English King

3. Period of Decline

(a) Boniface VIII, 1303 AD

(b) Babylonian Captivity, 1305-1378 AD
(c) The Council of Constance, 1414 AD

II. THE BIRTH OF MUSLIM POWER (CHAPTER XII).

1-Founder, Muhammad, 570-632 AD

2-Your Religion.
3-The Progress of Islamism.
4-Their Elements of Power.

(a) The Arab Faith

(b) The Submission of the Asiatic Greeks.
(c) The Character of the Muslim Religion.

5. Favorable Aspects of Mohammedanism.

(a) Simplicity of Doctrine

(b) Opposition to the Worship of Images.
c) Rejection of Priestly Mediation and Saints
(d) Abstinence from Intoxicating Drinks.
(e) The Early Promotion of Literature and Science.

6. Unfavorable Aspects of Mohammedanism.

(a) Conversion through Conquest.

(b) Secularized Religion
(c) The Concept of God
(d) The Concept of Christ
(e) The Concept of Heaven
(f) Malpractice in Government

III-HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE (CHAPTER XIV)

1-Its Founder, Charlemagne, 742-814 AD
2-The Empire
3-Great Emperors
4-The Emperors and the Popes
5-Decline and Fall of the Empire

IV-THE SEPARATION OF THE LATIN AND GREEK CHURCHES (CHAPTER XIV)

1-Doctrinal Cause
2-Causes in Government and Customs
3-Political Cause
4-Rome affirmations

V. THE CRUSADES, 1095-1270 AD (CHAPTER XV)

1. Its origin.
2. The Eight Crusades

(a) The First Crusade, 1095-1099. Godfrey of Bouillon.

(b) The Second Crusade, 1147-1149. Louis VII, conrad III
(c) The Third Crusade, 1189-1191. Federico, Felipe, Ricaardo.
(d) The Fourth Crusade, 1201-1204. (Constantinople)
(e) The Fifth Crusade, 1217-1222.
(f) The Sixth Crusade, 1228,1229, Frederick II
(g) The Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254. Louis IX.
(h) The Eighth Crusade, 1270-1272. Louis IX

3. Causes of Failure
(a) Discords of Chiefs
(b) Limited Ideas

4. Good Results of the Crusades.

(a) Protected Pilgrims

(b) The Suppression of Muslim Aggressions
(c) Knowledge and Intercourse Between Nations
(d) The Boost to Trade
(e) Effects of Power for the Church

SAW. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MONACATHY (CHAPTER XVI)

1. The Monastic Orders.

(a) The Benedictines, 529. Saint Benedict.
(b) The Cisternenses, 1209. Saint Robert and Saint Bernard
(c) The Franciscans, 1209. San Francisco.
(d) The Dominicans, 1215. Santo Domingo

2. Some Benefits of Monasticism

(a) Peace Centers

(b) Hospitality
(c) Shelter of the Needy
(d) Agriculture
(e) Literature
(f) Education
(g) Missions

3. Some Evils of Monasticism

(a) Exaltation of Celibacy

(b) Effects on Social and National Life
(c) Luxury and Immorality
(d) Tax Levy

VII. MEDIEVAL ART AND LITERATURE (CHAPTER XVI)

1. Universities
2. Cathedrals
3. The Awakening of Literature
4. The Awakening of Art

VIII. THE BEGINNING OF THE RELIGIOUS REFORM (CHAPTER XVIII).

1. Albigensians, 1170 AD
2. Waldenses, 1170
3. John Wycliff, 1234-1384
4. John Huss, 1369-1415
5. Jerome Savoranola, 1452-1498

XI. THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE, 1453 AD (CHAPTER XVII)

x. SCHOLARS AND LEADERS (CHAPTER XVIII)

1. Anselm, 1033-1109
2. Abelard, 1079- 1142
3. Bernard of Clairvaux, 1091-1163
4. Thomas Aquinas, 1226-1274

●AND WE STARTED WITH CHAPTER XII OF THE OUTLINE.

CHAPTER XII --Page (94) of the Textbook / The History of the Christian Church-Jesse
Lyman Hurlbut

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1-What is the most prominent event in the history of the Christian Church during the
Middle Ages?
In this period of almost a thousand years, our interest will be directed to the Western
or Latin church, whose seat of authority was in Rome, which was still the imperial city,
although its political power no longer existed.

●The most notable fact in the ten centuries of the Middle Ages is:

POWER DEVELOPMENT

2-Where was the difference between the pope's claims in the early centuries and during
the Middle Ages?

The Pope of Rome claimed to be “Universal Bishop” and head of the church NOW he
claims to be governor over the nations, over kings and emperors.

3-What were the three periods of this development?

Growth, Culmination and Decline

●1.Growth Period 590-1073 AD

The period of growth of papal power began with the pontificate of Gregory I, “the
Great,” and reached its apogee under Gregory VII, better known as Hildebrand. It should
be noted that since primitive times each pope, upon assuming his office, changed his
name; and Gregory VII is the only pope whose family name stands out in history after his
papal ascension.

4-Between what years was the first period of papal power? The ten centuries of the
Middle Ages... Since the Fall of Rome, 476 AD

5-With which reigning popes did it happen? Gregory I, “the Great” and reached its peak
under Gregory VII, better known as Hildebrand.
6-Who was the pope called “the Great”? Gregory I

Gregory I – was the ecclesiastic of whom the well-known story is told, that when he saw
some captives in Rome with light hair and blue eyes, and when he asked who they were, he
was told that they were “angli” (English), to which He replied: “Non angli, sed angeli.”

7-What were some of the things carried out by him?

1- He sent missionaries to England to Christianize the people.

2- He extended the kingdom of his church animated by an active interest in the

conversion of the nations in Europe, who still remained pagan, and bringing the Visigoth
Arians in Spain to the Orthodox faith.

3- Gregory successfully resisted the claims of the Patriarch of Constantinople to the

title of universal bishop.

4- He made the virtual church ruler in the province around Rome, thus preparing temporal
or political power.

5- He also developed certain doctrines of the Roman church, especially

a-the worship of images,

b-purgatory and
c-transubstantiation, or the belief that in the mass or communion, the bread and wine
are miraculously transformed into the true body and blood of Christ.
d- He was a strong defender of monastic life, having been a monk himself. Gregory I was
one of the ablest administrators in the history of the Roman church, and well deserved
his title “the Great.”
Under a series of popes over hundreds of years the authority of the Roman pontificate
increased and was generally recognized.

●There may be certain causes for this growing power of the papacy.

8-Give four reasons or causes for the development of papal power?

The causes.

(a) Power for Justice - - One reason why the government of the Roman see was so widely
accepted lay in the fact that in the early days of this period, the influence of the popes
was mainly in their power to exercise Justice.

Under a series of popes over hundreds of years the authority of the Roman pontificate
increased and was generally recognized.
a-) ●One reason why the government of the Roman see was so widely accepted lay in the
fact that in the early days of this period, the influence of the popes was mainly in their:

[... 1-a-) power to exercise justice. The church was placed between princes and their
subjects to

1-b-) repress tyranny and injustice, to

1- c-) protect the weak, and to

1-d-) demand the rights of the people. ]

...In the palaces more than one ruler was compelled to take back his unjustly repudiated
wife, and to observe at least the outward form of decency. There were many exceptions,
as popes are known to have flattered impious princes, but the general spirit of the papacy
at the beginning of the Middle Ages was in favor of good government.

b-) The rivalries and uncertainties of the secular government were marking a contrast
with the firmness and uniformity of the church government. During almost all these
centuries Europe was in a dissolved condition, as its rulers rose and fell, one castle fought
against another and there was no full and lasting authority. The old empire fell in the 5th
century, and Europe was in near chaos until the 9th century, when Charlemagne's empire
was established. ●Almost all of his immediate successors were weak men, many of whom
sought help from Rome and were willing to make concessions of power to obtain it.

●*Once the church gained power at the expense of the state, it held onto it firmly.

While the government of the states changed, on the other hand was the constant empire
of the church. During all these centuries of changing and unstable conditions, the church
remained firm, the only firm and established institution. Claims to dominion over Rome
were almost invariably supported by the clergy, from the archbishop to the humblest
priest. During the Middle Ages, as we will see later, there was an enormous growth of
monasticism, and monks and abbots sided with priests and bishops in every dispute
regarding power. ●The church had its strong allies everywhere, and they never failed to
promote its interests.

9-What were some of the so-called “pious” frauds perpetrated during those centuries?
Although the fact may seem strange to us, in the Middle Ages a number of “pious frauds”
were presented to support the authority of Rome.

“Donation of Constantine”;
“False Decretals of Isidroro”
“Evidence of Fraud”
 “Pious frauds” - - documents were based on falsehood and not on the truth. (The
scholarship of the Middle Ages was not given to criticism; no one doubted the truth of
the documents; they circulated widely, were accepted everywhere, and through them the
claims of Rome were strongly strengthened. )

Although the fact may seem strange to us, in the Middle Ages a number of “pious frauds”
were presented to support the authority of Rome.

In a scientific and intelligent age frauds would have been investigated, disapproved and
discredited. But the erudition of the Middle Ages was not given to criticism; no one
doubted the truth of the documents; They circulated widely, were accepted everywhere,
and through them the claims of Rome were strongly strengthened. For several centuries
before the suggestion was made that these documents were based on falsehood and not
truth.

10-Define and explain each of these frauds?

First Document:
One of these fraudulent documents was the
“Donation of Constantine”

Long after the Fall of the Roman Empire in Europe, a document was put into circulation
for the purpose of demonstrating that Constantine, the first Christian emperor, had
given the bishop of Rome, Sylvester (314-335 AD), supreme authority over all European
provinces of the empire, and proclaimed the bishop of Rome as ruler even over the
emperors. The Document gave as the reason for moving the capital from Rome to
Constantinople, that the emperor would not allow any potentate to remain in Rome as a
rival of the pope.

Second Document:

Of much more influence was another fraud or series of frauds, the

“False Decretals of Isidroro”

published in 830 AD They professed to be decisions adopted by the early bishops of

Rome, from the apostles in the descending scale, presenting the highest claims, such as
the absolute supremacy of the pope of Rome over the universal church; the independence
of the church from the state; the inviolability of the clergy in all its ranks to the point
that it was not obliged to give an account to the state, to the extent that no secular
court could judge in matters pertaining to the clergy or the church.

In times of ignorance and lack of criticism these documents were accepted without
hesitation, and for hundreds of years they formed a bulwark for Roman claims. No one
doubted the authenticity of these writings until the twelfth century, when the church
was already anchored in power; and only with the dawn of the Reformation of the
sixteenth century were these claims examined and found to be unfounded.

“Evidence of Fraud”
●STOP/STOP; I WATCHED; DIG; LOOK AND JUDGE EVERYTHING: Reject the bad and
retain the good
No Prophecy is of Private Interpretation but rather the holy men of God INQUIRE;
ABOUT WHAT TIMES; WHAT ISSUES; AND FOR WHOM WHAT HAS TO BE IS
DESIGNATED...IN THE HISTORY OF THE HUMAN BEING; WHAT GOD DECIDED IN
HIS HOLY BLESSED WILL.

NOTE: Before they deceived us and we remained deceived for a long time; Now things
have changed and we can investigate to obtain and establish The Truth or Falsehood of a
Writing or Some fact.
●In times of ignorance and lack of criticism these documents were accepted without
hesitation, and for hundreds of years they formed a bulwark for Roman claims. No one
doubted the authenticity of these writings until the twelfth century, when the church
was already anchored in power; and only with the dawn of the REFORMATION in the
sixteenth century were these claims examined and found to be unfounded.

11-What evidence later demonstrated its falsehood?

Their language was not the primitive Latin of the first and second centuries, but the
corrupt and mixed language of the eighth and ninth centuries. The titles and historical
conditions to which they referred were not those of the empire, but those of the Middle
Ages, very different. The frequent quotations from Scripture were from the Vulgate
(Latin) version, which was not translated until 400 AD. A letter was offered that was said
to have been written by Victor Bishop of Rooma 220 AD to Theophilus, bishop of
Alexandria, who lived in 400 AD
Use of Logic:
What would we think in our time about the authenticity of a letter said to have been sent
by Queen Wilhelmina to George Washington?

The development of papal power, although always ascending, was not constant. There
were strong princes who resisted him, as well as weak princes who submitted to him.
Some of the popes were weak and others were evil, especially between 850 and 1050 AD
and these discredited his position, even at the time of his highest degree of supremacy.

Completion Period:

12-Under which pope was the culmination of papal claims reached?

Hildebrand

The period of completion was between the year 1073 and 1216 AD. around 150 years, in
which the papacy had almost absolute power, not only over the church, but over the
nations of Europe.

This elevated position was achieved during the rule of Hildebrand, the only pope better
known by his family name than by his assumed name as pope, Gregory VII.

Hildebrand actually ruled the church, which was the power behind the throne, for a
period of 20 years, before assuming the triple crown, and then during his papacy, until his
death in 1085 AD.

13-Declare some of the facts of that pope

●He reformed the clergy that had become corrupt, and broke, although only for a time,
simony, that is, the purchase of positions in the church;

●He raised the standards of morality in all the clergy

●It forced the celibacy of the priesthood, which had been urged, but until his day had
not been put into effect.

●Freed the church from state domination, ending the appointment of popes and bishops
by kings and emperors;

●and requiring that all accusations against priests and those related to the church be
tried in ecclesiastical courts.

The Custom had been for the bishop to receive a staff and ring from his sovereign and to
promise him feudal fidelity as his secular lord. This was equivalent to the bishops being
appointed by the ruler.

●Hildebrando prohibited the presentation and the promise.

●Made the church supreme over the state.

14-Over what rulers and in what events was he victorious?

15-What does it mean to say “go to Canosa”? make your submission and receive
forgiveness.

He made the church supreme over the state. The emperor,●Henry IV, having taken
offense at Pope Gregory, called a synod of German bishops and induced them to vote for
the deposition of the pope. ●Gregory took revenge with an excommunication, absolving all
of Henry IV's subjects of their loyalty to the latter. Henry found himself absolutely
powerless under papal excommunication. In January 1077, the emperor, “having laid aside
all royal possessions, with bare feet and dressed in wool, stood for three days before the
castle gate” *at Canosa in northern Italy, where the pope was. , in order to make your
submission and receive forgiveness. It must be added, however, that as soon as Henry
regained power, he made war on the pope and drove him out of Rome.

* These are the words of Pope Gregory VII, when reporting the event. This is where the
expression “go to Canosa” comes from, which means submission to the pope.

HIDELBRANDO DIES AND LEAVES THIS TESTIMONY: “I have loved justice and hated
iniquity, and therefore I die in exile.”

* These are the words of Pope Gregory VII, when reporting the event. This is where the
expression “go to Canosa” comes from, which also means submission to the pope or the
church.

16-Which other pope exercised supreme authority and at what time?

Innocent III (1198-1216) 1. Your statements.2. Election of the Emperor.3. Government in

Rome.4. Submission of the French king. 5.Submission of the English king.

17-What were some of your statements?

Claims: He declared in his inauguration speech:

(1-) “The successor of Saint Peter occupies an intermediate position between God and
man. He is inferior to God but superior to man. He is the judge of all, but he is judged of
no one.” In one of his official letters he wrote that to the Pope

(2-)“not only the church, but the whole world had been entrusted to him,” with

(3-) “the right to finally dispose of the imperial crown and all other crowns”

Elected to the position at the age of 37, throughout his reign he successfully maintained
these lofty claims.

18-Over what rulers did he exercise power?

●Otto Brunswick, who publicly acknowledged that he had the crown “by the grace of God
and the apostolic see. Because of Otto's insubordination he later deposed him and had
another emperor elected.
●He assumed the government of the city of Rome, decreeing laws for its officials with
himself as supreme Lord. In reality, he established in this way a state under the direct
government of the papacy, a government that was the precursor of the “States of the
Church.”

●He forced the licentious Philip Augustus, king of France, to receive back his wife whom
he had unjustly divorced.

●He excommunicated King Juan sin Tierra (English), forced him to surrender his crown to
the papal legate and receive it again as a subject of the pope.

Innocent III can be considered the greatest of the popes in autocratic power; but he
would not have possessed his authority if Hydelbrand had not achieved greatness before
him.

20-Which pope demonstrated through his own experience the change of affairs?

19-What led to the decline of papal power?

3. Period of Decline - - the decline of papal power began with Boniface VIII in 1303.

a-) prohibited Edward I of England from decreeing taxes on church property and priestly
revenues or treasures, but he was forced to yield to the king, although in the form of an
arrangement by which the priests and bishops gave part of your tickets for the needs of
the kingdom

But while Europe was emerging from the twilight of the Middle Ages, and national loyalty
rose to compete with ecclesiastical loyalty, the decline of papal power began with
Boniface VIII in 1303. He had claims as lofty as any of his predecessors, but they were
ignored. Boniface prohibited Edward I of England from decreeing taxes on church
property and priestly income or treasures, but he was forced to yield to the king,
although in the form of an arrangement by which priests and bishops gave part of their
income for the needs of the kingdom.

b-) He quarreled with Philip the Fair of France, who made war on him, seized the pope and
imprisoned him. Although he was released, he died of sadness shortly afterwards. Since
1305, for more than 70 years, all popes were chosen under the orders of the kings of
France and were subordinates of their will.

21-What does the Babylonian Captivity mean and when did it occur?
 The period from 1305 to 1378 is known as the Babylonian Captivity. By order of the
French king, the seat of the papacy was transferred from Rome to Avignon, in the south
of France. The popes became nominal heads with no real influence or power under French
rule. Other aspirants to the papacy arose in Rome and everywhere, popes and anti-popes
in different countries. Papal orders were freely disobeyed; excommunications were
ignored. For example, Edward III of England ordered the papal legate to leave his
kingdom.

22-How did this period of captivity end?

In 1378 the reigning pope, Gregory XI, returned to Rome and in 1414 the Council of
Constance was held to decide the claims of four popes. They were all deposed and a new
one was chosen. The popes since 1378 have continued to dwell in Rome, encouraging
pretensions as lofty as ever, but unable to put them into effect.

AUTOCRACY
●Meaning of autocratic.

autocracy sf Political system in which a single person or a limited group governs with
total power, without restrictions: in an autocracy the ruler has no legal limitations.
dictatorship, totalitarianism.

autocracy
F. Form of government in which the will of a single individual is the supreme law.

Synonyms
autocracy
feminine noun
autarchy, caesarism, dictatorship, tyranny.

CHAPTER XIII--Page (102) of the Textbook/The History of the Christian Church-Jesse

Lyman Hurlbut

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

SECOND PART

Outline THE BIRTH OF MUSLIM POWER (CHAPTER XIII).

1-Its Founder, Muhammad, 570-632 AD
2-Your Religion.
3-The Progress of Islamism.
4-Your Elements of Power
(a) The Arab Faith
(b) The Submission of the Asiatic Greeks
(c) The Character of the Muslim Religion.

5-Favourable Aspects of Mohammedanism

(a) Simplicity of Doctrine

(b) Opposition to the Worship of Images.
(c) Rejection of Priestly Mediation and Saints
(d) Abstinence from Intoxicating Drinks
(e) The Early Promotion of Literature and Science

6-Unfavorable Aspects of Mohammedanism

(a) Conversion through Conquest.

(b) Secularized Religion
(c) The Concept of God
(d) The Concept of Heaven
(f) The Degradation of Women
(g) Malpractice in Government

The rise of Muslim power

Questions and answers:

1-What great religion emerged in the Middle Ages?1-Its Founder, Muhammad, 570-632
AD

BIRTH OF MUSLIM POWER --the religion and the empire founded by Muhammad

The movement that immediately claims our attention is the religion and empire founded
by Muhammad at the beginning of the sixth century, which wrested province after
province from the Greek emperors of Constantinople, until its final extinction; brought
the eastern church into a subjection bordering on slavery; and even threatened with the
conquest of Europe.

2-What is the number of your followers today?

2-Your Religion.
3-The Progress of Islamism.

After thirteen centuries the Mohammedan faith still dominates more than two hundred
million people, and on the continent of Africa, it is still growing.

3-Who was its founder?

Its founder was Muhammad.

4-What can be said about his life?

Muhammad; He was born in Mecca, in Arabia in 570 AD He began his career as a prophet
and reformer in 610, at 40 years of age. He gained disciples slowly at first, but his cause
grew enough to encounter persecution. He fled Mecca in 622 AD, and his escape, The
Hijra, provides the date by which the Mohammedan calendar is governed. He succeeded in
bringing the scattered Arab tribes under his religion and authority, and returned to
Mecca as a conqueror.

5-What does “the Hegira” mean?

“the Hegira” means; his escape

6-Name the six great doctrines of the Mohammedan faith?

Their religion is called Islam, “submission”, that is, obedience to the will of God; and
their followers are called Muslims, since they never use the name “Mohammedan.”

The Articles of Their Faith: Islam “submission” “The Muslims”

a-) There is only one God, whom they call Allah, the word being of common origin with the
similar Hebrew “Eloi”;

b-) that all good or bad events have been preordained by God, and consequently, in each
act they are carrying out the will of God;

c-) that there are multitudes of angels, good and bad, invisible, and yet they constantly
deal with men;

d-) that God has given his revelation in the Koran, a series of messages communicated to
Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel, although they were not brought together until
after the death of the prophet; that

e-) God has sent inspired prophets to men, of which the four greatest have been Adam,
Moses, Jesus and, above all others, Muhammad; all biblical prophets, Christian apostles
and saints who lived before Muhammad are recognized and adopted as his own;

f-) that in the afterlife there will be a final resurrection, judgment, and heaven or hell
for every man.

7-Give yourself an account of your early successes.

Primitive Successes...

At first Muhammad depended on moral influences; preach the gospel; but he soon
changed his methods and became a warrior, leading his united and fierce Arabs to the
conquest of the disbelievers.

When he died in 632 AD, he was the accepted prophet and ruler of all Arabia.

8-What were the alternatives that the conquerors gave to the nations?

He presented to every country or tribe the alternative between Islam, tribute, or death
for those who resisted their weapons.

9-Name the eastern countries invaded by the Mohammedans.

Palestine, and Syria were soon conquered; and the holy places of Christianity fell under
the power of Islam.
Province after province the Greco-Roman Empire was conquered, and soon all that
remained was the city of Constantinople, so that all the countries of early Christianity
were made its subjects. Where Christians did not submit, their worship was permitted
under some restrictions. Towards the east the empire of the caliphs extended beyond
Persia to India. Its capital was in Baghdad, on the banks of the Tigris.

10-What countries in the West were conquered by them?

Towards the west his conquests included Egypt, all of North Africa and most of Spain.
Almost all of this vast empire was conquered during 100 years after the death of
Muhammad.

11-In what place and time and by which boss was your progress prevented?

Their progress into western Europe was checked in southern France by Charles Martel,
who united the dissenting tribes under the leadership of the Franks and won a decisive
victory at Tours in 732 AD. Had it not been for the battle of Tours, it is probable that all
of Europe would have been a Mohammedan continent, and the crescent would have taken
the place of the cross.

12-What were the elements of power that gave success to the Mohammedan religion?

The early believers in Muhammad were the fierce Arab warriors, never conquered by any
foreign enemy, and who followed their prophet with sincere and intense faith that
conquered all. They believed they were executing God's will and that they were destined
to succeed. Anyone who fell in battle with the unbelievers was destined to immediately
enter a heaven or sensual delight.
13-What was the condition of the eastern world?

Condition of the eastern world, these lands had meekly submitted to the conquerors. His
people had lost their vigor, they preferred to surrender than take the sword, and pay
tribute rather than defend their freedom. Vast numbers of the population of the Greek
Empire were monks and ecclesiastics, ready to pray but not to fight. The religion of Islam
was far superior to the paganism which it displaced in Arabia, and in lands to the east of
that peninsula; and, it must be admitted, stronger than the type of Christianity which he
encountered and conquered. The Eastern Church, unlike the Western one, had long ago
ceased its missionary efforts, had lost its energy, and was inclined to speculation instead
of moral or spiritual effort.

14-There are some good elements in the Mohammedan religion.

In the religion of Muhammad at its highest level there were, and still are, some favorable
aspects, elements of value to the world.

a-) One was its simplicity of doctrine. He believed in a God, whom it was the duty of
every man to implicitly obey. He did not have an intricate and mysterious system of
theology, giving rise to endless and useless controversies. There was no need for
erudition to understand the articles of the Mohammedan faith.

b-) Another feature of the Islamic religion was its opposition to the worship of images. .
Throughout the Christian world the statues of the ancient gods and goddesses of Greece
had simply given place to the images and pictures of the Virgin Mary and the saints,
worshiped in all the temples. The Muslims threw them outside, destroyed and denounced
as idolatry all worship of images, whether sculpted or painted.

c-) The Mohammedans also rejected all priestly and saintly mediation. The church made
salvation dependent, not on simple faith in Christ and obedience to him as Lord, but on
priestly rites and intercession of departed saints. The Mohammedans took all that away,
and in their doctrine, sought to bring every soul directly to God.

d-) In the primitive period, under caliphs, both literature and science advanced. The
Arabs gave us the Arabic numbering (1,2,3,4, etc.) which was a great advance over the
Roman system of numbering through letters (I, V, X, etc.). In the field of astronomy they
released one of the first classifications of stars. The courts of the caliphs of Baghdad
were a literary center. Mohammedan Spain was more advanced in culture and civilization
than the Christian kingdoms of that period on that peninsula.

15What was the attitude towards intoxicating drinks?

Throughout the Muslim world there is the rule of abstinence from intoxicating
beverages. The first “temperance society” in the history of the world was that of the
Nazarites of Israel; and their successors on a larger scale, those of the (Mohammedan)
religion of Muhammad, which prohibited its followers from drinking wine or intoxicating
liquor. This is still held as a principle, but is not universally put into practice when the
Mohammedans live in contact with the Europeans.

16-In what has the Mohammedan religion failed?

a-) Method of missionary effort by means of the sword, promoting hatred among men,
instead of love. Wherever a city resisted his conquest, its men were killed, the women
taken to the harems of the victorious, and the children educated in the Mohammedan
faith. For many centuries the Turks had the custom of taking thousands of Christian
children, snatching them from their parents and raising them in distant provinces as
fanatical Muslims.

b-) The Islamist concept of the state and the church were absolutely one, and the
government was expected to use its power as far as possible for the advancement of the
true religion and suppression of the false.

c-) The Mohammedan concept of God is based rather on the OT that in the N. T... To the
Arab mentality, God is an oriental despot, ruthless and fearsome, with no love for
humanity outside the followers of the Prophet.

d-) Islamism practically leaves Christ out of its system. In the Mohammedan concept he is
not the Lord of the heavenly kingdom, nor the Son of God, the Savior of the world; but is
reduced to the rank of a Jewish prophet, inferior in every respect to Muhammad.

e-) Their concept of heaven, the abode of the blessed in the life to come, is totally
lacking in spirituality and entirely sensual.

f-) One of the most degrading characteristics of the Mohammedan religion was the
degradation of women. Women were considered mere slaves or toys of man...the
Mohammedan world has women in little esteem.

g-) In the field of history and politics, perhaps the most marked failure of the
Mohammedan state has been in the aspect of national administration...they did not
demonstrate the strength to establish a wise and just government in the empires they
founded. The Islamist countries...were the worst governed in the world.

CHAPTER XIV--Page (108) of the Textbook/The History of the Christian Church-Jesse

Lyman Hurlbut

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THIRD PART
The Holy Roman Empire. The Separation of the Latin and Greek Churches

Questions and answers

1-What system of government emerged in the Middle Ages? -Holy Roman Empire

From the 9th to the 19th century, a unique political organization existed in Europe, which
proved to have different characteristics in different generations. The official name of
the organization was the Holy Roman Empire, although it was commonly but incorrectly
referred to as the German Empire.

2-What was the condition of Europe before it appeared? Disorder. In the midst of all
the confusion, the ancient Roman concept of unity and order remained, the aspiration of
an empire to take the place of that which, although fallen, was still held in traditional
veneration.

Until his appearance, Europe west of the Adriatic Sea was in disarray, ruled by warring
tribes rather than by states. In the midst of all the confusion, the ancient Roman concept
of unity and order remained, the aspiration of an empire to take the place of that which,
although fallen, was still held in traditional veneration.

3-How long did it last?

From the 9th to the 19th century

4-Who is its founder? --Charles the Great (742-814 AD) “Charlemagne”

In the latter part of the 8th century there arose one of the greatest men of all time.
Charles the Great (742-814 AD), acclaimed by the Germans as Charles the Great, and by
the French as Charlemagne.

5-When did he live? (742-814 AD)

6-What is said about your predecessors and your career?

He was the grandson of Charles Martel, the victor at Tours (732 AD); king of the
Franks, who were a Germanic tribe that dominated a large part of France. Charles made
himself master of almost all the countries in Western Europe, northern Spain, France,
Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy; an empire indeed.

7-How was he made emperor?

Visiting Rome on Christmas Day in the year 800 AD, he was crowned by Pope Leo III as
Charles Augustus, Emperor of Rome, and was considered the successor of Augustus,
Constantine and the ancient Roman emperors.

8-What was his character as a ruler?

He reigned over all his vast dominion with power and wisdom; He was a conqueror,
reformer, legislator, protector of education and the church.

9-What caused a limitation of imperial authority?

In theory his empire lasted for a thousand years, but his authority over Europe only
lasted for a short time; it was real. The weakness and incapacity of Charlemagne's
descendants, the varied development of different states and languages, and conflicts of
national interests, meant that the authority of the Holy Roman or German Empire was
limited mainly to the west of the Rhine. Even in Germany the minor states became
practically independent, warred with each other, and were most of the time only nominally
under the rule of the emperor. The emperor was recognized as the titular head of
European Christianity, and in France and England and the Scandinavian states, he was
honored but not obeyed. Because his authority, such as it was, was limited to Germany and
to a small extent to Italy, his kingdom has been commonly called “the German Empire.”

10-Give the names of six of the important emperors.

1-Henry I (the Falconer), 919-936

2-Otto I (the Great)

3-Federico Barbarrosa (“Red Barbarossa”)

4-Frederick II, grandson of Barbarossa

5-Rudolph of Habsburg

6-Charles V

11-Say something about each of these emperors.

1-Henry I (the Falconer), 919-936 began the restoration of the empire, which had
declined,

2-Otto I (the Great), even though he was not crowned emperor until the year 951, is
considered the true founder of the German Empire, distinct from the Roman one. Otto
I's reign lasted until 978l

3-Federico Barbarrosa (“Barbarossa”) was one of the most powerful in the succession of
emperors. He participated in the Third Crusade, but drowned in Asia Minor, and his death
led to the failure of the expedition.

4-Frederick II, grandson of Barbarossa, has been called “the wonder and enigma of
history; illustrious and progressive, the most liberal man of his time,” in his ideas of
government and religion; He was excommunicated twice by the Pope, but in the Fifth
Crusade he proclaimed himself king of Jerulalem.

5-Rudolf of Habsburg, founder of the House of Austria, received the imperial crown in
1273, when it did not mean much more than a worthless title; but he forced the princes
and barons to submit to his authority. From his time Austria was the most powerful state
in the German confederation, and almost all the emperors were descendants of him, the
archdukes of that country.

6-Charles V, emperor at the beginning of the Reformation (1519-1556), was also

hereditary ruler of Austria, Spain and the Netherlands. He did his best, but without
success, to sustain all the countries that were under his rule in the ancient religion. In
1556 he voluntarily abdicated and spent the last years of his life in retirement.

12-What were the relationships between the emperors and the popes?

For many centuries during the early history of the empire, there was strong rivalry and
sometimes war between the emperors and the popes; Emperors fought to rule the church,
popes fought to dominate the empire.

13-What led to the decline in imperial power?

When the kingdom of Austria became more important, the emperors became much more
concerned with their hereditary dominions. The many states of the empire became
virtually independent, until the title of emperor was little more than a meaningless honor.

14What did an ingenious man say about the French empire?

In the eighteenth century, the ingenious Voltaire said that “the Holy Roman Empire was
neither holy nor Roman, much less an empire.”

15-When did the empire come to an end?

The succession of emperors ended in 1806, when Napoleon was at the height of his power.
In that year Francis II was forced to renounce the title of “Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire”, and assumed that of “Emperor of Austria”.

16-Who was the last emperor?

17-How was the division made between the two great branches of the church?

The separation of the Latin and Greek churches was formally made in the eleventh
century, although practically it had been effected long before. The normal relationship
between popes and patriarchs for a hundred years had been characterized by strife until
finally, in 1054 AD, the pope's messenger placed on the altar of Hagia Sophia in
Constantinople, the decree of excommunication to Rome and the churches it They
submitted to the Pope. Since that time the Latin and Greek churches have remained
separate, neither recognizing the ecclesiastical existence of the other.

18-What was the doctrinal cause for the separation?

Docrinally, the main difference was in the doctrine known as “the proceeding of the Holy
Spirit.” The Latins repeated “the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son----in
Latin “filioque.” The Greeks said it came “from the Father,” leaving out the word
“filioque.” About that single word many debates were held, books were written in
unspeakable quantities, and blood was even shed in bitter strife.

*19-What are the four different customs between the East and the West?

1-) Marriage...The marriage of priests was prohibited in the Western Church, but
sanctioned in the Eastern Church. Currently, throughout the Greek church, every village
priest (who bears the title “pope,” equivalent to “father” among Roman Catholics) must be
a married man.

2-) The Worship of Images...In Western churches the worship of images has been put
into practice for a thousand years, while in the Greek churches one does not see statues,
but only pictures. However, the paintings are in relief, like low-relief images, and are
esteemed with the deepest reverence.

3-) The Bread... In the mass service unleavened bread (the story) is used in Roman
churches, while in the Greek communion common bread is distributed.

4-) Observation of the practice of fasting...As a protest against the Jewish observance
of the seventh day, the practice of fasting on Saturday arose in the West, but it was
never observed in the East. Later, the Roman Catholic fast day was changed to Friday,
the day of our Lord's crucifixion.

20-How did the claim of a church lead to separation?

The most powerful factor leading to the separation was Rome's continued claims to be
the dominant church, and its pope to be the "universal bishop." In Rome the church
gradually dominated the state; In Constantinople the church was submissive to the state.
So the schism between the two sections with opposing concepts was inevitable; and the
final separation of the two great divisions of the church came, as we have already seen, in
the year 1054 AD

CHAPTER XV- Page (113) of the Textbook/The History of the Christian Church-Jesse
Lyman Hurlbut

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

FOURTH PART

The Crusades.

Questions and answers:

1-What major series of wars took place during the Middle Ages?

Another great movement in the Middle Ages, under the inspiration and command of the
church, were the crusades, which began at the end of the eleventh century, and continued
for almost three hundred years.

2-What was the cause of these wars?

The spirit arose throughout Europe to liberate the Holy Land from Mohammedan rule,
and from this impulse resulted the crusades.

3-How many crusades are mentioned?

The major crusades were eight in number, besides many other minor expeditions to which
this name was given.

4-Tell the story, mention the leaders and give the results of the first crusade.

First Crusade: It was proclaimed by Pope Urban II in 1095 AD, at the Council of
Clermont, where a multitude of knights took the cross as their insignia and enlisted
against the Saracens. Before the main expedition was fully organized, a monk named
Peter the Hermit summoned an undisciplined crowd, said to have numbered 40,000, and
led them to the East, hoping for miraculous help. Its bereft and disorganized populace
failed, many of its members were made slaves and others killed. * But the first true
crusade was undertaken by 275,000 of the best warriors from every country in Europe,
led by Godfrey of Bouillon and other leaders. After many setbacks, mainly due to lack of
discipline and dissension among the leaders, they finally succeeded in taking the city of
Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine, in 1099. They established a kingdom on major
feudal estates and since Godfrey refused the name of king, he was made “baron and
defender of the Holy Sepulchre.” Upon Godfrey's death, his brother Baldwin assumed the
title of king; and the kingdom of Jerusalem lasted until 1187 AD, although constantly in a
precarious condition, being surrounded on all sides by the Saracen Empire, except on the
sea side, and being very distant from its natural allies in Europe.

5-Give the date, the leaders and the results of the second crusade.

Second Crusade: It was called by the news that the Saracens were conquering the
provinces located a short distance from the kingdom of Jerusalem, threatening the city
itself. Under the preaching of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Louis VII of France and
Conrad III of Germany, led a large army to relieve the holy places. They suffered many
defeats, but finally reached the city. They were unable to recover the lost territory, but
they did postpone the final fall of the kingdom for a generation.

In the year 1187 AD Jerusalem was reconquered by the Saracens under Saladin, and the
kingdom of Jerusalem came to an end, although the mere title “king of Jerusalem”
continued to be used long afterward.

*The History of the Crusade of Peter the Hermit is based on uncertain sources of
information, and is questioned by some modern historians.

6-Who were prominent in the third crusade?

Third Crusade: The fall of the city awakened in Europe the Third Crusade (1189-1191)
which was led by three prominent sovereigns, Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Philip
Augustus of France, and Richard I “Lionheart” drowned, and the two remaining kings were
displeased. Philip Augustus went to his homeland, and all of Richard's courage was not
enough to lead an army to Jerusalem. But he concluded a treaty with Saladin, by means
of which Christian pilgrims obtained the right to visit the Holy Sepulcher without being
molested.

7 Give an account of the fourth crusade.-

Fourth Crusade: (1195-1197 AD) was worse than a failure, because in the end it brought
great damage to the Christian church. The crusaders gave up their purpose of winning the
Holy Land and made war on Constantinople, capturing it, plundering it and establishing
their own government over the Greek Empire, which lasted 50 years, and left that empire
so defenseless that it was simply an insignificant bulwark against of the growing power of
the Turks; warrior race, uncivilized, which followed the Saracens as the dominant
Mohammedan power after the end of the period of the crusades.

8-Of the fifth crusade.

Fifth Crusade: (1228-1229 AD) was carried out by John of Briene, king of Jerusalem and
by Andrew II, king of Hungary. The aforementioned monarchs attacked the Saracens in
Egypt and Syria without result.
9-Of the sixth crusade.

Sixth Crusade: (1248-1254 AD) Emperor Frederick II, although excommunicated by the
pope, led an army into Palestine and obtained a treaty by which Jerualem, Jafa,
Bethlehem and Nazareth were ceded to the Christians; and (as no Roman ecclesiastic
would crown him, being under papal expulsion) Frederick crowned himself king of
Jerusalem. For this reason the title “king of Jerusalem” was used by all the German
emperors and later by those of Austria until 1835 AD. But due to the displeasure
between the pope and the emperor, the results of the crusade were lost; Jerusalem was
taken again by the Mohammedans in 1244 AD; and since then it has remained under his
dominion.*

10- Of the seventh crusade.

Seventh Crusade (1270-1291) was undertaken by Louis IX, united with the prince known
as Saint Louis. He invaded on the way to Egypt and although at first he was successful, he
was defeated and taken prisoner by the Mohammedans. He was ransomed for a great
price and went to Palestine, remaining there until 1252 when the death of his mother,
whom he had left as regent, forced him to return to France.

11- Of the eighth crusade.

Eighth Crusade: (1270-1272 AD) was also under the direction of Louis IX, united with
Prince Edward I. The chosen route was again through Africa; but Louis died in Tunisia,
his son made peace and Edward returned to England to occupy the throne; so this,
generally considered the last crusade, failed completely.

There were minor crusades, but none deserve special mention. In fact, from 1270
onwards, any war waged in favor of the church was called a crusade, even against
“heretics” in Christian countries.

12Why did the crusades fail?

The Crusades failed to liberate the Holy Land from the rule of the Mohammedans, and
looking back at that period we will soon be able to see the causes of their failure. One
fact will be noted in the history of every crusade: the kings and princes who led the
movement were perpetually at odds. Each chief was more concerned with his own
interests than with the common cause; They were all envious of each other, and fearful
that success might promote the influence or fame of their rival. Against the divided and
half-hearted effort of the crusaders, there is a united, brave people, a race always
fearless in war and under the absolute dominion of a commander, whether caliph or sultan.
 But a deeper cause of the failure was the lack of a statesman among these leaders. They
did not have a broad and transcendent vision. All they were looking for were immediate
results. They did not understand that to found and maintain a kingdom in Palestine, a
thousand miles from their own countries, constant communication with Western Europe, a
strong base of supply and continuous reinforcement, was required. The conquest of Earth
was an intrusion, not a liberation. The people of Palestine were practically enslaved by the
crusaders; as slaves they were forced to build castles, fortresses and palaces for their
hated masters; and they welcomed the return of their early Muslim rulers, for although
their yoke had been heavy, it was lighter than that of the Christian kings of Jerusalem.

13-What good results were obtained from them?

Europe obtained certain good results from the crusades.

After the crusades the pilgrims were protected by the Turkish government, and the
persecution ceased. Indeed, the land prospered more and the cities of Bethlehem,
Nazareth and Jerusalem increased in population and wealth, due to the wave of pilgrims
arriving in Palestine, under guarantees of security from the Turkish rulers.

After the Crusades, Muslim aggression in Europe was repressed. The experience of those
centuries awakened Europe to the danger of Islamism. The Spanish dared to wage war
against the Moors who had half of the peninsula. Under Ferdinand and Isable, the
Spanish, in 1492 subjugated the Moorish kingdom and expelled the Mohammedans from
the country. On Europe's eastern frontier, Poland and Austria were alert, and in 1683
they turned back the tide of Turkish invasion in a major battle won near the city of
Vienna. This victory marked the beginning of the decline of the power of the Turkish
Empire.

Another result of the crusades was a better knowledge of the nations among themselves.
Not only the rulers and chiefs, but the lower knights and even the soldiers of different
countries began to know each other, and to recognize common interests. Mutual respect
arose between nations and alliances were made. The Crusades contributed greatly to the
development of modern Europe.

The crusades gave a great boost to trade. The demand for merchandise of all kinds—
weapons, provisions, and ships—increased industry and commerce. The crusaders brought
to Europe a knowledge of the riches of the East, its carpets, silks, jewels, and trade
developed throughout Western Europe. The merchants became rich; a middle class
emerged between lords and vassals; The cities progressed and increased their power, and
the castles began to lose the ascendancy they had over them. In the centuries that
followed, cities became centers of freedom and reform, shaking off the arbitrary rule of
both princes and prelates.

Ecclesiastical power was at first greatly increased by the crusades. Wars were called by
the church, which in this way showed its dominance over princes and nations. In addition,
the church bought land or advanced money to the crusaders, who had to offer their lands
as collateral. Thus the church considerably increased its possessions throughout Europe.
And in the absence of temporal rulers, bishops and popes gained dominance. But in the
end, the vast wealth, arrogant ambition of the clerics, and their unscrupulous use of
power aroused discontent and helped pave the way for the near uprising against the
Roman Catholic church in the Reformation.

CHAPTER XVI- Page (119) of the Textbook/The History of the Christian Church-Jesse
Lyman Hurlbut
THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH
FIFTH PART

The Development of Monasticism.

Medieval Literature and Art.

Questions and answers:

1-Name the five themes already considered in the period of the Medieval Church

a-) The Progress of Papal Power

b-) The Birth of Muslim Power
c-) The Holy Roman Empire
d-) The Separation of the Latin and Greek Churches
e-) The Crusades

2-Describe the three themes contained in this chapter

a-) The Monastic Orders

b-) Some Benefits of Monasticism
c-) Some Evils of Monasticism

3-How did monasticism originate?

We have seen the origin of monastic life in the caves of northern Egypt during the
fourth century. In Europe the movement developed slowly, but in the Middle Ages there
was a great development of the monastic spirit, both among men and women. The number
of nuns and monks increased enormously, with both good and bad results.

4-What was the main difference between the eastern and western moncacato?

In the East the primitive ascetics lived apart, each in his own cave or hut, or on his pillar,
but in Western Europe they formed communities and lived together.
5-What are the four main orders of monks in Europe?

The Four Monastic Orders:

a-) The Benecdictines, 529.San Benedicto.

b-) The Cistercians, 1209 Saint Robert and Saint Bernard
c-) The Franciscans, 1209 San Francisco
d-) The Dominicans1215. Santo Domingo

6-Give an account of the first mentioned order

a-) The Benecdictines, 529.Saint Benedict,

on Mount Carmel but, halfway between Rome and Naples. This order became the largest
monastic community in Europe, and in its first period it promoted the Christianization and
civilization of the North. Its rules required obedience to the superior of the monastery,
non-possession of property, and personal chastity. This order was very industrious. He
cut down forests, dried and healed the swamps, tilled the fields and taught the people
many useful arts. Many of the orders founded later were offshoots of the Benedictine
order, or arose as a consequence of it.

7-What was the origin of the second order?

b-) The Cistercians, 1209 Saint Robert and Saint Bernard

They emerged in 1098, seeking to strengthen the Beneticdine discipline that was being
corrupted. Its name comes from Citeaux, in France, where the order was founded by
Saint Robert; but in 1112 it was strengthened and reorganized by Saint Bernard of
Clairvaux. This order paid great attention to art, architecture, and especially literature,
copying old books and writing many new ones.

8-The third order?

c-) The Franciscans, 1209 San Francisco

It was founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi, one of the holiest, most devout men
and most worthy of affection. From Italy it spread quickly throughout Europe, and
became the most numerous of all the orders. It is said that in the Black Death, the plague
that spread throughout Europe in the fourteenth century, more than 124,000 of the
Franciscan monks perished while providing aid to the dying and sick. Because of the color
of their habit they became known as the “gray friars.”

9-The fourth order?

d-) The Dominicans1215. Santo Domingo

 The Dominicans were a Spanish order founded by Saint Dominic, in 1215, and spread
throughout the countries of Europe. These differed from the other orders in that they
were preachers who went wherever they wanted to strengthen the faith of believers, and
opposed “heretical” tendencies, later being the most ferocious persecutors of “heretics.”
They were known as the “black friars” because of their costume. These, along with the
Franciscans, were also called the “mendicant friars,” because they depended for their
support on the alms they collected from door to door. In addition to these, there were
similar orders for women.

10-What were some of the benefits of the monastic system?

1-) Peace Centers

2-) Hospitality
3-) Shelter for the Needy
4-) Agriculture
5-) Education
6-) Missions
11-What were some of your prejudices?

1-) Exaltation of Celibacy

2-) Effects on Social and National Life
3-) Luxury and Immorality
4-) The Exaction of Contributions

12-What were some of the developments during the Middle Ages in art and literature?

1-) Universities
2-) Cathedrals
3-) The Awakening of Literature
4-) The Awakening of Art

CHAPTER XVII – Page (124) of the Textbook / The History of the Christian Church-
Jesse Lyman Hurlbut

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

PART SIX.

Principles of Religious Reform.

The Fall of Constantinople
Scholars and Leaders
Review Questions:

1-What were the five attempts at church reform that were made in the latter part of
the Middle Ages?

a-) Albigensians, 1170 AD

b-) Waldenses, 1170
c-) John Wyclif, 1324-1384
d-) John Huss, 1369-1142
e-) Jerome Savonarola, 1452-1498

2-Give an account of each of these efforts.

a-) Albigensians, 1170 AD

The Albigensians or Cathars (Cahari), “Puritans,” rose to prominence in the south of

France in approximately the year 1170. They repudiated the authority of tradition,
circulated the New Testament and opposed the Roman doctrines of purgatory, the
worship of images and priestly pretensions; although they had some strange ideas
associated with the ancient Manichaeans, and they rejected the Old Testament. Pope
Innocent III, in 1208, called a “crusade” against them and the sect was extirpated
through the murder of almost the entire population of the religion, both Catholic and
heretic.

b-) Waldenses, 1170

They emerged around the same time, 1170 with Pedro Valdo, a merchant from Lyon, who
read, explained, preached and circulated the Scripture, to which he appealed against the
customs and doctrines of the Roman Catholics. He established an order of evangelists,
“the poor men of Lyon,” who traveled through central and southern France, gaining
followers. They were cruelly persecuted, but taken from France they found shelter in the
valleys of northern Italy, and despite centuries of persecution they have remained, and
constitute a part of the comparatively small group of Protestants in Italy.

c-) John Wyclif, 1324-1384

The movement began in England in favor of freedom from Roman power and reform in the
church. He was born in 1324 and was educated at the University of Oxford, where he
became a doctor of theology, and the leader of the councils held at that institution. He
attacked the mendicant friars and the system of monasticism; he rejected and opposed
the authority of the pope in England; He wrote against the doctrine of
transubstantiation, regarding bread and wine merely as symbols, and urged that the
church service be more simplified, according to the New Testament model. In other
countries he would have suffered martyrdom, but in England he was protected by the
most powerful of the nobles; and although some of his doctrines were condemned by the
university, he was permitted to retire to his parish at Lutterworth, and remain
unmolested as a priest. His greatest work was his translation of the New Testament into
English, finishing in 1380; the Old Testament, in which some friends helped him, appeared
in 1384, the year of Wycliff's death. His followers were called the “Lollards,” once
numerous, but under Kings Henry IV and Henry V they were persecuted and finally
exterminated. Wyclif's preaching and his translation prepared the way for the
Reformation.

d-) John Huss, 1369-1142

John Huss, in Bohemia (born 1369 and martyred in 1415), was a reader of Wyclif's
writings and preached his doctrines especially proclaimed liberation from papal authority.
He was made rector of the University of Prague, and for a time had a dominant influence
throughout Bohemia. The pope excommunicated him and placed the city of Prague under
ecclesiastical censorship as long as he remained there. Huss retired, but from his hiding
place he sent letters reaffirming his ideas. After two years he consented to go before
the council of the Roman Catholic Church at Constance, in Baden, on the Swiss frontier,
having received a safe conduct from the Emperor Sigismund. But the covenant was
violated, on the grounds that “the faith would not be kept with heretics.” Huss was
condemned and burned in 1415, but his fate awakened the element of reform in his native
land, and has influenced Bohemia for all the centuries since his day.

e-) Jerome Savonarola, 1452-1498

(Born 1452) was a monk of the Dominican order in Florence, Italy and prior of the
Monastery of Saint Mark. He preached like one of the ancient prophets, against the
social, ecclesiastical and political evils of his time; He filled the great cathedral to
overflowing with crowds eager, not only to hear, but to obey his teachings. For a time he
was the practical dictator of Florence and effected a manifest reform. But he was
excommunicated by the pope; He was imprisoned, condemned, hanged, and his body
burned in the great square of Florence. His martyrdom was in 1498, only nineteen years
before Luther nailed his theses to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral.

3-What great event is considered the conclusion of the medieval period?

With the Fall of Constantinople, 1453, the period of the Medieval Church ends.

4-Give yourself an account of that event.

The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 has been set by historians as the dividing point
between medieval and modern times. The Greek Empire never recovered from the
Crusader conquest in 1204; but strong natural and artificial defenses long protected the
city against the Turks, who succeeded the Arabs as the dominant Mohammedan power.
Province after province of the great empire was taken, until only the city of
Constantinople remained, and in 1453, it was finally taken by the Turks, under Muhammad
the Second. In one day the temple of Hagia Sophia was transformed into a mosque, and
Constantinople was, until 1290, the city of the sultans, and the capital of the Turkish
Empire. Angora was declared the Turkish capital in 1923. The Greek Church continues
with its patriarch stripped of everything except ecclesiastical authority, residing in
Constantinople (Istanbul). With the Fall of Constantinople, 1453, the period of the
Medieval Church ends.

5- Give the names of four great scholars and thought leaders in the Middle Ages.

a-) Anselm 1033

b-) Pedro Abelardo 1079-1142
c-) Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153)
d-) Thomas Aquinas 1226-1274

6-Give a story about each leader.

Great Scholars and Thought Leaders in the Middle Ages

a-) Anselm 1033

He was born in 1033, in Piedmont, Italy, and at first like many others, was a scholar who
wandered through many countries, but became a monk at the Monastery of Bec in
Normandy, and was made abbot in 1078. He was appointed archbishop of Canterbury, and
primate of the Church of England in 1093 by William Rufus; but he fought against William
and his successor Henry I, for the freedom and authority of the Church, and for a time
suffered exile. He was a writer of many theological and philosophical works, and has been
called “a second Augustine.” He died in the year 1109.

b-) Pedro Abelardo 1079-1142

He was born in 1079 and died in 1142, as a philosopher and theologian, he was the most
courageous thinker of the Middle Ages. He can be considered the founder of the
University in Paris, which was the mother of European universities. His fame as a teacher
attracted students by the thousands from all parts of Europe, and many of the great men
in the generation that followed him were influenced by his thought. His intrepid
speculations and independent opinions put him more than once under expulsion from the
church. Even more famous than his teachings and writings has been the romantic story of
his love affair with the beautiful Heloise, for whom he left his monastic vows. They were
married, but then they were forced to separate. Both entered convents; Abelard died as
abbot, and Heloise, abbess.

c-) Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153)

 He was from a noble French family. He was educated for the court, but renounced it for
the convent. In 1115 he established a monastery of the Cistercian order in Clairvaux and
was its first abbot. This order took root in many countries and its members were
commonly known as Bernardines. Bernardo was an admirable union of mystical and
practical thinker. He preached and promoted the Second Crusade in 1147. A man of broad
mind and kind heart, he opposed and wrote against the persecution of the Jews. Some of
his hymns, such as “Jesus, Only the Thinking of You,” and “O Sacred Wounded Head,” are
sung in all churches. Only twenty years after his death was he canonized as Saint
Bernard. Luther said: “If there was a holy and God-fearing monk in the world, it was Saint
Bernard of Clairvaux.”

d-) Thomas Aquinas 1226-1274

The greatest mentality of the Middle Ages was that of Thomas Aquinas, who lived from
the years 1226 to 1274, and was called the “Universal Doctor,” “Angelic Doctor,” and
“Prince of Scholasticism.” He was born in Aquinas in the kingdom of Naples; and against
the will of his family, the counts of Aquinas, he entered the order of Dominican monks. As
a young student he was so quiet that he was given the nickname “the dumb ox”; but his
teacher, Albertus Magnus, said: “One day this ox will fill the world with its lowing.” He
became the most celebrated and highest authority of the entire medieval period on
philosophy and theology, and his writings are still cited, especially by Roman Catholic
scholars. He died in 1274, and was canonized as a saint in 1323.